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Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common complication in elderly patients after surgery, significantly affecting prognosis and increasing mortality rates. The underlying mechanisms of POD remain unclear, with diverse risk factors making prevention difficult and treatment outcomes unsatisfactory. Esketamine is a high-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist known for its anesthetic and analgesic properties. Besides its widespread use in perioperative anesthesia and pain management, esketamine has shown promising clinical applications across various disciplines including psychiatry and critical care. This review summarizes recent advances and mechanisms of esketamine in preventing and treating POD, offering new insights for clinical practice.

Symbiotic microorganisms in reef-building corals, including algae, bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, play critical roles in the adaptation of coral hosts to adverse environmental conditions. However, their adaptation and functional relationships in nutrient-rich environments have yet to be fully explored. This study investigated Duncanopsammia peltata and the surrounding seawater and sediments from protected and non-protected areas in the summer and winter in Dongshan Bay. High-throughput sequencing was used to characterize community changes, co-occurrence patterns, and factors influencing symbiotic coral microorganisms (zooxanthellae, bacteria, and archaea) in different environments. The results showed that nutrient enrichment in the protected and non-protected areas was the greatest in December, followed by the non-protected area in August. In contrast, the August protected area had the lowest nutrient enrichment. Significant differences were found in the composition of the bacterial and archaeal communities in seawater and sediments from different regions. Among the coral symbiotic microorganisms, the main dominant species of zooxanthellae is the C1 subspecies (42.22–56.35%). The dominant phyla of bacteria were Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota. Only in the August protected area did a large number (41.98%) of SAR324_cladeMarine_group_B exist. The August protected and non-protected areas and December protected and non-protected areas contained beneficial bacteria as biomarkers. They were Nisaea, Spiroplasma, Endozoicomonas, and Bacillus. No pathogenic bacteria appeared in the protected area in August. The dominant phylum in Archaea was Crenarchaeota. These symbiotic coral microorganisms' relative abundances and compositions vary with environmental changes. The enrichment of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in environmental media is a key factor affecting the composition of coral microbial communities. Co-occurrence analysis showed that nutrient enrichment under anthropogenic disturbances enhanced the interactions between coral symbiotic microorganisms. These findings improve our understanding of the adaptations of coral holobionts to various nutritional environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Forl) is a destructive soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR) of tomato, leading to considerable field yield losses. In this study, we explored the antifungal capability of linalool, a natural plant volatile organic component, against Forl and its role in controlling FCRR symptoms in tomatoes. Our results showed that Forl mycelial growth was inhibited by the linalool treatment and that the linalool treatment damaged cell membrane integrity, enhanced reactive oxygen species levels, depleted glutathione, and reduced the activities of many antioxidant enzymes in Forl. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses demonstrated that linalool also downregulated metabolic biosynthetic pathways at the transcript and protein levels, including redox, transporter activity, and carbohydrate metabolism in Forl. Moreover, linalool significantly decreased the expression of many Forl pathogenic genes, such as cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and G proteins, which is likely how a Forl infection was prevented. Importantly, exogenously applied linalool activated the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) defensive pathways to improve disease resistance and relieved the negative effects of Forl on plant growth. Taken together, we report that linalool is an effective fungicide against Forl and will be a promising green chemical agent for controlling FCRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms involved in P2[X.sub.7] receptor activation. Treatments with ATP or with the P2[X.sub.7] receptor-specific ligand 2',3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphospbate (BzATP) induced pore formation, but the effect was slower in CaSki cells expressing endogenous P2[X.sub.7] receptor than in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells expressing exogenous P2[X.sub.7] receptor (HEK293-hP2[X.sub.7]-R). In both types of cells Western blots revealed expression of three forms of the receptor: the functional 85-kDa form present mainly in the membrane and 65- and 18-kDa forms expressed in both the plasma membrane and the cytosol. Treatments with ATP transiently decreased the 85-kDa form and increased the 18-kDa form in the membrane, suggesting internalization, degradation, and recycling of the receptor. In CaSki cells ATP stimulated phosphorylation of the 85-kDa form on tyrosine and serine residues. Phosphorylation on threonine residues increased with added ATP, and it increased ATP requirements for phosphorylation on tyrosine and serine residues, suggesting a dominant-negative effect. In both CaSki and in HEK-293-hP2[X.sub.7]-R cells ATP also increased binding of the 85-kDa form to G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-3, [beta]-arrestin-2, and dynamin, and it stimulated [beta]-arrestin-2 redistribution into submembranous regions of the cell. These results suggest a novel mechanism for P2[X.sub.7] receptor action, whereby activation involves a GRK-3-, [beta]-arrestin-2-, and dynamin-dependent internalization of the receptor into clathrin domains, followed in part by receptor degradation as well as receptor recycling into the plasma membrane. purinergic receptor; recycling; dynamin: clathrin; cervix; epithelium

