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Objective To summarize and analyze the clinical features and comorbidity of attention deficit and hyperactive disorder (ADHD) with self⁃limited epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (SeLECTS) in children. Methods A total of 89 SeLECTS patients diagnosed in Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from July 2020 to December 2022 were selected. The social demographic data, clinical manifestation, video electroencephalography (VEEG) results, treatment and prognosis of the children were collected. Swanson, Nolan and Pelham⁃Ⅳ Rating Scale (SNAP⁃Ⅳ) was used to assess the comorbidity of ADHD. Results 1) Clinical features: there were 49 males and 40 females in 89 cases of SeLECTS. The age of onset was 3-12 years old, with an average of (7.22 ± 2.04) years old. The main seizure forms were motor seizures of focal origin (36 cases, 40.45%) and focal progression to bilateral tonic ⁃ clonic seizures (46 cases, 51.69%), and 7 cases (7.87%) had both. Main manifestations were unilateral clonic or tonic⁃clonic seizures, drooling, strabismus or upward movement of eyes, abnormal oral movement, and throat vocalization. 2) EEG characteristics: background activity of VEEG of 56 patients was normal, and epileptiform discharge waveforms were mainly sharp (spike) waves, sharp (spike) slow waves complex, spike clusters, and electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). Spike wave index (SWI) during slow wave sleep was 33.00 (19.25, 53.25). 3) Treatment and prognosis: 37 cases (41.57%) were seizure⁃free at least 6 months, and 23 cases (25.84%) were seizure⁃free at least 12 months. 4) Comorbidity: 44 patients (49.44%) had comorbid ADHD. Compared with the non⁃ADHD group, the ADHD group had a younger age of onset (t = 1.621, P = 0.002), a higher SWI (Z = ⁃ 2.134, P = 0.038) and a higher incidence of ESES (χ2 = 4.308, P = 0.038). Conclusions SeLECTS is a self⁃limited epilepsy syndrome in children with characteristic clinical and electroencephalographic features. For children with younger age, higher SWI and ESES, comorbid ADHD should be considered.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), an important form of neuromodulation therapy, provides a new treatment option for drug⁃resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients through precisely selections the stimulation target. By implanting electrodes at specific targets and releasing electrical stimulation, DBS can regulate the excitability of the relevant nuclei and neural circuits in the process of seizure, so as to exert the effect of controlling seizure. At present, some clinical and laboratory evidence has been accumulated on the regulatory mechanism of DBS in the treatment of DRE, the individualized selection of stimulation targets for different types of seizures, the curative effect and adverse events. This article will elaborate the above three aspects, in an effort to promote the application of DBS in DRE.

Objective To analyze the seizure characteristics of epilepsy in the course of different types of autoimmune encephalitis (AE), and to screen the markers of early diagnosis value. Methods A total of 91 patients with AE with epileptic seizure admitted to Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from August 2014 to January 2021 were collected. The clinical data included social demographic data, pathogenic characteristics, EEG and imaging characteristics, treatment and prognosis. Results 1) Anti⁃N⁃methyl⁃D⁃aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis (n=58), anti⁃γ⁃aminobutyric acid receptor type B (GABABR) antibody⁃associated encephalitis (n=12) and anti⁃leucine rich glioma inactivated protein 1 (LGI1) antibody⁃associated encephalitis (n=12) were common types of AE. 2) Rapid progressive dementia [79.12% (72/91)], sleep disorders [79.12% (72/91)] and mental disorders [75.82% (69/91)] were the main non⁃epileptic symptoms, but mood disorders or speech disorders were rare. 3) In the course of encephalitis, 76.92% (70/91) of patients had generalized tonic⁃clonic seizure (GTCS), which were the characteristic seizure type of anti⁃GABABR antibody⁃associated encephalitis (12/12). While faciobrachial dystonic seizure (FBDS) was the specific seizure type of anti⁃LGI1 antibody⁃associated encephalitis [4.40% (4/91)]. 4) The main manifestations of VEEG were background slow waves [37.88% (25/66)], slow waves combined with epileptic discharges [27.27% (18/66)] or epileptic discharges [18.18% (12/66)], but the increase of fast wave activity [1.52% (1/66)] was rare. There was also no abnormal brain wave [15.15% (10/66)]; δ brush was observed in only 2 patients with anti⁃NMDAR encephalitis. 5) MRI abnormalities [58.89% (53/90)] were mainly found in hippocampus amd temporal lobe, characterized by T2WI and FLAIR hyperintersity, mainly in patients with anti⁃LGI1 antibody⁃associated encephalitis (9/12). 6) Immunotherapy [97.80% (89/91)] and antiepileptic seizure medicine [94.51% (86/91)] were the preferred treatment options. The mean follow⁃up was 48.50 months, and the fatality rate was 14.29% (10/70), with the highest rate of anti⁃GABABR antibody⁃associated encephalitis (4/9). The recurrence rate of epilepsy was 10.17% (6/59), and the long⁃term recurrence rate of anti⁃DPPX antibody⁃associated encephalitis was relatively high (2/3). Conclusions Different types of AE with epileptic seizure have specific clinical characteristics, which is of great significance for early diagnosis and prognosis.

