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Montane cloud forests (MCFs) are ecosystems frequently immersed in fog and are vital for the terrestrial hydrological cycle and biodiversity hotspots. However, the potential impacts of climate change, particularly intensified droughts and typhoons, on the persistence of ecosystems remain unclear. Our study conducted cross‐scale assessments using 6‐year (2016–2021) ground litterfall and 21‐year (2001–2021) satellite greenness data (the Enhanced Vegetation Index [EVI] and the EVI anomaly change [ΔEVI%]), gross primary productivity anomaly change (ΔGPP%), and meteorological variables (the standardized precipitation index [SPI] and wind speed). We found a positive correlation between summer EVI and ΔGPP% with the SPI‐3 (3‐month time scale), while winter litterfall showed a negative correlation. Maximum typhoon daily wind speed was negatively correlated with summer and the monthly ΔEVI% and ΔGPP%. These findings suggest vegetation damage and productivity loss were related to drought and typhoon intensities. Furthermore, our analysis highlighted that chronic seasonal droughts had more pronounced impacts on MCFs than severe typhoons, implying that high precipitation and frequent fog immersion do not necessarily mitigate the ramifications of water deficit on MCFs but might render MCFs more sensitive and vulnerable to drought. A significant negative correlation between the summer and winter ΔEVI% and ΔGPP% of the same year, suggesting disturbance severity during summer may facilitate vegetation regrowth and carbon accumulation in the subsequent winter. This finding may be attributed to the ecological resilience of MCFs, which enables them to recover from the previous summer. In the long‐term, our results indicated an increase in vegetation resilience over two decades in MCFs, likely driven by rising temperatures and elevated carbon dioxide levels. However, the enhancement of resilience might be overshadowed by the potential intensified droughts and typhoons in the future, potentially causing severe damage and insufficient recovery times for MCFs, thus raising concerns about uncertainties regarding their sustained resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disturbance is a factor to alter forest regeneration, composition, structure and function within a short period. Typhoon disturbance may cause massive litterfall (accounting for 30-60% of annual litterfall) and woody debris to alter the forest biomass and carbon cycle in frequently perturbed regions such as Taiwan. The objectivity of this study is integrating typhoon disturbance into a dynamic global vegetation model, Hybrid, to simulate the effect of typhoon disturbance on carbon cycle in a subtropical forest ecosystem. The result showed the maximum daily wind speed was a critical factor to dominate the litter production. The Hybrid modeled and observed leaf litter was significant correlated (r2 = 0.33, p < 0.001) with moderate underestimation (15.6%). The modeled forest ecosystem without typhoon disturbance would have higher leaf litter (3.47%), LAI (12.7%), total biomass (7.46%), GPP (13.1%) and NPP (15.3%) but lower soil respiration (-2.23%) than that of the observed ecosystem with typhoon events. The increases of typhoon intensity and frequency significantly raise leaf litter and soil respiration, but reduce LAI and total biomass (p < 0.05). Overall, the ecosystem with typhoon disturbance would contribute more carbon loss, and it may play an important role for calculating the regional carbon budget, especially in frequently perturbed regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]