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This article examines the prevalence of chronic homelessness when applying definitions used in Canada to a sample of homeless and vulnerably housed single adults enrolled in a multi-city longitudinal study. The federal government's current definition, Reaching Home, identified the highest proportion of homeless single adults (31 percent; 95% CI = 27.2 - 34.1) as 'chronically homeless.' Our findings suggest that the federal definitions of chronic homelessness, which are based on both shelter stays and periods of homelessness outside the shelter system, are double the size of this sub-population when compared to definitions based on shelter stays alone. Participants who were male, identified as Indigenous, and reported problematic drug use, were more likely to be chronically homeless for definitions based on any-kind of homelessness. The findings highlight the importance of counting unsheltered and hidden homelessness to estimate the number of single adults who are chronically homeless. Keywords: chronic homelessness, definitions, prevalence Cet article examine la prévalence de l'itinérance chronique lors de l'application de définitions utilisées au Canada à un échantillon d'adultes célibataires sans abri et logés de façon vulnérable, inscrits dans une étude longitudinale multi-villes. La définition actuelle du gouvernement fédéral, Reaching Home, a identifié la plus grande proportion d'adultes célibataires sans abri (31 pour cent ; 95% CI = 27,2 - 34,1) comme <>. Nos résultats suggèrent que les définitions de l'itinérance chronique, qui sont basées à la fois sur les séjours en refuge et les périodes d'itinérance en dehors du système de refuge, représentent le double de la taille de cette sous-population par rapport aux définitions basées uniquement sur les séjours en refuge. Les participants qui étaient de sexe masculin, s'identifiaient comme indigènes et déclaraient avoir fait un usage problématique de drogues, étaient plus susceptibles d'être associés à l'itinérance chronique pour les définitions basées sur tout type d'itinérance. Les résultats soulignent l'importance de compter l'itinérance non abritée et cachée pour estimer le nombre d'adultes célibataires qui sont chroniquement sans abri. Mots-clés : sans-abri chronique, définitions, prévalence, Introduction The Canadian definition of Homelessness, developed by the Canadian Observatory of Homelessness (COH), defines homelessness as 'the living situation of an individual or family who does not have stable, [...]

Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD) protects tissues from oxidative stress, and thus is considered as a therapeutic agent for many diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cancer. However, cost‐effective production of bioactive recombinant human EcSOD (rhEcSOD) remains a challenge. Herein, we developed an efficient strategy for producing active rhEcSOD by transgenic silkworms. rhEcSOD was successfully synthesized as homodimers and homotetramers in the middle silk gland and spun into the cocoons with a concentration of 9.48 ± 0.21 mg/g. Purification of rhEcSOD from the cocoons could be conveniently achieved with a purity of 99.50% and a yield of 3.5 ± 0.5 mg/g. Additionally, N‐glycosylation at the only site of N89 in rhEcSOD with 10 types were identified. The purified rhEcSOD gained the potent enzymatic activity of 4 162 ± 293 U/mg after Cu/Zn ions incorporation. More importantly, rhEcSOD was capable of penetrating and accumulating in the nuclei of cells to maintain cell morphology and attenuate ultraviolet B‐induced cell apoptosis by eliminating reactive oxygen species and inhibiting the C‐Jun N‐terminal kinase signaling pathway. These results demonstrated that the transgenic silkworm could successfully produce rhEcSOD with enzymatic and biological activities for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal fibre surface combustion structure has the characteristics of strong thermal matching ability, short response time, and strong shape adaptability. It has more advantages in the thermal test of complex hypersonic vehicle surface inlet, leading edge, etc. In this paper, a method of aerodynamic thermal simulation test based on metal fibre surface combustion is proposed. The aim of the study was to create a uniform target heat flow on the inner wall surface of a cylindrical specimen by matching the gas jet flow rate and the geometry of the combustion surface. The research adopted the optimisation design method based on the surrogate model to establish the numerical calculation model of a metal fibre combustion jet heating cylinder specimen. One hundred sample points were obtained through Latin hypercube sampling, and a database of design parameters and heat flux was established through numerical simulation. The kriging surrogate model and the non-dominated sequencing genetic optimisation algorithm with elite strategy were adopted. A bi-objective optimisation design was carried out with the optimisation objective of the