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Rapid urbanization has a significant impact on temperature and humidity,the distribution patterns and structure characteristics of temperature field and humidity field profoundly affect the ecosystems energy flow and material cycle,and further result in a series of eco-environmental problems.In recent years,contribution of the urban heat island effect to the global warming has been widely concerned by people.Distribution characteristics and causes of temperature field and humidity field in typical valley-city were researched widely,there are practical significance on urban eco-environmental construction,city planning,urban architecture design,urban energy usage and the health of residents for the typical valley-city.Lanzhou is a typical valley-city in western China;the level of urbanization is higher than average level of China;and urban area increased rapidly in last 50 years;in addition,air pollution is very serious for natural and anthropogenic reasons.So the urban climate effect is unique in Lanzhou.Based on methods of climate mobile observation,fixed-point observation,GIS spatial analysis and remote sensing,distribution pattern and its evolution of temperature and humidity field in a spring day are simulated in the typical valley-city.The results show that distribution pattern of temperature field is more similar in 14:30 and 20:30,high-value areas are mainly located in the train station,the second thermal power station,the Wulipu cross and Panxuan road area.Thermal centers are mainly concentrated in the Xiguan cross to victory hotel in 8:30.Distribution pattern of humidity field is similar in 8:30 and 20:30,and the large area mainly locates in Xujia mountain forest park,Yantan village and Gaotan village with high vegetation coverage.Using the theory of landscape ecology,and combining distribution of thermal field and humidity field with NDVI map,thermal landscape distribution is analyzed and thermal landscape types are divided.Results show formation of urban thermal landscape pattern has a significant relationship with energy consumption,population,building,underlying surface types,and regions while NDVI 0.5 are corresponding to higher value in humidity field and lower value in thermal field,so the reasonable planning of green belt is very important in eco-city or low-carbon city construction.Finally,using the observation data from urban and suburb weather stations,and analyzing variation of urban heat island effect and dry island effect in the past 50 years.Both urban heat island intensity and dry island intensity are gradually increasing in the past 50 years,the linear trend of urban heat island intensity is 0.31℃ per 10 years,and the linear trend of dry island intensity is-2.1% per 10 years,the trends are dramatically enhanced after the 1970s.The urban heat island intensity in the recent 10 years average to 3.6 ℃ and dry island effect intensity is 11%.Urban heat island intensity and dry island intensity were affected obviously by the level of urbanization,scale of urban construction,characteristics of urban underground and human activities.Urban heat island intensity and dry island intensity also can be a measure of the impact of human activities on the urban ecosystem.

This paper investigated the ecological reason of unbalanced,inharmonious and unsustainable problems existed in China′s fast social-economic development,and summarized the theoretical and methodological progress in Social-Economic-Natural Complex Ecosystem Study after its emergence 30 years ago.The paper explained the concept and approach of ecological integrity,and the scientific foundation,system approach and integrative technology for incorporating ecological civilization into all aspects and the whole process of advancing economic,political,cultural,and social progress.The study also pointed out that the target of ecological research is transformed from components to contexts,from material to information,from structure to function and from academic interests to social wellbeing;and the approach is transformed from quantity measurement to functional order measurement,from optimization to adaptation.Moderately prosperous society,ecological harmonization,and great scientific wisdom are the objectives of China′s ecological civilization by 2020.

The normalized difference vegetation index(NVDI),linearly correlated with density distribution of vegetation,is widely used for investigating macro-scale vegetation coverage and thus vegetation changes at short and long time scales.We calculated the vegetation coverage and NDVI greater than 0.1 by the Landsat TM satellite images on Sept.26,1987 and Sept.22,2009 for Beijing,China.The driving forces for vegetation changes were also analyzed including climate,geomorphology,human activities.In addition,the buffer analysis tool in the ARCGIS was used to derive the vegetation changes along the rivers as well as around the reservoirs and lakes.The quantitative analysis indicated that the land area of extremely low coverage,medium coverage and high coverage decreased by 5.15%,0.54% and 0.03% respectively,while the area of vegetation of low coverage and extremely high coverage increased by 5.71% and 0.01%,respectively from 1987 to 2009 for the whole region of Beijing.The statistical results in NDVI greater than 0.1 showed that the vegetation quality of the whole city had basically improved and improved area reached 919302.3 ha.The ratio of slightly,moderately and extremely improved area was 28.31%,41.33% and 30.36%,respectively.In addition,the degraded area was identified as 326931.12 ha.Considering NDVIs for different sub-regions of the city,the most noticeable vegetation degradation took place within the 5th ring and between the 5th ring and the 6th ring and the percentage of the area of degraded vegetation was 58.17% and 47.38%,respectively for these two 2 regions.Contrarily,the regions with minimum percentage of vegetation degradation included Taihang Mountain and Yanqing Basin and the vegetation degradation area was 13.35% and 17.02%,respectively.Furthermore,the degradation for the Taihang Mountain and Yangqing Basin was basically attributable to slightly moderate degradation.There was no significant correlation between vegetation changes and climate changes both for whole Beijing and its sub-regions.However,human activities were found to be the major driving forces for vegetation changes in Beijing including regional green ecological restoration projects for both mountains and plains),urban landscape and greening projects,agricultural structure amendment for plain regions,and eco-environment restoration efforts for rural regions.In addition,water bodies had a very important effect on the vegetation changes along the river and around the reservoirs and lakes.A massive construction of reservoirs in the mountain region resulted in the no flow phenomena for the rivers in plain regions,thus,water body effects on the vegetation occurred in the mountain area.NDVI and vegetation coverage changes were buffered by 0—50m,50—100m,100—150m,150—200m and 200—250m.We found that the buffer distance can be divided into two spatial levels for NDVI calculation.NDVIs buffered by 0—100m were enhanced over 0.1,but the NDVIs buffered by 100—250m increased by 0.0084—0.0089 from 1987 to 2009.We also found that the 0—250m buffer ranges also can be divided into two levels for vegetation coverage analysis.Compared with 1987,the ratio of vegetation coverage in 2009 was reduced for the buffer of 0—200m and increased for the buffer of 200—250m.Therefore,the changes of river water body caused by precipitation can influence riparian vegetation within 150 m from the average water level,especially within 100 m.

