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【Objective】 Southern Xinjiang has limited freshwater but relatively abundant saline groundwater. To optimize the use of these water resources, we investigate the effect of alternate brackish and freshwater drip irrigation with film mulching on soil water and salt movement, as well as seed yield of cotton. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted at the Xinjiang Alar Modern Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station. It compared nine combinations of brackish and freshwater drip irrigation. In each treatment, we measured the spatiotemporal changes in soil water and salt, as well as growth, and seed yield of the cotton. 【Result】 During the growth period of the cotton, soil water and salt increased with increased use of brackish water. When the amount of brackish water used for irrigation was the same, continuous use of freshwater irrigation in the early growth stage of the cotton was effective to reduce salt content in the root zone. Increasing the use of brackish water in irrigation inhibited crop growth. Moderate use of brackish water in the flowering and boll development stages can promote reproductive growth, however, excessive use would significantly reduce the weight of single bolls. Appropriately alternating brackish and freshwater irrigation not only ensures vegetative growth in the early stages but also promotes reproductive growth during flowering and boll development stage of the cotton. 【Conclusion】 In Southern Xinjiang, alternating brackish and freshwater in drip irrigation with film mulching should keep the brackish water ratio below a specific threshold. Its usage should be minimized during the seedling, budding, and early flowering stages, but can be increased during the flowering and boll development stages. In this experiment, the optimal irrigation sequence was freshwater-freshwater-brackish water.

The rapid advancement in science, technology, and information over the past decades has led to a wide application of intelligent irrigation technologies worldwide. Using the multi-faceted approach, we analyze the past trajectory and future perspective of intelligent irrigation technologies by depth-examination of theoretical and engineering research as well as the granted patent applications over the past decades. The data used in the analysis were based on the publications indexed by Science Citation Index of Web of Science and Engineering Index (EI) of Scopus, as well as granted patents indexed in Derwent Innovations. This paper focused on performance index, competitiveness, research hotspots, and developing trend of intelligent irrigation. The results show that intelligent irrigation has well steadily established worldwide in terms of its perception, control, decision-making and management. In addition, six research areas have emerged over the past decades: irrigation technologies under drought stress, field experiments and water and fertilizer use efficiency, monitoring soil and water, intelligent irrigation systems, sustainable development and water-saving irrigation, and water balance and irrigation water management. Technologically, there are two active research areas in intelligent irrigation: real-time irrigation control and developing water-saving intelligent irrigation devices. Looking ahead, research in intelligent irrigation is expected to be in sustainability and scalability, as well as its combinations with other technologies. It has potential to safeguard food security and revitalize rural regions worldwide.

With the continuous development of technology and people's dependence on the Internet, more and more teachers' professional development is carried out on the Internet. Since no one has studied the professional development of online middle school teachers, we did this study based on this research gap. This article is a research on the professional development of chemistry teachers based on the Internet. It uses content analysis methods to identify research questions and select keywords related to the topic, such as online teacher professional development, chemistry teacher professional development, secondary school teacher professional development and so on and codes the data. From this, we found that the strategies for the professional development of online teachers in middle school chemistry subjects includes chemical content, practice, guidance, exploratory experiment, online communication community, self-reflection, sustainability, continuity and action these eight parts. And online chemical TPD for student outcomes in middle school contains: gain knowledge, skills and confidence, determined their goals and plans, participate in scientific inquiry teaching and improve student performance, promote the transformation of students' scientific knowledge concepts, and have a positive influence on students' attitudes towards science.