coincidence between the predicted and the target heat flux on the inner wall of the specimen. The results showed that the average relative errors of heat flow density on the specimen surface were 8.8% and 6% through the leave-one-out cross-validation strategy and the validation of six test sample points, respectively. The relative error values in most regions were within 5%, which indicates that the established kriging surrogate model has high prediction accuracy. Under the optimal solution conditions, the numerical calculation results of the heat flow on the inner wall of the specimen were in good agreement with the target heat flow values, with an average relative error of less than 5% and a maximum value of less than 8%. These results show that the optimisation design method based on the kriging surrogate model can effectively match the thermal test parameters of metal fibre combustion structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consortium blockchain with the multi-center characteristics of public blockchain and the high-performance advantages of private blockchain,it has become the center of development of China.Combined with the characteristics of node trust in the consortium blockchain,non-byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm can provide better performance support for the consortium blockchain.By selecting Raft consensus algorithm as the research object,focusing on the leader election and log replication process in the Raft consensus algorithm,this paper proposes a non-byzantine fault tolerance consensus algorithm for consortium blockchain Kraft(Kademlia-Raft) consensus algorithm.It improves the process of Leader election and log replication in the Raft consensus algorithm by combining the two-layer Kademlia routing protocol.First,in view of the problem of voting efficiency caused by the number of Candidate nodes and the increase of Follower nodes in the Raft consensus algorithm,KRaft consensus algorithm uses K-bucket established by the two-layer Kademlia protocol to realize the stable election in the Candidate node set.Se-condly,in view of the low efficiency of the single-node log replication process of the Leader in the log replication process of Raft consensus algorithm and the load balance problem on the nodes,a parallel log replication scheme of multiple Candidate nodes is proposed to equalize the load on the Leader node,so as to improve the data throughput and the scalability of the algorithm at the same time.Finally,the local multi-node simulation experiment shows that the data throughput of KRaft consensus algorithm is increased by 34.5% compared with Raft consensus algorithm,the voting speed of Leader node is increased by 55.6%.

THE INNOVATION People experiencing homelessness (PEH) face an elevated burden of chronic and communicable disease, mental health and substance use disorders, and unmet health and support needs. (1-2) Health and [...]

Tourmaline, a borosilicate, is widespread in many kinds of rocks. Due to its high boron content, tourmaline is quite suitable for in situ B isotope analysis. Tourmaline contains moderate Sr but very low Rb and recent studies show that this mineral has the potential for in situ Sr isotope analysis. Here, we present three new natural tourmaline reference materials GIGT, XJ-1 and XJ-3 for in situ B and Sr isotope measurement by LA-MC-ICP-MS. LA-MC-ICP-MS analyses for these three tourmalines show homogeneous B isotopic compositions with an average δ11B of −12.63 ± 0.51‰ (2SD, n = 74) for GIGT, −11.90 ± 0.64‰ (2SD, n = 78) for XJ-1 and −11.91 ± 0.64‰ (2SD, n = 73) for XJ-3, which agree well with results determined by solution MC-ICP-MS (−12.65 ± 0.12, −11.90 ± 0.24, −11.89 ± 0.19). XJ-1 has relatively high Sr content (∼160 μg g−1), but extremely low Rb/Sr (<0.0005). A total of 176 LA-MC-ICP-MS analyses of XJ-1 yield an average 87Sr/86Sr of 0.70827 ± 0.00021 (2SD), which is in good agreement with the result measured by solution MC-ICP-MS (0.708249 ± 0.000020, 2SD). The homogeneous B isotopes and Sr isotopes suggest that all three tourmalines presented in this study can serve as primary reference materials for in situ B isotope analysis and XJ-1 is suitable to be a monitor reference material for in situ Sr isotope analysis by LA-MC-ICP-MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the medicines included in national essential medicines lists with the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Model list of essential medicines, and assess the extent to which countries' characteristics, such as WHO region, size and health care expenditure, account for the differences. Methods We searched the WHO's Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal for national essential medicines lists. We compared each national list of essential medicines with both the 2017 WHO model list and other national lists. We used linear regression to determine whether differences were dependent on WHO Region, population size, life expectancy, infant mortality, gross domestic product and health-care