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Ophiopogon Ker-Gawl. (Ophiopogoneae, Asparagaceae) is a genus containing approximately 65 species distributed in East and Southeast Asia. The biogeographical history within the area is still poorly known. Divergence time estimation was used to infer the biogeographic history of Ophiopogon based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer data from 33 Ophiopogon species, three Liriope Lour. species, and six Peliosanthes Andrews species. The ancestral area and dispersal routes of Ophiopogon were inferred using the Bayesian binary method. Ophiopogon motouensis S. C. Chen was a transitional taxon. Ophiopogon was estimated to have originated in Southwest China during the middle Miocene (11.74 Ma). Five migrations were hypothesized to explain the expansion of Ophiopogon from Southwest China to East China, South Central China, South China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia. The separation of Ophiopogon into East China and South Central China may be consistent with a broad east-west arid zone in continental Asia during the Paleogene. A migration from Southwest China to Taiwan was inferred in the Pliocene, when the ancestor of O. intermedius D. Don may have moved from Southwest China through the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau by the Nanling Corridor and Fujian-Taiwan Bridge into Taiwan. There was a dispersal route in the Pliocene (at 3.79 Ma) from Southwest China to South China, either along the Taiwan route (from Southwest China through the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau along the Nanling Corridor to Guangxi), or related to the E'mei Mountain orogeny. There was another dispersal event in the early Pleistocene at 2.00 Ma from Southwest China to Southeast Asia, possibly associated with the last uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to integrate equipment battlefield damage models of many levels into one large model, and describe equipment battlefield damage characteristics from resolving power of microcosmic, moderate, and macroscopical angles, composable modeling and simulating technology is studied. The hiberarchy of equipment battlefield damage models is researched from the sides of physical alteration level, function degradation level, and equipment cluster battle effectiveness degradation level. The relations among those different level models are analyzed. The mapping relation between physical alteration battlefield damage model and function degradation battlefield damage model is researched, the function description method based on equipment characteristic is presented, as well as the aggregation/disaggregation method for physical alteration battlefield damage model and function degradation battlefield damage model. The mapping relation between function degradation battlefield damage model and equipment cluster battle effectiveness degradation battlefield damage model is researched, the aggregation/disaggregation method for function degradation battlefield damage model and equipment cluster battle effectiveness degradation battlefield damage model is presented. At last a case of equipment battlefield damage composable modeling is researched. The research result shows that equipment battlefield damage composable modeling and simulating technology can realize high resolving power output for macroscopical model, and it helps to research equipment battlefield damage roundly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to resolve the problems of electronic equipment damage prediction and survivability assessment in the explosion vibration environment, the explosion vibration damage effects on electronic equipment were analyzed in details. And damage simulation models of electronic equipment were developed, including equipment structure and functional model oriented to the electronic equipment damage simulation, vibration damage effect model, equipment vibration damage model, and simulation procedure model. The experiment shows that the methodology of electronic equipment damage simulation is feasible and effective, and farther research on electronic equipment damage simulation in explosion vibration environment are brought forward through the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the differences and consistency of IOL-Master 700 biometers applying swept optical coherence tomography with the conventional IOL-Master 500 applying partial coherence interference in terms of the ocular biological parameters in adolescents with ametropia., Methods: A total of 110 adolescents (110 eyes) with ametropia were collected, including 55 males and 55 females; age 10.69±2.81y. Ocular biological measurements were taken by IOL-Master 700 and IOL-Master 500 respectively to obtain biological parameters including axial length (AL), mean corneal anterior surface keratometry (K m ), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and horizontal corneal diameter (WTW). Paired t -test was used to compare the differences between the two instruments. The intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Bland-Altman analysis were used to evaluate the consistency of parameter measurements between the two instruments for the four biological parameters., Results: Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the K m value measured by IOL-Master 700 and IOL-Master 500 ( t =-1.644, P =0.116). The average differences of the AL, ACD, and WTW distances between the two instruments are 0.028, 0.101 and 0.064 mm respectively, and the differences are statistically significant ( t =2.644, 12.505, 3.911, P <0.001). The consistency study results indicated high correlation in the measurement of AL, K m , ACD and WTW between the two instruments (ICC=0.994, 0.873, 0.927, 0.912)., Conclusion: The novel biometric instrument IOL-Master 700 makes no difference with IOL-Master 500 in the measurement of K m . There are some differences in the values of AL, ACD, and WTW. However, the two instruments show good consistency in these four biological measurements. The measured values of K m are interchangeable between the instruments. These two types of biometrics can be used as mutual reference in consideration of that the differences in AL, ACD, and WTW measurements are not sufficient to produce clinically meaningful differences., (International Journal of Ophthalmology Press.)