【Objective】 Rotating winter wheat and summer maize is a common cultivation method in northern and central China. Their water consumption and the occurrence of water deficit vary with prediction. Taking Shangqiu in easter Henan province as an example, this paper investigates the relationship between them with meteorological factors. 【Method】 The analysis was based on meteorological data measured from 1954 to 2019, and crop index data measured from 1999 to 2019 at the National Agro-ecological System Observation and Research Station of Shangqiu. The evapotranspiration used in the analysis was those measured from 2011 to 2018 from a large lysimeter. Statistics and the Mann-Kendall trend test were used to analyze the changing in crop water requirement and water deficit; the dominant analysis was used to elucidate the influence of the meteorological factors on water requirement of the two crops. 【Result】 On average, the annual effective precipitation has been increasing over the past 65 years, at a rate of 3.09 mm/10a during the wheat growing season and 5.23 mm/10a during the maize growing season, despite that in wet years the effective precipitation during the wheat season declined. In contrast, the annual crop water requirement showed a decline (P

【Objective】 Soil moisture sensors have been increasingly used in different fields to measure soil water content at high temporal resolution, but its reliability depends on many factors. In this paper, we investigate the effect of soil salinity on their accuracy. 【Method】 The laboratory experiment was conducted at the Irrigation Test Station of the First Division of Xinjiang Alaer Corps. FDR and TDR sensors were used in the experiment. We compared five salinity treatments: 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 mS/cm; the soil moisture was adjusted to the field capacity followed by natural evaporation. The absolute error (AE), relative error (RE) and standard deviation (SD) were used to evaluate the accuracy and consistency of the sensors. 【Result】 Soil moisture and salinity both affected accuracy and consistency of the sensors. Without calibration, the accuracy of the CSF11 and ML2x sensors was high and measurements were consistent, while the EC-5 and TDR305H sensors were less accurate and consistent due to the combined influence of soil salinity and moisture. Calibration significantly improved the accuracy and consistence of all four sensors. 【Conclusion】 Considering accuracy and consistency, the expensive ML2x sensors worked best when salt content does not exceed 9 mS/cm. The less expensive CSF11 sensors also worked well when soil salt is low. The EC-5 sensors can measure soil moisture reasonably well for soil with moderate and high salinity. When the soil moisture is less than 20 cm3/cm3, TDR305H sensors is accurate and reliable.

【Objective】 Water and nitrogen are two factors influencing crop growth and yield the most. The purpose of this paper is to experimentally study their combined effect on fruit water content, nutrient translocation and accumulation, and yield components of fruits in different trusses of greenhouse tomato. 【Method】 The experiment was conducted in a solar greenhouse. It consisted of four pure nitrogen application amounts: 0 (N0), 150 (N1), 300 kg/hm2 (N2) and 450 kg/hm2 (N3), and three irrigation treatments by irrigating 50% (I1), 70% (I2) or 90% (I3) of the evaporation measured from a standard 20 cm pan (Epan) installed in the greenhouse. In each treatment, we measured fruit water (FW) content, fruit total nitrogen (FTN) content, fruit total potassium (FTK) content, and the yield components of the fruits in every truss. 【Result】 There were significant differences in fruit nutrients and yield components between the trusses. The incongruous N/K ratio in the first truss did not support the improvement of yield components. The synergistic effect of N and K in the 2nd truss resulted in the largest fruit-setting numbers and average fruit weight. Increasing irrigation amount had no significant effect on FTN and FTK contents in every truss, but significantly increased FW content, fruit-setting numbers, average fruit weight and fruit yield of every truss. However, the increase in fruit-setting numbers in every truss became small when the irrigation amount exceeded 70% of Epan. Increasing nitrogen fertilization significantly reduced FW content in every truss, promoted translocation of N and K to the fruits, and increased the fruit-setting numbers and fruit yield. However, the increase in fruit-setting numbers and yield was small or even negative when nitrogen fertilization exceeded 150 kg/hm2. Compared with N0, N1, N2 and N3 increased the average fruit-setting numbers of every truss by 13.94%, 10.38% and 10.68% respectively, and the fruit yield by 13.63%, 10.66% and 8.42%, respectively. The significant difference in fruit-setting numbers and average fruit weight in each truss between the treatments was due to the variation in translocation of nutrient and water to the fruits in different trusses. 【Conclusion】 The optimal irrigation and nitrogen fertilization for greenhouse tomato studied in this paper is to irrigate 70% of Epan and fertilize 150 kg/hm2 of nitrogen.