expenditure. Findings We identified 137 national lists of essential medicines that collectively included 2068 unique medicines. Each national list contained between 44 and 983 medicines (median 310: interquartile range, IQR: 269 to 422). The number of differences between each country's essential medicines list and WHO's model list ranged from 93 to 815 (median: 296; IQR: 265 to 381). Linear regression showed that only WHO region and health-care expenditure were significantly associated with the number of differences (adjusted [R.sup.2]: 0.33; P< 0.05). Most medicines (1248; 60%) were listed by no more than 10% (14) of countries. Conclusion The substantial differences between national lists of essential medicines are only partly explained by differences in country characteristics and thus may not be related to different priority needs. This information helps to identify opportunities to improve essential medicines lists. Objectif Comparer les medicaments inclus dans les listes nationales des medicaments essentiels avec la Liste modele de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante (OMS) des medicaments essentiels, et determiner dans quelle mesure les caracteristiques des pays, comme la region OMS, la taille et les depenses de soins de sante, expliquent les differences. Methodes Nous avons recherche des listes nationales des medicaments essentiels sur le Portail d'information--Medicaments essentiels et produits de sante de l'OMS. Nous avons compare chaque liste nationale des medicaments essentiels avec la Liste modele de l'OMS de 2017 et d'autres listes nationales. Nous avons utilise une regression lineaire pour determiner si les differences dependaient de la region OMS, de la taille de la population, de l'esperance de vie, de la mortalite infantile, du produit interieur brut et des depenses de soins de sante. Resultats Nous avons selectionne 137 listes nationales des medicaments essentiels qui contenaient au total 2068 medicaments differents. Chaque liste national recensait entre 44 et 983 medicaments (mediane: 310; intervalle interquartile, IQR: de 269 a 422). Le nombre des differences entre la liste des medicaments essentiels de chaque pays et la Liste modele de l'OMS variait entre 93 et 815 (mediane: 296; IQR: de 265 a 381). La regression lineaire a montre que seules la region OMS et les depenses de soins de sante etaient clairement associees au nombre des differences ([R.sup.2] ajuste: 0,33; P< 0,05). La plupart des medicaments (1248; 60%) etaient listes par 10% (14) des pays, pas plus. Conclusion Les differences importantes entre les listes nationales des medicaments essentiels s'expliquent seulement en partie par des differences au niveau des caracteristiques des pays et ne sont donc pas forcement liees a differents besoins prioritaires. Ces informations aident a identifier des possibilites d'ameliorations des listes des medicaments essentiels. Objetivo Comparar los medicamentos incluidos en las listas nacionales de medicamentos esenciales con la Lista Modelo de Medicamentos Esenciales de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y evaluar en que medida las diferencias se deben a las caracteristicas de los paises, como la region, el tamano y el gasto en atencion sanitaria de la OMS. Metodos Se realizaron busquedas en el Portal de Informacion de Medicamentos Esenciales y Productos de Salud de la OMS para obtener listas nacionales de medicamentos esenciales. Se comparo cada lista nacional de medicamentos esenciales con la Lista Modelo de la OMS de 2017 y con otras listas nacionales. Se utilizo la regresion lineal para determinar si las diferencias dependian de la region de la OMS, el tamano de la poblacion, la esperanza de vida, la mortalidad infantil, el producto interno bruto y el gasto en atencion sanitaria. Resultados Identificamos 137 listas nacionales de medicamentos esenciales que incluian colectivamente 2068 medicamentos unicos. Cada lista nacional contenia entre 44 y 983 medicamentos (mediana 310: rango intercuartil, IQR: 269 a 422). El numero de diferencias entre la lista de medicamentos esenciales de cada pais y la Lista Modelo de la OMS oscilo entre 93 y 815 (mediana: 296; IQR: 265 a 381). La regresion lineal mostro que solo la region de la OMS y el gasto en atencion sanitaria se asociaron significativamente con el numero de diferencias ([R.sup.2] ajustado: 0,33; P < 0,05). La mayoria de los medicamentos (1248; 60%) fueron listados por no mas del 10% (14) de los paises. Conclusion Las diferencias sustanciales entre las listas nacionales de medicamentos esenciales solo se explican en parte por las diferencias en las caracteristicas de los paises y, por lo tanto, pueden no estar relacionadas con las diferentes necesidades prioritarias. Esta informacion ayuda a identificar oportunidades para mejorar las listas de medicamentos esenciales., Introduction More than 5 billion people live in countries that use essential medicines lists. These lists typically contain hundreds of medicines intended to meet the priority health-care needs of a [...]