Effective agricultural adaptation to climate change needs two pieces of information,the climatic risks posed on crop growth,and yield responses to the risks and associated mechanisms.Assessing the sensitivity and vulnerability of crop production to observed climate change is able to produce such information,facilitates the investment of the limited adaptation resources.Use the relationships between changes in rice yield and climatic variables and their spatial variations,we identified the sensitivity and vulnerability of China′s rice production to observed climate change(1981—2007).The growing-season mean climatic variables exhibited significant changes during 1961—2007,indicating the possible climatic risks for rice growth.The increase in day time temperature was most widespread and obvious,suggesting increased risks of heat stresses.The relationships between rice yield and the climatic variables were significant in some rice areas,with the largest percent of the rice area showed yield sensitivity to changes in diurnal temperature range.With a 1℃ warming in growing-season temperature,1 ℃ increase in diurnal temperature range,and a 10% decrease in radiation,much of the rice areas showed depressed yield to these changes.The area with yield vulnerability was largest to the change in radiation,and second largest to the change in diurnal temperature range.The combined effects of the observed trends of the three climatic variables caused significant change in roughly 30% of the rice areas,but with a small portion showed yield vulnerability.In addition,the negative effects were not pronounced in the principal rice areas,such as Yangtze River Basin,especially in northeast China,the observed climatic trends substantially increased rice yield during the past decades.

City is a kind of social-economic-natural complex ecological systems.Urban ecological land is an important component of urban ecosystem,which plays a key role to guarantee urban social-economy sustainable development,provide urban ecosystem services and improve residents′ quality.The rapid spread of urban area and intensive human activities have significantly changed the urban land use structure and ecological land quantity,thus seriously impacted the urban ecological service and human living environment.However,little information was available on the influence of urban land structure on ecosystem services in resource-exhausted cities.Through the remote sensing,GIS technology and evaluation method of ecological service value,the variations of land use structure and ecological service value were assessed in a typical resource-exhausted city—huaibei during 1987 to 2007 in this study.The results showed that from1987 to 2007,the total area and structure of ecological land in this city were drastically changed,with the proportion of ecological land area decreased from 91.45% to 71.86%.From 1987 to 2000,the area of farmland substantially reduced,but the areas of forest,water and built-up lands increased.While from 2000 to 2007,the area of farmland increased but the area of forest and water significantly reduced.Although there were no obvious changes of total areas of the built-up land in this period,the aggregation level of the built-up land increased significantly.However,the comprehensive land use dynamic degree of huaibei city has a decreasing tendency from 1987 to 2007,which reflecting the gentle land circulation during this period.Moreover,in these 20 years,urban ecological service value increased between 1987 and 2000 then decreased since 2000.The maximum value of ecological service appeared in 2000,which was 31.32×108 yuan.During 2000 to 2007,the ecosystem services of waste treatment and water conservation function mainly provided by water and forest have the greatest contribution.The variation of ecological service value during 1987—2000 was mainly due to the impacts of coal mining,which occupied large area of cultivated land and made the surface area sinking into desolated beaches or depression,thus caused the significantly reduction of food production services.Meanwhile,the increasing of wetlands from sink area and woodland by ecological constructions such as returning farmland to forest and artificial afforestation made other ecosystem services obviously improved.From 2000 to 2007,the increasing urban expansion and population growth convert a large sum of ecological land to built-up area,resulting the decreasing of the ecosystem services values.In addition,the distribution of urban ecological land significantly influenced the spatial variability ecological service value.The higher service value areas were mainly distributed on the south part of huaibei city where farmland and forestland is relatively concentrated,while lower service value areas were mainly concentrated in the built-up area.Thus it can be seen that urban land use structure change greatly influenced ecological services,and the results can provide certain scientific basis to the optimization of the landscape pattern and reasonable control of urban land in the huaibei city.

