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The effects of different freezing temperatures (–20 ℃, –40 ℃, –80 ℃) on the re-steaming quality and component properties of frozen whole wheat steamed bread with different whole wheat flour replacement rates (30%, 50%, 100%) were analyzed. The results showed that the specific volume retention of the re-steamed whole wheat steamed bread was higher and the texture quality of the re-steamed whole wheat steamed bread was better with the lower freezing temperature and the faster freezing speed. Freezing temperature had no significant effect on the height/diameter ratio of frozen steamed bread with different whole wheat flour replacement rate. At –20 ℃, the hardness of frozen steamed bread with different whole wheat flour replacement rate was significantly higher than that of fresh steamed bread after re-steaming. At –80 ℃, the hardness of steamed breads is similar to that of fresh steamed bread after re-steaming. With the decrease of freezing temperature, the starch gelatinization enthalpy of frozen whole wheat steamed bread was lower, and the index value of starch gelatinization characteristics of 100% frozen whole wheat steamed bread was similar to that of fresh steamed bread, 30% and 50% whole wheat steamed bread were closer to that of fresh steamed buns at –40 ℃ freezing temperature. The lower the extractability of gluten protein was in frozen steamed buns at lower freezing temperature, the smaller the damage of gluten protein structure was. The damage to the internal microstructure of whole wheat steamed buns was smaller at lower freezing temperature, and its quality was closer to that of fresh steamed buns. In short, the lower freezing temperature is conducive to keeping the better quality of whole wheat steamed buns. To provide basis and reference for frozen whole wheat steamed buns processing and quality improvement.

The sprouted degree had a great effect on the edible quality of whole wheat bread. This study investigated the morphological changes of sprouted wheat with the different sprouted degree. The effect of whole wheat flour from whole wheat with different sprouted degree on the quality characteristics of whole wheat bread were assessed, including the specific volume, weight loss rate, color, moisture content, texture quality and sensory quality. The addition of sprouted whole wheat flour (50% and 100%) in whole wheat bread was investigated. The results showed that the quality of whole wheat bread was significantly improved by controlling the sprouted degree of whole wheat flour (revealing stage) compared with the unsprouted group. This study aimed at providing reference for realizing precision control production and product application development of sprouted whole wheat as raw materials, which could provide an important guidance for the future development, and high value utilization of sprouted whole wheat.

BACKGROUND: Air pollution is a major risk factor for planetary health and has long been suspected of predisposing humans to respiratory diseases induced by pathogens like influenza viruses. However, epidemiological evidence remains elusive due to lack of longitudinal data from large cohorts. OBJECTIVE: Our aim is to quantify the short-term association of influenza incidence with exposure to ambient air pollutants in Chinese cities. METHODS: Based on air pollutant data and influenza surveillance data from 82 cities in China over a period of 5 years, we applied a two-stage time series analysis to assess the association of daily incidence of reported influenza cases with six common air pollutants [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter [less than or equal to]2.5 [micro]m (P[M.sub.2.5]), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter [less than or equal to]10 [micro]m (P[M.sub.10]), N[O.sub.2], S[O.sub.2], CO, and [O.sub.3]], while adjusting for potential confounders including temperature, relative humidity, seasonality, and holiday effects. We built a distributed lag Poisson model for one or multiple pollutants in each individual city in the first stage and conducted a meta-analysis to pool city-specific estimates in the second stage. RESULTS: A total of 3,735,934 influenza cases were reported in 82 cities from 2015 to 2019, accounting for 72.71% of the overall case number reported in the mainland of China. The time series models for each pollutant alone showed that the daily incidence of reported influenza cases was positively associated with almost all air pollutants except for ozone. The most prominent short-term associations were found for S[O.sub.2] and N[O.sub.2] with cumulative risk ratios of 1.094 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.054, 1.136] and 1.093 (95% CI: 1.067, 1.119), respectively, for each 10 [micro]g/[m.sup.3] increase in the concentration at each of the lags of 1-7 d. Only N[O.sub.2] showed a significant association with the daily incidence of influenza cases in the multipollutant model that adjusts all six air pollutants together. The impact of air pollutants on influenza was generally found to be greater in children, in subtropical cities, and during cold months. DISCUSSION: Increased exposure to ambient air pollutants, particularly N[O.sub.2], is associated with a higher risk of influenza-associated illness. Policies on reducing air pollution levels may help alleviate the disease burden due to influenza infection. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12146, Introduction Rapid economic development and urbanization are often achieved at the expense of air quality. A growing body of evidence indicates significant associations between exposure to air pollutants and adverse [...]

Recently,most object detection algorithms based on convolutional neural network have the problems of lacking of reasonable use of meaningful contextual information and are easy to miss the detection of hard targets.In order to solve these problems,this paper proposes an object detection algorithm based on improved split-attention networks.Firstly,the split attention mechanism is introduced,and the multi-path structure is combined with feature-map attention mechanism to improve its feature representations.Then,in the convolution layer,poly-scale convolution is used to replace the vanilla convolution to enhance the scale-sensitivity of the neural network.Finally,the proposed algorithm is applied to Faster R-CNN.Experiments are carried out on Pascal VOC and MS COCO datasets.Compared with the original algorithm,the mAP of the proposed algorithm has improved 1.6% and 2.4% respectively without introducing additional parameters and computational complexities,and the mAP of the proposed algorithm is also higher than that of other algorithms,which verifies its good performance.

A series of RbEu bimetallic ammonium metal nitrate hybrid analogues, [(CH3)3NCH2X]2[RbEu(NO3)6] (X = Cl, 1; Br, 2; I, 3), have been synthesized via solvent evaporation. This series shows similar cage-like perovskite frameworks, in which the cations are confined in the spaces enclosed by the hydrogen-bonding interactions. They display structural phase transitions between 200–430 K. Detailed single-crystal structural analysis of 1–3 reveals the change of the dynamics of the cation and the distortion of the [Rb4Eu4(NO3)12] anionic framework is the driving force for the structural phase transition. Meanwhile, the thermal and dielectric anomalies are verified by differential scanning calorimetry and dielectric measurements, respectively. Interestingly, the subtle change of cation significantly affects the switching temperature and dielectric behaviors, showing the typical 'butterfly effect' in these RbEu bimetallic hybrids. Notably, they also display excellent optical properties, that is, the Eu3+ ion acts as the activator of the photoluminescence property. Meanwhile, compounds 1–3 have phosphorescent characteristics and 1 has the highest fluorescence quantum yield (FQY) of 57.82%. This finding will be evidently meaningful for exploring high-performance multifunctional switching materials for novel applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]