P2[X.sub.7] receptor-mediated apoptosis of human cervical epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287: C1349-C1358, 2004. First published July 21, 2004; doi:10.1152/ ajpcell.00256.2004.--Normal human ectocervical epithelial (hECE) cells undergo apoptosis in culture. Baseline apoptosis could be increased by shifting cells to serum-free medium and blocked by lowering extracellular calcium. Treatment with the ATPase apyrase attenuated baseline apoptosis, suggesting that extracellular ATP and purinergic mechanisms control the apoptosis. Treatment with ATP and the P2[X.sub.7] receptor analog 2'-3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP) increased apoptosis significantly, in a time-and dose-related manner. The threshold of ATP effect was 0.5 [micro]M in hECE cells and ~1 [micro]M in CaSki cancer cells. The apoptotic effect of BzATP was additive in part to that of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-[alpha], and it could be attenuated by lowering extracellular calcium and by treatment with the caspase-9 inhibitor Leu-Glu-His-Asp-O-methylfluoromethylketone (LEHD-FMK). Treatment with BzATP activated caspase-9, and, in contrast to TNF-[alpha], it had only a mild effect on caspase-8. Both BzATP and TNF-[alpha] activated caspase-3, suggesting that BzATP activates predominantly the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Both hECE and CaSki cells secrete ATP into the extracellular fluid, and mean ATP activity in conditioned medium was ~0.5 [micro]M, which is in the range of values that suffice to activate the P2[X.sub.7] receptor. On the basis of these findings we propose a novel autocrineparacrine mechanism of cervical cell apoptosis that operates by P2[X.sub.7] receptor control of cytosolic calcium and utilizes the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. cervix; epithelium; ATP; 2'-3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate

Coral reefs are one of the most productive, and yet most vulnerable marine ecosystems. The global decline of coral reefs induced by climate change and human activities has already affected the processes of coral calcification and carbon cycling in the reef ecosystem, intensifying the long-standing CO2 "source-sink" debate over coral reefs. Despite the fact that coral calcification is accompanied by the release of CO2 to the atmosphere, the significance of coral reefs as a carbon sink cannot be ignored, given the complex biogeochemical processes in the reef ecosystem and the characteristic mixotrophic lifestyle of the reef-building corals. From the perspective of increasing coral resilience to climate change, this study attempts to clarify the controversy over the coral reef CO2 "source-sink" debate, explore the possible ecological regulations and pathways to transform coral reefs from a carbon source to a carbon sink, and provide theoretical framework and technical support for the deployment of ocean negative carbon emissions and the implementation of the national carbon neutrality strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We here report a genome-editing strategy to correct spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Rather than directly targeting the pathogenic exonic mutations, our strategy employed Cas9 and guide-sgRNA for the targeted disruption of intronic splicing-regulatory elements. We disrupted intronic splicing silencers (ISSs, including ISS-N1 and ISS + 100) of survival motor neuron (SMN) 2, a key modifier gene of SMA, to enhance exon 7 inclusion and full-length SMN expression in SMA iPSCs. Survival of splicing-corrected iPSC-derived motor neurons was rescued with SMN restoration. Furthermore, co-injection of Cas9 mRNA from Streptococcus pyogenes (SpCas9) or Cas9 from Staphylococcus aureus (SaCas9) alongside their corresponding sgRNAs targeting ISS-N1 into zygotes rescued 56% and 100% of severe SMA transgenic mice (Smn −/−, SMN2 tg/−). The median survival of the resulting mice was extended to >400 days. Collectively, our study provides proof-of-principle for a new strategy to therapeutically intervene in SMA and other RNA-splicing-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the Clinical features of patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection after stent implantation for Stanford type B aortic dissection, and summarize related nursing measures. Methods The clinical data of 24 patients who underwent stent implantation for Stanford type B aortic dissection were retrospectively analyzed. The Clinical features and nursing management of Stanford type A aortic dissection after stent implantation were summarized. Results there were five patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection after stent implantation, in which one case died as ruptured aortic dissection, one case was discharged from hospital and rest three cases were secured by surgical treatment. The alcohol consumption, atherosclerosis, hypertension were potential factors influencing the development of Stanford type A aortic dissection after stent implantation (P < 0.05). Conclusion Targeted nursing interventions against influencing factors such as alcohol consumption, atherosclerosis and hypertension should be carried out to ensure the safety of patients with stent implantation for aortic dissection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]