Objectives Nephrotic syndrome (NS) remains a therapeutic challenge for nephrologists. Piceatannol-3ʹ-O-β- d -glucopyranoside (PG) is a major active ingredient in Quzha. The purpose of the study was to assess the renoprotection of PG. Methods In vitro , the podocyte protection of PG was assessed in MPC-5. SD rats were injected with adriamycin to induce nephropathy in vivo. The determination of biochemical changes and inflammatory cytokines was performed, and pathological changes were examined by histopathological examination. Immunostaining and western blot analyses were used to analyse expression levels of proteins. Key findings The results showed that PG improved adriamycin-induced podocyte injury, attenuated nephropathy, improved hypoalbuminemia and hyperlipidaemia, and lowered cytokine levels. The podocyte protection of PG was further verified by reduction of desmin and increasing synaptopodin expression. Furthermore, treatment with PG down-regulated the expression of HMGB1, TLR4 and NF-κB along with its upstream regulator, IKKβ and yet up-regulated IκBα expression by western blot analysis. Conclusions Overall, our data showed that PG has a favourable renoprotection in experimental nephrosis, apparently by amelioration of podocyte injury. PG might mediate these effects via modulation of the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway. The study first provides a promising leading compound for the treatment of NS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the impact of the political cycle on financial lending. The change of party secretaries every several years in the Chinese cities provides a good setting for our analysis. Empirical results indicate the scale of lending by financial institutions increased one year before and after the congress of the Chinese Communist Party and decreased during the convening year, showing political cyclicality. In addition, the size of financial lending by the cities whose party secretary's age is over 55 is smaller than others. The results reflect the incentive to achieve promotion by stimulating economic performance is smaller for the ageing secretary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ezetimibe is a top‐selling hypolipidemic drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Biosynthesis of (4S)‐3‐[(5S)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐5‐hydroxypentanoyl]‐4‐phenyl‐1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐one ((S)‐ET‐5) using carbonyl reductase has shown advantages including high catalytic efficiency, excellent stereoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, and environmental friendness, and was considered as the key step for ezetimibe production. The regeneration efficiency of the cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H) is one of the main restricted factor. Recombinant Escherichia coli strain (smCR125) coexpressing carbonyl reductase (CR125) and glucose dehydrogenase were successfully constructed and applied for the production of (S)‐ET‐5 for the first time. Without extra addition of the coenzyme NADPH, the yield of 99.8% and the enantiomeric excess (e.e.) of 99.9% were achieved under ET‐4 concentration of 200 g/L. Using a substrate fed‐batch strategy, under the optimal conditions, the substrate ET‐4 concentration was increased to 250 g/L with the yield of 98.9% and the e.e. of 99.9% after 12 hr reaction. The space–time yield of 494.5 g L−1 d−1 and the space–time yield per gram biocatalyst of 24.7 g L−1 d−1 g−1 DCW were achieved, which were higher than ever reported for the biosynthesis of the ezetimibe intermediate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a new type of heterogeneous catalyst with "homogeneous‐like" activity, single‐site transition‐metal materials are usually treated as integrated but separate active centers. A novel grouping effect is reported for single Ni−N4 sites in nitrogen‐doped carbon (Ni/NC), where an effective ligand‐stabilized polycondensation method endows Ni/NC nanocatalysts with a high content of single‐site Ni up to 9.5 wt %. The enhanced electron density at each single Ni−N4 site promotes a highly efficient hydrogen transfer, which is exemplified by the coupling of benzyl alcohol and aniline into N‐benzylaniline with a turnover frequency (TOF) value of 7.0 molN‐benzylaniline molmetal−1 h−1; this TOF outpaces that of reported stable non‐noble‐metal‐based catalysts by a factor of 2. Herd instinct: A grouping effect is observed for single Ni−N4 sites in a Ni catalyst supported by nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC). A high 9.5 wt % Ni content was achieved with a ligand‐stabilized polycondensation method. An enhanced electron density effect manifests at each single Ni−N4 site, which decreases the binding energy of H radicals to Ni and promotes efficient coupling of benzyl alcohol and aniline to form N‐benzylaniline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]