Agricultural eco-efficiency which combines both economic and environmental performance is an effective tool for agricultural sustainability analysis.Taking China′s 30 provinces as case regions,We applied a SBM model of DEA to measure the agricultural eco-efficiency from 1998 to 2009.The SBM model of DEA is non-radical,non-oriented and considers the agricultural non-point source pollution as an undesirable output in the calculating process which is different from the other existing models.Fertilizer,animal,labor,machine,sown area and water consumption were considered as input indicators,provincial agricultural output value and agricultural non-point source pollution were considered as desirable output indicaor and undesirable output indicaor respectively.The main results are summarized as follows:(1)Agricultural eco-efficiency in China during 1998—2009 is 0.499 which is very low,this implies China′s agricultural economic rapid growth is at the expense of natural resources destruction and agriculture environmental pollution,the coordination task of agricultural economic growth and environmental protection and resource saving is very difficult in China;(2)Agricultural eco-efficiency of Beijing,Shanghai,Chongqing,Hainan is equal to one,this demonstrates that these four provinces have efficiency of resources utilization and environment protection for their agricultural economy,but the agricultural eco-efficiency of the other 26 provinces are below one showing that most provinces in China have inefficiency of resources utilization and environment protection for their agricultural economy;(3)Moreover,in order to promote agricultural eco-efficiency in these 26 provinces,the inputs optimization and outputs optimization were designed based on optimization principles.The optimization results show that agricultural output value(agricultural desirable output) has no congestion in all provinces,so the agricultural eco-inefficiency is mostly attributed to inputs and undesirable output.China has enormous potential on the reduction of agricultural non-point source pollution and on the decrease of resource inputs to improve the agricultural eco-efficiency.The eco-efficiency optimization provides deeper insights into the causes of eco-inefficiency and gives further implications on resource and environment protection strategies in China.Our results also showed that the SBM model could be used as a useful tool to reflect the eco-efficiency in a defined region and help governments at various levels to find the most optimized solutions in improving their eco-efficiencies.

As a consequence of increases in aerosols,air pollutants and population density,dimming or shading have become major challenges to crop production in China.And during the last several decades,significant increase in the concentrations of tropospheric ozone(O3) have been reported.The increased tropospheric O3 concentrations and induced solar irradiance may concomitantly occur and lead to reductions in yield of crops and economic plants.Especially,there are a great variety large-scale industries in the Yangtze River delta where is the major producting area of winter wheat.Which will enlarge the high-potential risks on growth and yield of winter wheat for their heavy air pollution. Although the influences of each individual stress on plant performance have been widely studied,much less is known about the interactions of O3 stress and solar irradiance on the winter wheat.In order to analysis this focus question in the varied growth stages of crop including jointing stage,booting stage,blooming stage,grain filling stage and mature stage,a experiment based on open top chambers(OTC) was conducted from November 18 of 2010 to June 5 of 2011 in Nanjing University of information Science Technology(32°14′ N,118°42′ E),located at North suburb of Nanjing,Jiang Su Province.And the YangMai13 as a tested variety was a pillar in our study. Winter wheat are exposed to unfiltered air(CK),shaded 40% of nature solar irradiance(T1),enhanced increased O3 concentration(100nL/L O3,T2) and combined treatment(100nL/LO3 +shading 40%,T3).The results are showed as follows: the treatments of T1,T2 and T3 all cause the changes of growth period and the plant premature aging.The grain filling stage and the growth period are all shortened in T2 treatment;T1 and T3 treatments,however,prolong the growth stage of winter wheat.In addition,a significant reduction of dry matter production under T1,T2 and T3 treatments compared to CK(P0.05) with declined 23.37%(P0.05),35.61%(P0.05) and 55.29%(P0.05),respectively.Besides,compared with CK,the grain weight、1000-grain weight and ear weight of each treatment are all reduced(P0.05) under the treatments.And it clearly shows that ear number of T1 and T3 are both declined(P0.05).We can preliminary conclude that compared with shading and O3 alone,the combination between shading 40% and O3 concentration enhanced can enlarge the negative effects on wheat growth and yield.Moreover,the effects of growth and growth period of under the combination are closer to 40% solar irradiance treatment.And the major reason for declined grain weight under the combination is decrease of grain filling rate instead of decreases of grain filling duration.It also obviously demonstrated that the number of spikelet,the grain weight per spike and the 1000-grain weight of the composite treatments decreased significantly(P0.05) 35.15%,39.32% and 34.38%,separately.As a result,the grain yield decreased by 64.65% compared with the control,but the value is less than two factors accumulate alone.

