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As hydrogen energy, a clean energy source, is to be developed and utilized on a large scale, the construction of long-distance hydrogen pipelines and related stations along the route is also increasing. To study the dispersion patterns of hydrogen leakage under different conditions, a three-dimensional FLACS model of the hydrogen station was established. Simulations of hydrogen leakage and dispersion were conducted under different leakage pressures, leakage apertures, and leakage temperatures in the presence of obstacles. The dispersion ranges of flammable gas clouds were compared, and the influencing factors were analyzed. The results show that obstacles cause changes in the direction of hydrogen leakage, leading to a rapid increase in the dispersion range. In scenario 7, within 7 s (8 s to 15 s), the area of the flammable gas cloud rapidly increases to 73.3% of the entire station area. The increase of leakage pressure and leakage aperture both result in a larger dispersion range of the flammable gas cloud. For low-pressure leakage at 4 MPa, the change in leakage aperture has a more significant impact, while for large aperture leakage at 100 mm, the change in leakage pressure has a more significant impact. When the leakage temperature increases from 293 K to 353 K, the thermal motion of hydrogen molecules accelerates, but the change in leakage temperature does not significantly affect the dispersion range of the gas cloud. This study can provide a reference for the prevention and control of leakage accidents in hydrogen station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super hybrid rice with predominantly large panicle types has achieved remarkable success in enhancing crop yield. However, when compared with multi-panicle-type varieties, the yield stability of large panicle-type varieties remains a challenge, and limited information is available on the comparative advantages of multi-panicle types. Consequently, a two-year experiment was conducted to evaluate the grain yield, biomass production, leaf area index (LAI), and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of large panicle-type hybrid rice (Y-liangyou 900, YLY900) and multi-panicle-type hybrid rice (C-liangyouhuazhan, CLYHZ) under three nitrogen (N) treatments (0, 180, 270 kg N ha−1). The effects of increased N fertilization were more pronounced in the large panicle-type varieties. YLY900 outperformed CLYHZ in terms of average yield (6% higher), and its yield advantage was attributed to higher spikelets per panicle (28%). Due to YLY900's RUE being 9% higher than CLYHZ, it results in a 12% greater accumulation of dry matter than CLYHZ. Furthermore, YLY900 exhibited significant improvements of 16%, 4%, and 14% in specific leaf weight, effective leaf area ratio, and LAI at 20 days after the heading stage (20DAH), respectively, compared with CLYHZ. YLY900 also demonstrated a stronger correlation between rice yield and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) compared with CLYHZ, with R2 values of 0.80 and 0.66, respectively. These findings highlight the superior performance of YLY900, resulting from higher light interception percentage (IP) and IPAR values, which consequently led to enhanced RUE and grain yield. Our research reveals that delayed leaf senescence by increasing LAI at the post-heading stage for large panicle-type hybrid rice, thereby contributing to greater RUE, led to higher biomass production and grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superior yields of super hybrid rice have demonstrably contributed to contemporary food security. Despite this, the extent to which intensive nitrogen fertilizer requirements of such crops have impacted on soil health and microbial communities primarily remains unchartered territory, evoking questions of sustainability. Here, we examine how four management treatments (zero fertilizer, CK; farm practice, FP; high-yield and high-efficiency, HYHE; and super-high-yield management, SHY) influenced the grain yields, soil biodiversity and community strata underpinning soil health of an elite super hybrid rice variety (Y-liangyou 900). We show that SHY treatments increased yields, altered soil physicochemical properties, and fostered greater biodiversity and soil bacteria and fungi abundance, while FP, HYHE and SHY treatments transformed community bacteria and fungi strata. Environmental regulators of bacterial and fungal communities differed widely, with bacterial communities most closely associated with soil organic carbon (SOC) and NH4+-N, and with fungal communities more related to available phosphorus. We show that alpha diversity of bacteria and fungi and community composition of fungi were positively correlated with yield, but bacterial community composition was negatively correlated with yield. Our work clearly exemplifies the nexus between appropriate farm and landscape management in enabling soil health and driving consistently high yields, of which both are required for sustainable food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The super hybrid rice breeding program in China has raised genetic yield ceilings through morphological improvements and inter-subspecific heterosis. Despite this, little information on the physiological basis underlying this yield transformation exists, and less so on the genotype x environment x management conditions enabling consistent yield gains. Here, we assess grain yield, photosynthetic physiology, and leaf carbon and nitrogen (N) metabolic properties of super rice (Y-liangyou900) under