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Background: Studies have shown the existence of health concordance between patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and their spouses, and also that spouses could influence the effect of self-management, benefiting patients' health. However, these studies are heterogeneous and the evidence is inconclusive.Objective: To synthesize evidence from published randomized controlled trials: the interventional effects and the quality of study performance, also to identify the research gap and the directions for future studies.Methods: We performed the scoping review by following the PRISMA-ScR guidance. We searched and examined the reports from MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo, CINAHL Plus by the pre-specified criteria. Key characteristics and information of eligible reports were extracted, analysed and synthesized comprehensively, and the results were presented in the form of words and diagrams.Results: We identified 5 reports from 4 studies out of 3479 records included. Qualified studies indicated a positive effect of couple-based interventions on couples' distress. Insufficient evidence on physiological health or health behaviours was identified owing to the small number of included studies and inconsistent assessment outcomes. The methodological quality across these studies was generally low due to inadequate reporting of study process and substantial biases.Conclusions: Couple-based interventions for patients with T2DM showed small effects on the couple's distress while the effects of other outcomes were inconclusive. Future studies should strengthen methodologies by using standard measures of core diabetic outcomes, including detailed assessments of implementation process, and taking a dyadic approach to systematically examine the effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular stacking behavior exerts a significant influence on the blend film morphology of organic solar cells (OSCs), further affecting device performance and stability. Modulation of the molecular structure, such as central unit and end‐group, can profoundly impact this process. Herein, four quinoxaline (Qx)‐fused‐core‐based non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs), Qx‐N4F and Qx‐o/m/p‐N4F are synthesized combining π‐extended end‐groups and optimized central units. The isomeric fluorinated central units lead to changes in the local dipole moments and electrostatic potential distribution, which influences the molecular stacking pattern and photoelectronic properties of NFAs. Consequently, binary and ternary devices based on PM6:Qx‐p‐N4F achieve superior power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of up to 18.75% and 19.48%, respectively. Grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) characterization reveals Qx‐p‐N4F's stronger crystallinity, aggregation, and donor–acceptor interactions, which can separately enhance short‐circuit current density (JSC) and fill factor (FF) through higher phase purity and tighter molecular stacking based on maintaining more donor–acceptor interfaces. Furthermore, PM6:Qx‐p‐N4F‐based devices demonstrate exceptional thermal stability, retaining 93.2% of the initial PCE value after 3000 h of heating due to the best morphological stability with the most stable stacking structure. These results underscore the significance of synergistic optimization of NFAs through conjugation expansion and halogenation substitution for obtaining efficient and stable OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solar cells (OSCs) processed with non‐halogenated solvents usually suffer from excessive self‐aggregation of small molecule acceptors (SMAs), severe phase separation and higher energy loss (Eloss), leading to reduced open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and power conversion efficiency (PCE). Regulating the intermolecular interaction to disperse the aggregation and further improve the molecular packing order of SMAs would be an effective strategy to solve this problem. Here, we designed and synthesized two SMAs L8‐PhF and L8‐PhMe by introducing different substituents (fluorine for L8‐PhF and methyl for L8‐PhMe) on the phenyl end group of the inner side chains of L8‐Ph, and investigated the effect of the substituents on the intermolecular interaction of SMAs, Eloss and performance of OSCs processed with non‐halogenated solvents. Through single crystal analysis and theoretical calculations, it is found that compared with L8‐PhF, which possesses strong and abundant intermolecular interactions but downgraded molecular packing order, L8‐PhMe with the methyl substituent possesses more effective non‐covalent interactions, which improves the tightness and order of molecular packing. When blending the SMAs with polymer donor PM6, the differences in intermolecular interactions of the SMAs influenced the film formation process and phase separation of the blend films. The L8‐PhMe based blend film exhibits shorten film formation and more homogeneous phase separation than those of the L8‐PhF and L8‐Ph based ones. Especially, the OSCs based on L8‐PhMe show reduced non‐radiative energy loss and enhanced Voc than the devices based on the other two SMAs. Consequently, the L8‐PhMe based device processed with o‐xylene (o‐XY) and using 2PACz as the hole transport layer (HTL) shows an outstanding PCE of 19.27 %. This study highlights that the Eloss of OSCs processed with non‐halogenated solvents could be decreased through regulating the intermolecular interactions of SMAs by inner side chain modification, and also emphasize the importance of effectivity rather than intensity of non‐covalent interactions introduced in SMAs on the molecular packing, morphology and PCE of OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]