In this study,LI-6400XT portable photosynthesis test system was employed to observe physiological indicators of 8 widely used species of Sha river′s plant corridor in Chengdu.Furthermore,the carbon sequestration,oxygen release capacity,cooling and humidification effects were also evaluated.Our results indicated: The capacity of carbon sequestration,oxygen release,cooling and humidification effect per unit of leaf area was in the order of summer autumn spring.The order of daily carbon sequestration and oxygen release capability per unit of leaf area from strong to weak was O.fragrans,S.babylonica,C.camphora,F.virens,E.sylvestris,G.biloba,C.pedunculatum and M.glyptostroboides;and the order of annual carbon sequestration and oxygen release capability per unit of leaf area from strong to weak was S.babylonica,C.camphora,F.virens,G.biloba,O.fragrans,C.pedunculatum,M.glyptostroboides and E.sylvestris.The capabilities of daily cooling and humidification effect per unit leaf area of the trees pecies from strong to weak was S.babylonica,E.sylvestris,M.glyptostroboides,C.pedunculatum,F.virens,C.camphora,G.biloba and O.fragrans.It was estimated that the total amount of annual carbon sequestration of trees in Sha river was about 5.87×104 t and the oxygen release was about 4.27×104 t.Based on the above analysis of the main tree species,it was suggested that S.babylonica,O.fragrans,E.sylvestris,and C.camphora should be taken as the priority tree species.Due to the weak C sequestration oxygen release and cooling and humidification effect,G.biloba should not be virescenced in a large area,but could be used as a longevous and ornamental tree species.

Echinothrips americanus Morgan(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) was recently(2010) found in the Beijing area and Yangling,Shaanxi Province,China.Current studies report that this thrips uses 48 families—106 species—as host plants,most of which are ornamental plants in the Araceae,Euphorbiaceae,and Apocynaceae families.The host preferences of this thrips among vegetable plants have rarely been studied.The preference for and suitability of 13 potential crop hosts of E.americanus were studied in the laboratory by comparing adult host selection,oviposition preference,and developmental and survival rates.Twelve vegetable species,i.e.,Vigna unguiculata,Glycine max(Leguminosae),Daucus carota,Foeniculum vulgare(Apiaceae),Solanum melongena,Capsicum frutescens,Solanum lycopersicum(Solanaceae),Cucumis sativus,Cucurbita moschata(Cucurbitaceae),Brassica chinensis,Brassica campestris,and Brassica oleracea(Brassicaceae),and one non-vegetable host,Medicago sativa(Fabaceae) were tested.One to two weeks-old plants of each crop were grown in a greenhouse into which 100 thrips were released,and plants were examined for thrips infestation daily.The host-plant and oviposition selection data were analyzed with a log-linear model and variance analysis using the software DPS v13.5.The host and oviposition preference of the thrips to the 13 different plant species differed significantly.The most adults were found on C.moschata,with 23.5 per plant,while the plant with the most eggs was C.frutescens,with 50.32 per plant.No adults were found on F.vulgare,B.oleracea,or M.sativa.There were significantly more adults on C.sativus,C.moschata,B.chinensis,G.max,and C.frutescens,more than 10 per plant,than on the other host plants.Additionally,there were significantly more eggs on those five host species—more than 30 per plant—than on other plants,except V.unguiculata.There were no eggs on D.carota,B.oleracea,or M.sativa,suggesting that this thrips does not lay eggs on these plants.There was a positive correlation between the amounts of adults and eggs on the plants;there were usually large numbers of eggs on the plants with many adults.Among the different life stages,eggs required the longest development time,from 6 to 9 days.The developmental duration of prepupae on different host plants was less than 2 days,while the pupal instar persisted longer than the prepupal one.The complete immature phase of the life cycle lasted from 15—17 days on different host plants.Among the tested host plants,this thrips developed fastest on C.sativus,requiring 15.09 days to maturity,and slowest on G.max,with a duration of 16.77 days.The survival rates of the first and second instars were lower(74.6%—94.4%) than those of the prepupae and pupae(93.3%—100%).The first instar had the highest survival rates(94.4%) on B.chinensis and C.frutescens and the lowest rate(74.6%) on C.moschata.Overall,E.americanus had the highest survival rate in the immature stage(80.1%) on C.frutescens and the lowest survival rate(64.3%) on G.max.Our results suggested that C.sativus,C.moschata,B.chinensis,G.max,and C.frutescens were the preferred hosts of E.americanus.This information provides an important basis for assessing the economic threat and invasive potential of this thrips.

