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Resistant starch has the benefits in the regulation of intestinal flora, improvement of intestinal function, control of cholesterol levels and glycemic index. In recent years, the most concerned is the prebiotic effect of resistant starch. Fermented milk has been considered as the best carrier of probiotics and prebiotics. Adding type III resistant starch to fermented milk could not only improve the quality of fermented milk, but also enhance the functionality of fermented milk. This paper briefly introduced the relationships between resistant starch and prebiotics, and summarized the application of type III resistant starch in fermented milk. This paper also expounded the effect of type III resistant starch on the quality of fermented milk and its probiotic evaluation, which could provide reference for the application and development of type III resistant starch in functional fermented milk.

The implication of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor (5-HT2CR) activity in depression is a topic of debate, and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, we elucidate how hippocampal excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance underlies the regulatory effects of 5-HT2CR in depression. Molecular biological analyses showed that chronic mild stress (CMS) reduced the expression of 5-HT2CR in hippocampus. We revealed that inhibition of 5-HT2CR induced depressive-like behaviours, reduced GABA release and shifted the E/I balance towards excitation in CA3 pyramidal neurons using behavioural analyses, microdialysis coupled with mass spectrometry and electrophysiological recordings. Moreover, 5-HT2CR modulated the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of nNOS (CAPON) interaction by influencing intracellular Ca2+ release, as determined by fibre photometry and coimmunoprecipitation. Notably, disruption of nNOS-CAPON with the specific small molecule compound ZLc-002 or AAV-CMV-CAPON-125C-GFP abolished 5-HT2CR inhibition-induced depressive-like behaviours, as well as the impairment in soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex assembly-mediated GABA vesicle release and consequent E/I imbalance. Importantly, optogenetic inhibition of CA3 GABAergic neurons prevented the effects of AAV-CMV-CAPON-125C-GFP on depressive behaviours in the presence of a 5-HT2CR antagonist. Conclusively, our findings disclose the regulatory role of 5-HT2CR in depressive-like behaviours and highlight hippocampal nNOS-CAPON coupling-triggered E/I imbalance as a pivotal cellular event underpinning the behavioural consequences of 5-HT2CR inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction cladding TiB/Ti composite coating was in-situ synthesized by induction heating the preplaced powder mixture of 90% Ti (atom fraction, the same below) and 10% boron on a Ti6Al4V substrate. The microstructure, phase composition and micro/nano mechanical properties of the coating were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), microhardness tester and nanoindentation tester. The results indicate that the composite coating has a smooth surface and a dense microstructure without cracks and pores. A strong metallurgical adherence is formed between the coating and the substrate. During induction cladding process, B and Ti are fully reacted to in-situ form TiB reinforcements. The matrix of the coating consists of α-Ti phase and a few β-Ti phases. The reinforcements of in-situ synthesized TiB are uniformly distributed in the coating with a volume fraction about of 9.4%. Indentation hardness and modulus of the in-situ TiB particles are about 35 GPa and 545 GPa, respectively, which cause the increase of the microhardness of the composite coating to about 525HV0.2. It is increased by 67% as against the Ti6Al4V substrate.

Tribological properties of oleic acid modified natural serpentine ultrafine mineral powders as lubricating oil additive were investigated by a reciprocating sliding wear tester. The effects of the four factors including load, reciprocating frequency, sliding time and concentration of serpentine on the properties of serpentine additive were analyzed. Results indicate that the anti-wear and friction-reducing properties of the base oil are significantly improved by the addition of the modified serpentine powders. The order that affects the friction-reducing performance of the serpentine additive is:concentration, reciprocating frequency, load, sliding time, and the optimal tribological conditions are 100 N, 5 Hz, 180 min, 0.5%(mass fraction). While that affects the anti-wear property is:load, concentration, reciprocating frequency, sliding time, and the optimal conditions are 100 N, 50 Hz, 180 min, 0.3%. Serpentine minerals forms a tribofilm consisting of various oxides, graphite and organic compounds on the friction surface, which is the key to improving anti-wear and friction-reducing properties.

To reveal the mechanical properties of thermal spray coating on different scales,flame spray NiCrBSi coating with average thickness 750μm was prepared on 45 carbon steel substrate, the mechanical properties, elastic-plasticity and indentation deformation of coating surface and cross-section were studied by nanoindentation. Results indicate that scale-dependent behaviors of coating mechanical properties were observed as a function of indentation depth for either the coating surface or the cross-section. The nano hardness, modulus and elastic-plasticity of coating decrease with the increasing indentation depth. The coating surface exhibits higher elasticity than the coating cross-section, the ratio of elastic work to the total indentation work, ηIT, of coating surface is 52% at the depth of 500nm, while that of coating cross-section is 40%; moreover, the coating cross-section possesses higher hardness and modulus than the coating surface; the corresponding values of the coating crosssection are 28% and 33% at the depth of 2000nm, higher than those of the coating surface, respectively. The indentation marks show ideal plastic deformation, pile-up and sink-in, and cracks. The difference of ηIT values between coating surface and cross-section decreases with the increasing indentation depth. It reaches about 35% at the depth of 2500nm from the both coating directions. For the coating splat structure,hardness and elastic modulus are the same in different directions,besides, with the increasing indentation depth, larger volume is involved in the indentation. The influence of the surrounding splats (especially the pores, cracks or grain/splat boundaries) on the measured coating properties is enhanced gradually,leading to differences in the appearance between different coating directions, as well as the decrease of coating hardness, elastic modulus.

Continuous 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP) dose titration is necessary because of its narrow therapeutic index and frequently encountered dose‐limiting hematopoietic toxicity. However, evidence‐based guidelines for gene‐based 6‐MP dosing have not been established for Chinese children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This multicenter, randomized, open‐label, active‐controlled clinical trial randomly assigned Chinese children with low‐ or intermediate‐risk ALL in a 1:1 ratio to receive TPMT–NUDT15 gene–based dosing of 6‐MP (N = 44, 10 to 50 mg/m2/day) or standard dosing (N = 44, 50 mg/m2/day) during maintenance therapy. The primary end point was the incidence of 6‐MP myelosuppression in both groups. Secondary end points included frequencies of 6‐MP hepatotoxicity, duration of myelosuppression and leukopenia, event‐free survival, and steady‐state concentrations of active metabolites (6‐thioguaninenucleotides and 6‐methylmercaptopurine nucleotides) in erythrocytes. A 2.2‐fold decrease in myelosuppression, the primary end point, was observed in the gene‐based–dose group using ~ 50% of the standard initial 6‐MP dose (odds ratio, 0.26, 95% confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.64, P = 0.003). Patients in the gene‐based–dose group had a significantly lower risk of developing thiopurine‐induced myelosuppression and leukopenia (P = 0.015 and P = 0.022, respectively). No significant differences were observed in the secondary end points of the incidence of hepatotoxicity and steady‐state concentrations of active metabolites in erythrocytes between the two groups. TPMT‐ and NUDT15‐based dosing of 6‐MP will significantly contribute toward further reducing the incidence of leukopenia in Chinese children with ALL. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov as #NCT04228393. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]