【Background and objective】 Evapotranspiration from managed and natural ecosystems is an important process in hydrological cycle but not trivial to measure at large scales. The eddy covariance developed over the past decade is a technique to measure atmospheric turbulent fluxes which can be used to estimate evapotranspiration and fluxes of other gases. Calculating evapotranspiration from the measurements of eddy covariance is complicated, and the aim of this paper is to experimentally investigate the areas in a farmland system that contribute to the fluxes measured from an eddy covariance. 【Method】 Atmospheric fluxes were measured from October 2019 to June 2020 using the closed-path eddy covariance system installed in a winter wheat field at Xinxiang comprehensive experimental station in Henan province. Distribution and variation of the measured flux sources were analyzed using the footprint models and FFP and KM methods. 【Result】 ①Southwest-northeast wind was the dominant wind during the experimental period, following by northeast-southwest wind. ②The results calculated under different growth stages and atmospheric conditions revealed that the areas that contributed to the fluxes measured from the device were larger under stable atmospheric conditions than under less stable atmospheric conditions. The direction and length of the areas were affected by wind direction and speed. ③The results calculated by the FFP and KM models showed a linear relationship between the source areas with SKM=0.93SFFP-1962.5 and R2=0.96, and that, in the general, the areas calculated by the KM method were greater than that calculated by the FFP model. 【Conclusion】 The flux source areas calculated by the FFP and KM methods differed, and the wind direction and speed were the main factors affecting the flux source distribution. For our experiment, the winter wheat was the main contributor to the fluxes measured from the eddy covariance system.

【Objective】 Analyzing the temporal and spatial distribution of crop water demand and irrigation water demand.This study provides basic data and technical support for irrigation water management and the implementation of the strictest water resources management system in Xinjiang. 【Method】 We constructe the NDVI multi temporal sequence was based on the GF-1 satellite data. Used the supervised classification method to extract the crop planting structure in Aksu River Oasis. Combined with penman Monteith formula and GIS spatial analysis function, the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of crop water demand and gross irrigation water demand in Oasis were analyzed. 【Result】 Under the multi temporal NDVI sequence, the maximum likelihood method was the best, with an overall accuracy of 93.08% and Kappa coefficient of 0.913, which could meet the requirements of large area classification. The results showed that the grain crops (rice, corn, wheat) were mainly distributed in Wushi and Wensu in the upper reaches of the basin, economic crops (cotton) were mainly distributed in Aksu, Alar and some farms of the first agricultural division, and fruit trees were mainly distributed in Aksu and Awati. The temporal and spatial distribution of crop water requirement and irrigation amount in the watershed is quite different. In terms of time, the water demand in spring and summer accounted for about 70% of the annual water demand; in terms of space, the water demand and irrigation amount in the area near Wensu county were significantly higher than those in other areas. At the same time, the water demand of the same crop is also different in different regions. The range of water demand of cotton is 704.4～808.8 mm, and the difference of water demand in different regions is about 100 mm in crops. 【Conclusion】 The method of combining multi temporal NDVI and supervised classification based on GF-1 data can realize the extraction of crop planting structure in large area. There are obvious differences in crop irrigation requirement in space and time in oasis area of Aksu basin. The spatial distribution map of crop water demand and irrigation amount can provide reference for the formulation of irrigation schedule and the optimization of agricultural water resources pattern.