A field plot experiment with the soils from Weining,Kaiyang and Tianzhu in Guizhou,where are strikingly different ecological regions.The effects of soil and climate on the carotenoid and cuticular extract content of cured tobacco leaves were studied by using flue-cured variety of Yunyan 85 as the test material.Results showed ecological conditions had notable effects on the carotenoid and cuticular extract content of cured tobacco leaves.The geographic difference of the carotenoid and cuticular extract content was significant,but the tillage method of breaking down plowpan had no obvious effect.The carotenoid content showed the tendency of increase with the elevation increasing,besides,the altitude′s threshold effect existed.The cuticular extract content of the clear flavour tobacco was higher than that of the moderate aroma tobacco.The influence degree of different ecological factors on the carotenoid and cuticular extract content of cured tobacco leaves was distinctly different.Climate was the key ecological element which affecting the carotenoid and cuticular extract content.The variability of carotenoid content among climate factors was 2—3 times higher than the variability among soil factors.The contributing rate of climate to the variation of β-carotene and lutein content was 74% and 64% respectively.The contributing rate of soil to the variation of β-carotene and lutein content was respectively 9% and 12%.The amount of sunshine hours and cumulative rainfall at the earlier growing stage in field,and the daily mean relative humidity at maturing stage were the top three climate factors affecting the carotenoid content of cured tobacco leaves.The available potassium,pH and available phosphorus were the top three soil factors affecting the carotenoid content.The variability of the cuticular extract content among climate factors was 3—4 times higher than the variability among soil factors.The contributing rate of climate to the variation of trichome secretion and alkane waxiness content was 61% and 63% respectively.The contributing rate of soil to the variation of trichome secretion and alkane waxiness content was respectively 13% and 7%.The average temperature at the earlier growing stage in field,the relative humidity and≥10℃ accumulated temperature at maturing stage were the top three climate factors affecting the trichome secretion content of cured tobacco leaves.The available potassium,available cuprum and pH were the top three soil factors affecting the trichome secretion content.The cumulative rainfall and average temperature at the earlier growing stage in field,the average temperature at maturing stage were the top three climate factors affecting the alkane waxiness content of cured tobacco leaves.The available manganese,available phosphorus and cation exchange capacity were the top three soil factors affecting the alkane waxiness content.The effect of soil factors on the stalk position character of the carotenoid content was more remakable than the effect of climate factors.However,the effect of climate factors on the stalk position character of the alkane waxiness content was more obviously than the effect of soil factors.

Exogenous calcium ions play an important role in the response of plants to environmental stresses,and parasitic plants cause significant damage to the growth of invasive plants.However,there has been no empirical study on the interactive effect of exogenous calcium ions and parasitic plants on the growth of invasive plants.Alternanthera philoxeroides(Amaranthaceae),native to South America,is a globally noxious invasive weed that has expanded into China and is now widespread throughout the country.Cusucta australis(Convolvulaceae),a native holoparasitic plant,is found to parasitize A.philoxeroides in the field.Here,we conducted a greenhouse experiment to test the interactive effect of parasitic C.australis and exogenous calcium ions on the morphology and structure of invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides stems,with the aim of elucidating the role played by calcium ions during the response of invasive plants to native parasitic plants.Parasitic C.australis significantly decreased the total length,branch number,internode number,diameter and pulp cavity diameter of A.philoxeroides stems,but significantly increased the collenchyma and cortex thickness of A.philoxeroides stems.The addition of exogenous calcium ions had no significant effect on the total length,branch number,internode number,diameter,pulp cavity diameter and vascular bundles diameter of A.philoxeroides stems,but increased the number of vascular bundles,and decreased the internode length,collenchyma thickness and cortex thickness of A.philoxeroides stems.The interaction between parasitism and exogenous calcium ions was found to have an effect on the collenchyma and cortex thickness of A.philoxeroides stems,with the result of increased thickness in both parts.This indicated an antagonistic interactive effect between parasitism and exogenous calcium ions on the collenchyma and cortex thickness of A.philoxeroides stems.This antagonistic interactive effect suggests that exogenous calcium ions could significantly improve the defense of host plants to parasitic plants and reduce the damage caused by parasitic plants on their hosts.

A case study of the Yangzhuang River in Yangzhou City,China,was undertaken as an example of a typical,polluted urban river.Emphasis was placed on studying the effects of in-situ bioremediation technologies,such as aeration,eco-brick cover,biological packing cover,and low-sited plant beds on the subsequent release of pollutants from contaminated sediments in the river.Additionally,the amounts of ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N),total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP) and CODMn released from the sediments were measured,and their contributions to overlying water were individually quantified.The results showed that: 1) NH3-N release rate of polluted sediment was reduced by 50.30%—89.64%,with an average of 59.27%,and NH3-N input to the overlying water was reduced by 36.59%—82.67%,with an average of 53.33%;2) TN release rate showed a decrease of 20.96%—88.94%,with an average of 42.32% and the changes in TN contributions to the overlying water indicated a removal efficiency of 38.00%—67.06%,with an average of 54.96%;3) the release rate of TP from the sediment was decreased by 27.49%—91.00%,with an average of 55.31%,and TP released to the overlying water displayed a removal efficiency of 67.14%—98.46%,with an average of 84.33%;4) a decrease of 11.84%—79.32%(41.16% on average) of the release rate of CODMn from the sediment and a decrease of-1.25% to70.74%,with an average of 29.83% of the input of CODMn to overlying water was indicated.We also found that the effects of in-situ biological technology,with respect to the control of pollutant release from sediment,were affected by the extent of sediment disturbance during their normal operation.For integrated applications,technologies responsible for strong sediment disturbance should be coupled with technologies leading to small sediment disturbance in order to minimize any explosive release of pollutants and thus achieve a superior overall treatment effect.