four management practices (i.e., zero-fertilizer control, CK; farmers' practice, FP; high-yield and high-efficiency management, OPT1; and super-high-yield management, OPT2) using a field experiment conducted over five years. Grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency (AEN) of OPT2 were 15% and 10% higher than OPT1, and 30% and 78% higher than FP, respectively. The superior yields of OPT2 were attributed to higher source production capacity, that is, higher leaf photosynthetic rate, carbon metabolic enzyme activity (i.e., AGP and SPS), nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity (i.e., NR, GS, and GOGAT), soluble protein and sugar content, and delayed leaf senescence (the latter due to elevated activity of protective enzyme systems) during grain filling. The higher AEN of OPT2 was associated with higher activity of leaf carbon metabolic enzyme (i.e., AGP and SPS), nitrogen metabolic enzyme (i.e., NR, GS, GDH, and GOGAT) and protective enzyme (POD) after heading, and lower C/N ratio in grains. We conclude that optimized management (optimized water and fertilizer management with appropriate dense planting) improved grain yield and N use efficiency simultaneously by enhancing post-heading leaf carbon and N metabolism and delayed leaf senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global dimming reduces incident radiation, and thus affects rice yield. Canopy structure is closely related to light interception, internal light distribution, photosynthesis and radiation use efficiency (RUE). However, less attention is paid to the effects of global dimming on rice canopy structure. Whether weak light leads to poor canopy structure and thus affects light distribution and RUE, thereby reducing dry matter accumulation and grain yield remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of global dimming on canopy structure, and its relationships with canopy light distribution and RUE under artificially simulated weak light in hybrid rice. Field experiments with two rice hybrids (Y-liangyou900, YLY900; Chuanyou6203, CY6203) were conducted under no shading (CK), 40 % shading at booting stage (S) and 40 % shading at grain-filling stage (SS) in 2021 and 2022. The effects of shading on the growth characteristics and yield of rice varied with different varieties. Shading at booting stage resulted in larger basal, opening and drooping angles of the top three leaves of both varieties. This rise in leaf angles increased the light extinction coefficient (K L) of YLY900, but it had no significant effect on CY6203. Shading significantly reduced RUE during the total growth period, with reductions of 24.3 % and 16.8 % under S, and 11.1 % and 8.9 % under SS for YLY900 and CY6203 in two years, respectively. The total dry weight of YLY900 under S and SS was 34.6 % and 22.8 % lower than that under CK in both years, accordingly, the total dry weight of CY6203 was 27.0 % and 21.6 % lower, respectively. Ultimately, shading resulted in a significant decrease in grain yield compared with CK, and the effect of S on yield was greater than that of SS because of the significantly lower spikelet differentiation under S. In terms of varieties, shading had a greater effect on canopy structure, light distribution and RUE of YLY900 than that of CY6203, which explained yield advantage of CY6203 over YLY900 under shading. Shading increased leaf angles of the top three leaves and caused a draped canopy structure. This change affected the canopy light distribution and RUE. Therefore, the varieties with slightly draped upper leaves might be better able to adapt to the global dimming and reduce yield loss. Understanding the changes of canopy structure, light distribution and RUE under shading were highly significant for the breeding and cultivation of climate-dependent varieties. • The effects of shading on canopy structure and light distribution varied with rice varieties. • Shading increased leaf angles of the top three leaves and caused a more draping canopy structure. • Draped leaf varieties are better adapted to global dimming than upright leaf varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Augmentation rhinoplasty is a commonly procedure in clinical work for a plastic surgeon. Autologous costal cartilage is widely used in aesthetic rhinoplasy because of the abundant in quality. However, the cartilage may warp, and it is not easy-handling for inexperienced plastic surgeons. We-used diced cartilage combined with thin strips as columellar struts, which can be easily shaped, and reduce the warping incidence., Methods: From July 2012 to March 2014, 61 patients were performed diced costal cartilage for nasal augmentation via endonasal approach. Standardized photographs are obtained before and after surgery. Postoperative outcome is graded by patient's self-evaluation of the nasal appearance with a satisfaction scale., Results: Among the 61 cases, 25 were revision cases. The follow-up time was no less than 6 months, with an average time of 10.9 months. 28 patients reported improved or better nasal appearance. One patient required revision surgery because of overcorrection. Supratip step-off was observed in one patient and corrected by external reshaping. No warping, infection, irregularity, absorption, airway obstruction, or donor-site morbidity were observed. All patients were satisfied with the final appearance., Conclusions: Diced costal cartilage is a reliable option for nasal augmentation and revision rhinoplasty. Good outcomes can be achieved postoperatively, with aesthetically pleasing appearance and simple procedure.