During the Cretaceous period, the lacewing superfamily Mantispoidea, with an assemblage of species possessing raptorial forelegs, have undergone a rapid species radiation, characterized by abundant species richness and high morphological plasticity. Nevertheless, the morphology and early evolution of the specialized predatory organ around the time of its origin in raptorial Mantispoidea have been poorly documented due to the rarity of fossil evidence, especially for the pre‐Cretaceous fossils. Herein, a new genus and new species, that is Archarhachiberotha longitarsa Wang, Ren et Wang gen. et sp. nov., was described from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of northeastern China. This new genus was characterized by the remarkable raptorial forelegs, that is, typically elongated coxa, relatively less‐swollen femur and rudimentary small femoral spines, and well‐developed tarsi. Considering the peculiar morphological combination and antiquity of the new genus, it was assigned to be a stem‐group lineage of Mantispoidea. Also, the detailed analyses of morphology and biological functions of raptorial forelegs were made to conclude that the new genus evolved into an unknown but primitive raptorial type that was distinctly different from the extant morphological features and raptorial mechanisms. In addition, the evolutionary tendency of raptorial Mantispoidea herein summarized highlights morphological diversity and disparity between fossil and extant representatives, and provides a rare case to explore the entire evolutionary history of a specialized structure in one lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantive body of research has been revolving around the linguistic features that distinguish different levels of students' writing samples (e.g. Crossley and McNamara 2012 ; McNamara et al. 2015 ; Lu 2017). Nevertheless, it is somewhat difficult to generalize the findings across various empirical studies, given that different criteria were adopted to measure language learners' proficiency levels (Chen and Baker 2016). Some researchers suggested using the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) (Council of Europe 2001) as the common standard of evaluating and describing students' proficiency levels. Therefore, the current research intends to identify the linguistic features that distinguish students' writing samples across CEFR levels by adopting a machine-learning method, decision tree, which provides the direct visualization of decisions made in each step of the classification procedure. The linguistic features that emerged as predicative of CEFR levels could be employed to (i) inform L2 writing instruction, (ii) track long-term development of writing ability, and (iii) facilitate experts' judgment in the practice of aligning writing tests/samples with CEFR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In animal assisted reproductive technology, the production of high-quality oocytes is crucial. The yak, having lived in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for an extended period, has reproductive cells that are regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). This study aimed to investigate the impact of HIF-1α on yak oocyte maturation and early embryonic development in vitro through the regulation of autophagy. The in vitro maturation process of yak oocytes involved the addition of the HIF-1α inducer DFOM and the inhibitor LW6 to examine their effects on yak oocyte maturation, early embryonic development, cell autophagy, cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) enzyme expression, and cumulus diffusion factors. The findings revealed that DFOM significantly upregulated the expression of HIF-1α, resulting in increased the cumulus diffusion area, elevated first polar body expulsion rate of oocytes, enhanced mitochondrial and actin levels, decreased ROS production, and reduced early apoptosis levels of oocytes. Moreover, DFOM promoted the expression of autophagy-related proteins, CYP450s enzymes, and cumulus diffusion factors, thereby enhancing oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. Conversely, LW6 exhibited opposite effects. The inhibition of autophagy levels with 3-MA during DFOM treatment yielded similar outcomes. Furthermore, reducing autophagy led to increased apoptosis levels at all stages of early embryonic development, as well as a significant decrease in total cell number and ICM/TE ratio of blastocysts. Studies have shown that during the in vitro maturation of yak oocytes, HIF-1α can affect the cumulus expansion area of oocytes by regulating autophagy, the first polar body excretion rate, mitochondrial level, actin level, ROS and early apoptosis level, the CYP450s enzyme, and the expression of cumulus expansion factors, thereby improving the in vitro maturation and early embryonic development of yak oocytes. These findings offer valuable insights into the reproductive regulation mechanism of yaks in hypoxic environments and suggest potential strategies for the advancement of yak assisted reproductive technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2015 Paris Agreement has set out the climate change target of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C, which poses a serious challenge to countries to reduce emissions. As the world's largest carbon emitter, promoting the realization of the "dual-carbon" goal is the key to realizing China's green transformation and high-quality development. Chinese asset managers play active roles in the capital market as an important channel of asset allocation. Currently, the vast majority of Chinese asset managers hold high