The effect of leaf litter thickness on its decomposition and enzyme activity of Cunninghamia lanceolata,Cinnamomum camphora and Ginkgo biloba were investigated through the experiments.Based on the Zhejiang province average level of acid rain,set up the pH 4.0 values,because the pH4.0 is common distribution in this region and affected the litter decomposition by changes of critical value.Three kinds of litter thickness were set up for the experiments through up the litter weight in same size bag as one indicator,including 40g,20g and 10g.To simulate nature decomposition conditions,we enclosed leaf litters in the net bags and laid them on the ground follow up the popular method.The results showed litter thickness increased can promote leaf litter decomposition of the three species,and with the thickness increase,the litter decomposition is more quickly.Litter decomposition rate of C.lanceolata in weight 10g,20g and 40g were 0.24,0.27 and,0.34,specifically 40g is much higher than 10g and 20g,but 10g and 20g were no significant difference.C.camphora was 0.25,0.3 and 0.32,specifically 10g is much lower than 20g and 40g,20g and 40g were no significant difference.G.biloba was 0.42,0.5 and 0.58,there are significant differences.While between different species,have different mode in the decomposition rate.For the three kinds of tree species,decomposition rate of G.biloba is the fastest,C.lanceolata is the second,C.camphora is the slowest,they were associate with tree species properties.Also,the effect of litter thickness on urease activity was expressed as:40g20g 10g,in early stage,urease activity increased slowly,then fell slowly.As to urease activity of C.lanceolata,had significant differences among the three,C.camphora had no significant differences at the preliminary stage,over time,among the three species have significant differences in early stage.G.biloba leaf litter thickness 40g and 20g significantly above 10g.Cellulose activity was expressed as:40g,20g10g,specifically 10g is much lower than 20g and 40g,this kind of situation in three tree species can exist,litter thickness 20g of C.camphora even above 40g,G.biloba 20g and 40g had no difference.Sucrose activity at the last stage was expressed as:40g20g 10g,C.lanceolata in early stage had no marked differences between three kinds of litter thickness,in the later period,gradually showed 40g20g 10g,C.camphora and G.biloba in the early stage performance for 10g20g 40g results,in the later stage gradually evolved into 40g20g 10g.Enzyme activity of litter decomposition was greatly influenced by season temperature,with the high temperature,the higher the enzyme activity.A singer enzyme activity changes can′t accurate indicator litter decomposition specific conditions,litter decomposition is a complicate process,and it is the result of many kinds of enzymes integrated action.

The output of natural eco-service function is eco-service efficiency;it can be divided into positive and negative eco-services.Rapid urbanization occupies amounts of non-construction areas that are important for maintaining local favorable environment;this process affects the natural eco-service functions,and results in deterioration of city′s eco-environment,in other words,the negative eco-service efficiency increases.As a typical rapidly urbanization city at the eastern of China,Changzhou′s urbanization occupied lots of lands for eco-services,it caused many environmental problems.Under the support of GIS and RS technology,this paper used methods of grid analysis and complex ecological assessment,and established the spatial indexes system for complex eco-services efficiency assessment from both positive and negative eco-services of the current land use.The results show that there is about 64.5 percent land′s complex eco-service is positive,and 35.5 percent land′s complex eco-service is negative.According to the city′s current land use planning trend,it would result in more lands changing from positive eco-services into negative efficiency.The results provide a scientific reference for decision-making of local land use planning and management for urban future development.

Currently,the study of forest ecosystem health,a new and controversial research field within forestry and forest ecology,provides a scientific basis for forest protection.The study of forest ecosystem health also provides a significant practical service by suggesting ways to increase the level of sustainability in forest management although the definition of forest health remains controversial.The concept of health is well understood as applied to humans but the human concept of health may not be appropriate for ecosystems.The difficulties of defining the optimal conditions for ecosystem health have led to a lack of universally accepted indicators used to measure ecosystem health.Several forest ecosystem health assessment systems have already been developed.For example,ecosystem health can be assessed using measures of resilience,vigor and organization and most of today's assessment systems are based on these concepts.In this research,the forest ecosystem health of 60 sample plots in Wangqing Forest was investigated.A new assessment model of forest ecosystem health based on the disturbance,H = ∑B2W2-∑B1W1,is proposed and used in this study,where H represents a measure of ecosystem health and B 1,B 2,W 1 and W 2 represent harmful sources of disturbance,forest ecosystem stability,the weights of B 1 and B 2,respectively.Based on qualitative analysis of existing data,eight indices which were divided into two categories were selected as assessment indices of forest ecosystem health in Wangqing Forest.Several harmful sources of disturbance were considered including forest diseases,forest pest species,wildfires and human-caused disturbances.Measurements of forest ecosystem stability include measurements of biological diversity,forest community structure and measurements documenting how closely a forest study plot resembles expected natural forest conditions.These types of data have frequently been used to measure ecosystem complexity and health.Additionally,two types of analysis,the Analytic Hierarchy Process and coefficient of variation analysis,were used in combination with weighted evaluation indictors to objectively evaluate the forest health of the study plots.We propose a new forest ecosystem healthy assessment model and classification system.The 60 sample plots of Wangqing Forest were divided into four health risk categories: very healthy,healthy,fairly healthy and unhealthy.By calculating a composite value for forest health,the status of forest ecosystem health of individual Wangqing Forest plots was determined.As the results showed,6,13,23 and 18(or 10%,21.67%,38.33%,and 30% of all plots) plots were categorized as very healthy,healthy,fairly healthy,and unhealthy,respectively;the health indices for these four groups of plots were measured as 0.5 ≥ 0.2,0.2 ≥ 0.1,0 ≥ 0.1,-0.5 0,respectively.Most of the forest plots with conditions resembling natural forest conditions,high levels of biodiversity and a strong ability to adjust to environmental change,such as pure natural forest,natural mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest and mixed broadleaf forest,were categorized as healthy or fairly-healthy,while nearly all plantation forests plots which did not have conditions resembling natural forest conditions,but had low levels of biodiversity and a weak ability to adjust to environmental change were classified as unhealthy.This forest health assessment / indicator system establishes a scientific basis for conducting forest health analysis,provides a context for planning ecosystem restoration,and contributes to the understanding of the physical,biological,and human dimensions of these ecosystems.This research may enrich current theories and methods used in assessing the health of ecological systems.

