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Compared with the conventional constant-current constant-voltage (CC-CV) charging method, the multi-stage constant-current (MSCC) charging method offers advantages such as rapid charging speed and high charging efficiency. However, MSCC must find the optimal charging current profile (OCCP) in order to achieve the aforementioned benefits. Hence, in this paper, five bio-inspired optimization algorithms (BIOAs), including particle swarm optimization (PSO), modified PSO (MPSO), grey wolf optimization (GWO), modified GWO (MGWO), and the jellyfish search algorithm (JSA), are applied to solve the problem of searching for the OCCP of the MSCC. The best solution-finding procedure is run on the MATLAB platform developed based on minimizing the objective function of combining charging time (CT) and energy loss (EL) with a proportional weight. Without requiring numerous and time-consuming actual charge-and-discharge experiments, a wide range of searches can be quickly achieved only through the battery equivalent circuit model (ECM) established. The theoretical derivation and correctness are confirmed via the simulation and experimental results, which demonstrate that the OCCPs obtained by using the devised charging strategies possess the shortest CT and the best charging efficiency (CE), and among them, MPSO has the best fitness value (FV). Compared with the traditional CC-CV method, the experimental results show that the maximum improvement rates (IRs) of the studied approaches in terms of six charging performance evaluation indicators (CPEIs), including CT, charging capacity (CHC), CE, charging energy (CWh), average temperature rise (ATR), and FV, are 21.10%, 0.40%, 0.24%, 2.85%, 18.86%, and 68.99%, respectively. Furthermore, according to the comprehensive evaluation with CPEIs, the top three with the best overall performance are the JSA, MPSO, and GWO methods, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) are becoming an essential part of many electronic systems as the industry drives toward miniaturization and energy efficiency. However, practical SMPS design courses are seldom offered. In this paper, a generalized MATLAB/SIMULINK modeling technique is first presented. A proposed practical SMPS design course at Lunghua University, Taiwan, which incorporates this technique, is then described. In order to validate the correctness of the proposed modeling technique, four prototype SMPS are provided in this paper. These prototype circuits also serve as the laboratory section of the proposed course. The main objective of the course is to teach final-year undergraduate students and first-year Master's students how to design an SMPS in real life. The positive response from students indicates that the proposed technique is useful for SMPS design courses. (Contains 3 tables and 28 figures.) more...

Over the past few decades, ultraviolet (UV) water treatment has become widely recognized and accepted by regulatory agencies as a proven disinfection process. With the increased awareness of health concerns and water quality, UV disinfection is quickly gaining popularity in the consumer market as a safe, effective, and economical approach to disinfection. In order to disinfect properly, conventional UV water-treatment systems keep their light intensity at maximum level regardless of the operating condition; this will result in unnecessary energy waste along with lamp-life-span reduction. In this paper, a new design of high-power-factor low-cost electronic ballast with intelligent control for UV water-treatment system is proposed. For the purposes of energy saving, an intelligent-control algorithm is proposed to dim the luminance of the UV lamp according to the measured water flow rate and UV light intensity. Accurate knowledge of the characteristics of the UV lamps is essential for the ballast design. Therefore, an automatic identification system is also proposed in this paper to obtain the characteristic parameters, which are the dynamic and steady-state profiles of the UV lamps. Systematic design procedures are then presented accordingly. The proposed UV water-treatment system boasts the advantages, such as compactness, low cost, and energy saving, and is suitable for residential users. According to the experimental results, the energy-saving capability of the proposed system is better than 50%. Index Terms--Automatic identification system, electronic ballast, energy saving, ultraviolet (UV) disinfection, water-treatment system. more...

Summary: This article proposes an active balancer, which features bidirectional charge shuttling and adaptive equalization current control, to fast counterbalance the state of charge (SOC) of cells in a lithium‐ion battery (LIB) string. The power circuit consists of certain bidirectional buck‐boost converters to transfer energy among the different cells back and forth. Owing to the characterization of the open‐circuit voltage (OCV) vs SOC in LIB being relatively smooth near the SOC middle range, the SOC‐inspected balance strategy can achieve more precise and efficient equilibrium than the voltage‐based control. Accordingly, a compensated OCV‐based SOC estimation is put forward to take into account the discrepancy of SOC estimation. Besides, the varied‐duty‐cycle (VDC) and curve‐fitting modulation (CFM) methods are devised herein to tackle the problems of slow equalization rate and low balance efficacy, which arise from the diminution in balancing current as the SOC difference between the cells decreases in the later duration of equalization especially. The proposed strategies have taken the battery nonlinear characteristic and circuit parameter nonideality into account and can adaptively modulate the duty cycle with the SOC difference to keep balancing current constant throughout the balancing cycle. Simulated and experimental results are given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the same prototype constructed. Compared with the fixed duty cycle and the VDC methods, the proposed CFM has the best balancing efficiency of 81.4%, and the balance time is shortened by 27.1% and 18.6%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Scheduling thermal generation units plays an important role in power system economic operations. Each day power generating units have to be selected to realize a reliable production of electric energy with the fewest fuel costs. This paper presents a new branch-and-bound algorithm for the unit scheduling problem. An efficient branching method based on the 'heap' data structure and a simple intuitive bounding rule are proposed. Computational results indicate that the presented approach locates the optimum schedule in less time than many existing techniques. more...

Summary: In this paper, a single‐phase quasi‐Z‐source (qZS) inverter (qZSI), integrating the pulse width modulation (PWM) control with interleaved‐and‐shifted shoot‐through state (STS) placement modulation technique, is proposed to simultaneously achieve both dc voltage boost and dc‐ac inversion. Instead of placing the STS in both inverter legs simultaneously, the addressed method inserts the STS only in left/right inverter leg separately during the positive/negative half cycle of the output voltage to reduce switching losses and thermal stresses of the power devices. The STS shift is also studied to decrease the switching numbers of power devices and thus can improve the efficiency further. Theoretical analysis and design guidelines of the studied inverter are included. Improvement in effectiveness and performance of the devised scheme and modulation strategy are proved experimentally and compared with the previous studies on a built laboratory prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...