percentages of high-carbon industries in their portfolios, and lack quantitative data of their carbon footprints embodied in equity investments, which faces huge carbon-related risks. Therefore, it's an urgent need to comprehensively and scientifically measure financed emissions of Chinese asset managers, which is of great significance for asset managers' carbon risk management and sustainable investment. This paper develops a detailed inventory of carbon emissions for equity portfolios managed by Chinese asset managers from 2010 to 2020, which stands as a pivotal reference for in-depth analysis of emission characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and utilization of unconventional water resources has become a strategy to alleviate the agricultural water crisis in many countries and regions. To understand the research progress, hot spots, and future trends in the field of unconventional water agricultural irrigation (UWAI), this paper systematically analyzes 6738 publications based on the core database of Web of Science 1990–2023 using the scientific bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica. The results showed that the research on UWAI is always rapidly developing. Soil science, crop science, and bioengineering are the main disciplines involved. Most research on WUAI has occurred in China and the United States. Countries with higher levels of development tend to have more influence. Collaboration among authors is fragmented, and collaboration between authors and states needs to be strengthened. Through keyword analysis, the research hotspots are summarized as follows: (1) The effects of traditional and emerging pollutants brought by unconventional water irrigation on soil physicochemical properties, crop growth, and groundwater quality; (2) the health threats caused by pollutants entering the food chain and groundwater; (3) unconventional water utilization technologies, including rainwater harvesting agriculture, precision agriculture, and urban agriculture. Future research hotspots will focus on the mechanisms of pollutant solute transport and transformation in the water–soil–crop system under non-conventional water irrigation conditions and crop physiological responses. We suggest that the research on traditional and emerging pollutants in unconventional water should be strengthened in the future, and the risk control system of unconventional water irrigation should be improved. International cooperation should be strengthened, especially with poor countries in arid regions, to promote the formation of unified international standards and guidelines for non-conventional water irrigation in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the fourth largest CO2 emitter, Russia's constituent entities collectively contribute with vast territory and regional heterogeneity. Existing studies only present production‐based inventories; state‐level consumption‐based emissions patterns and driving forces remain rare. Here, we built the Russia state‐level Multi‐regional input‐output table to ascertain heterogeneity in consumption‐based emissions and track carbon flows in the inter‐state. We found that 60% of consumption‐based emissions coming from affluent areas (top 20% of the GRP), including Moscow (139.1 Mt) and St. Petersburg (50.5 Mt). Energy‐intensive regions also had huge consumption‐based emissions (31.6 Mt in Khanty‐Mansi Autonomous Okrug and 29.4 Mt in Republic of Tatarstan). Household consumption emissions accounted for 41%–73% of consumption‐based emissions in the 83 regions, except for Tula and Lipetsk, where fixed capital formation dominated. In addition, the major contributor of embodied emissions in households were power and services sectors, which contributed about 8%–61% (0.03 Mt–12.7 Mt) and 12%–40% (0.1 Mt–20.1 Mt). In Russia's low carbon transition, policymakers should not only focus on a local mitigation policy in developed states (such as Moscow and St. Petersburg), but on key sectors to curb the consumption. Regions with high carbon intensity should switch to renewable energy and implement cleaner production techniques in high‐emission industries. Plain Language Summary: Russia, as the world's fourth largest CO2 emitter, urgently needs to identify carbon emissions by region and by sector in order to formulate targeted mitigation policies. Therefore, we built the first Russian Multi‐regional input‐output table to analyze the consumption‐based carbon emissions of 59 industries in 85 regions. We also tracked the drivers of emissions and the imbodied emissions transfer pathways in each region. Results show that the majority of Russian emissions come from only a few economically developed regions (Moscow and St. Petersburg) and energy‐intensive regions (Khanty‐Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Republic of Tatarstan). Excluding Tula and Lipetsk, household final consumption is the main driver of consumption‐based emissions in the remaining 83 regions. We suggest that the impact of different types of regions and key sectors on Russia's overall carbon footprint should be the main focus when tailoring strategies to achieve Russian emissions reductions on a sub‐national scale. Key Points: 60.3% of Russia's consumption‐based emissions come from affluent regions (top 20% of GRP) such as Moscow and St. PetersburgApart from Tula and Lipetsk, household final consumption (40.6%–72.9%) is the main driver of emissions in the remaining 83 regionsPower sector (8.1%–60.6%) and basic services sector (12.1%–40.4%) are the main contributors to household consumption emissions by region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]