The concept of urban green space,which comprises gardens and parks,urban forestry,urban agriculture,greenways,waterfront greenbelt,and roof greening,is different from traditional garden greenland,and forms functional eco-networks.On the other hand,the ecological and environmental impacts of urbanization extend over large areas even though the areal percentage of urban land in regional land-cover maps is typically quite small.Urban land use changes altered the green space patterns dramatically,and sequentially influenced urban landscape structure and ecosystem services.With the concern of high speed of urbanization and serious urban environmental problems,a common consensus has been achieved that the spatio-temporal dynamics of urban green space patterns are important factors to social,economic and ecological functions of urban ecosystems.Many countries have formulated urban landscaping as an essential part of the strategy of sustainable development.Nevertheless,under most circumstances,the green spaces were built more arbitrarily than based upon scientific analyses.Therefore,study on the quantitative methods of urban green space patterns revealed broad applications in protecting and planning green space structure and functions,which could further promote urban human settlements. Among various quantitative methods of urban green space patterns,detecting methods of green space changes under urbanization was a hotspot.Urban development and suburbanization had shrunk the size of green spaces and got the green patches fragmented.In terms of measuring green space fragmentation,it was of prime importance to select appropriate fragmentation metrics and improve the method of weighting to aggregate to get an unique fragmentation score.Contrary to landscape fragmentation,improvement in green space connectivity rehabilitated and optimized network structure,which could further enhance ecosystem services supply.Recently,assessment of green space connectivity had been transited from metric-based approaches to the coupling of both landscape metrics and models,and an increasing number of researches focused on the network scenario analysis of urban green spaces had gradually formed an united methodological framework for reconstruction of urban eco-networks.Meanwhile,accessibility analysis of urban green spaces was an important researching topic to assess the spatial interactions between residential land use and urban green spaces,and could help to identify the truly underserved areas lacking opportunities of accessing green spaces which was critical for effective urban planning and development.Moreover,spatial-temporal gradient analysis,combined with quantified landscape metrics,was judged to be the most appropriate way of relating the spatial pattern of urban green spaces to urbanization and underlying human processes,and of determining their influence on ecological attributes of the environment.Three sampling methods were commonly used for detecting the gradient changes of green space patterns: buffer gradient analysis,directional transects and moving window method.For comparative studies on the spatial variations of green space patterns along urban-rural gradients,multiple approaches of mapping peri-urban areas should be addressed in a scientific way. In the final section,suggestions for future researches were put forward,which highlighted the importance of quantifying green space patterns spatially explicit at multiple scales.In order to achieve these goals,the so-called local analysis,combined with quantified landscape metrics and accessibility measurements,which was often conducted at grid level,patch level and local areas according to the research objectives respectively,was widely used.Considering the scale effects involved in the spatial analysis associated with urbanization,multi-scale methods of quantifying green space patterns need to be carried out both at diverse spatial grains and extents to facilitate comparisons among different cities and periods of time.In addition,the quantification of green space patterns should also be integrated with planning or policy issues,as well as be applied to evaluating ecosystem services.In other words,quantifying green space patterns could not only serve as guidelines in terms of decision making,but help evaluating the impacts of regional development policies on future ecological benefits and ecosystem services.

Industrial ecosystems are complex social-economic-environmental systems that are comprised of industrial communities(a group of industrial enterprises),resources and environment.Resources metabolism is an important support for industrial ecosystem function.Resource depletion and metabolism blocking on both temporal and spatial scale is the major causes of eco-environmental stress.Based on the ecological principles and MFA methodology,this paper analyzed the structure of industrial ecosystems′ material flow,energy flow and money flow,and suggested the framework model of resources metabolism for industrial ecosystems.This model consists of six sub-modules including a resources exploitation module,a raw material production module,a product exchange center module,a consumption module,a waste collection and control module.To complement this model,an analysis indicator system based on input-use-output-circular symbiosis for resources metabolism was also proposed.The indicator system includes four categories of indicators: resource input,resource use,environmental stress and circular-symbiosis.Resource input indicators include raw material input,water resource input and energy input;resource use indicators include raw material use,water resource use,energy use and product use;environmental stress indicators include waste discharge and specific material discharge;circular symbiosis indicators include cleaner production,waste control and sustainable use of resources and symbiosis potential.Based on the indicator system,an assessment method by using Fuzzy Analysis and Problems Tree tool for resources metabolism analysis was explored.In addition,an ecological management model was established based on a circular-symbiosis network consisting four modules: a main community module including associated factories;an upstream community module including the factories associated with the main community;a downstream community module including the factories and consumers associated with the main community;a reuse community module including collection,category,process and control factories.The four modules are connected by material flow so that the entire system forms a singular network.By implementing metabolism analysis,the major issues occurring at individual modules or connections can be identified.In turn,the network structure may be optimized through industrial symbiosis management. The following conclusions were drawn:(1) Circular function is weak in traditional industrial ecosystem in comparison to natural ecosystems.Environmental stress comes from resource overuse and excessive waste emissions.(2) Based on the material flow process,the indicator system can effectively reflect the characteristics of resources metabolism.Thus this system can be used as a guide for improving the efficiency of resources use and reducing environmental stress.(3) The method analyzing metabolism effectiveness based on the indicator system and Problems Tree tool is efficient and practical.It can allow decision makers to immediately understand the major problems within different processes and thus make suitable decisions to solve them.(4) The ecological management model based on the ecological networks provides a feasible method to identify and address issues associated with resources metabolism.Applying this model can allow identified stresses on the eco-environment to be released.(5) The approach for resources metabolism analysis proposed in this paper focuses more on processes in comparison to the MFA methods that are implemented at the national and urban scale.This approach may complement MFA methodlogy. This method has been applied in the resource flow analysis of the pulp and paper industry in Wuhan,China.Ongoing work will focus on the research of corresponding policies and databases.

Industrial ecology,eco-efficiency,eco-design,X multiple of revolution are theoretical basis for sustainable development.Among these,eco-efficiency is the most popular method for quantitative analysis.The concept of eco-efficiency was firstly put forward in the academic by Schaltegger and Sturn in the year 1990.Being promoted greatly by the World Business Council for Sustainable,eco-efficiency has obtained great attention in sustainable development research.Claude Fussler firstly introduced the concept of eco-efficiency to China in 1995.There are many achievements in the researches of eco-efficiency in china in recent ten years.Different accounting methods of eco-efficiency in different researching fields were developed,especially in the researches on circular economy in different scales of urban,regional and national level.In this paper,eco-efficiency counting methods and applications in different scales have been sum up based on the review of relevant literature in recent ten years.The accounting methods of eco-efficiency were divided into three categories:(1) Economic/environmental single ratio method.Sometimes,the total production of the product or service,total sales and the total net sales were used to stand for the economic dimension.Resources consumptions,carbon dioxide emissions or other environmental impacts were used to present the environmental dimension.(2) Indicator system method was consisted by indicators which independent from each other but stand for each sections of the research subject.The indicator system method is suit for analyzing the complex systems which contains social,economic and natural subsystems.(3) Modeling method.Data envelopment analysis method is the main method,and other productivity models have been used for eco-efficiency analysis.Then,eco-efficiency could be applied on different scales,such as plant,industry,regional and etc.According to the summarize of current researches,we found that:(1) Researches on eco-efficiency have shifted from simple evaluation to driving mechanism exploring shown in international literatures,but domestic researches still remain in the simple evaluation level.(2) Modeling and methods of eco-efficiency exist in the area of accounting,finance and productivity have been brought to modify and correct the economic/ecological ratio model,while domestic researches focus on building a multi-index system of eco-efficiency,and apply the productivity models for assessment.(3) In the area of eco-efficiency application,international researches showed interests on industrial system and its production system,and applied eco-efficiency method to eco-design and product development.Comparatively,domestic researches mainly focus on the assessment of ecological parks,urban and regional areas,but very few researches in the scale of industrial scale.(4) International researches of eco-efficiency were associated with global ecological issues,such as global warming,biodiversity,food security,while domestic researches focused on analyzing pollutants and wastes.(5) Current studies didn′t explain the roots of ecological and environmental crisis,and the social dimensions were usually not taking into consideration.Finally,the article point out,domestic government should spread the notion of eco-efficiency,propel the researches and applications both in micro and large scale;Improve the eco-efficiency accounting methodology with theories and methods of economy,management,accounting and other disciplines;Use the full array polygon graphical methods to reflect the different aspects of the social-economic-natural complex ecological system.