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Legal Positivism (by school of Analytical Jurisprudence) and Social Positivism (by school of Pragmatic Jurisprudence) are two basic approaches into jurisprudence in western legal academy. Meanwhile only one of these two approaches is often seen in use in China's legal study. As a result, deficiency of study approaches like this leads to the incompleteness of China's jurisprudence research, as well as the flaw of the consequent legislation. In this thesis, the author implies both approaches of legal positivism and social positivism in the study of China's rural land legislation so as to refer to the valuable theory and legislation in the corresponding area in foreign countries on the one hand, and to concern China's rural practice on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-residency fellowship training has become increasingly popular as a career option. Specifically, the subspecialty of aesthetic surgery has grown tremendously over the past two decades within several fields, including plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS), otolaryngology, dermatology, and ophthalmology. However, the popularity of aesthetic specialization through fellowship remains unknown. The present study aims to analyze trends in aesthetic specialization across these specialties and compare its popularity to other fellowships., Methods: A retrospective review of data from the San Francisco Match, National Resident Matching Program, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education was performed. Data on graduating residents and applicants to fellowship were collected. ANOVA and t-tests were used to compare differences between groups., Results: Significant disparities were observed in applicants and matched applicants to aesthetic fellowships among the four residencies (p<0.001). Aesthetic fellowship was the most popular option after otolaryngology residency (12.5%-27% depending on the year) and second most popular choice after PRS (8%-17%) and dermatology (2%-5%). A comparison between PRS and otolaryngology demonstrated a significantly higher percent of the latter choosing aesthetic fellowship over time (p<0.001). However, no significant difference in applicants to aesthetic fellowship was found between dermatology and ophthalmology (t-test, p=0.060)., Conclusions: The number of applicants to aesthetic fellowship has increased over time across all eligible residencies with the more surgical heavy specialties (ENT and PRS) having the highest percent of applicants. Differences in aesthetic training between fields was also observed, which may reflect underlying variations in training and residency exposure., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

Introduction: Acellular dermal matrix (ADM) is pivotal in breast surgery, yet the statistical robustness of surgical outcomes remains underexplored. This study employs the fragility index (FI), reverse fragility index (rFI), and fragility quotient (FQ) to investigate the statistical fragility of ADM breast reconstruction outcomes., Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (2013-present) with dichotomous outcomes were sourced from PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, Medline, and Cochrane databases. FI and rFI-event reversals needed to alter outcome significance-and FQ-standardized fragility across trials-were computed and reported as median (IQR). Subgroup analysis focused on intervention types., Results: Out of 33 studies screened, 19 RCTs comprising 204 outcomes were included, with a median FI of 4 (3 - 5) and FQ of 0.039 (0.029 - 0.070). Twenty-six outcomes achieved statistical significance, with a median FI of 3.5 (1 - 5) and FQ of 0.033 (0.010 - 0.073). The remaining 178 outcomes were nonsignificant, exhibiting a median FI of 4 (3 - 5) and FQ of 0.040 (0.030 - 0.070). Of the 204 outcomes, 18% had a number of patients lost to follow up equal to or surpassing the FI. By intervention type, the median FIs were similar in value but remained low., Conclusion: ADM-related breast reconstruction outcomes are statistically fragile, so reversal of a few outcomes or maintaining follow-up with patients may alter the significance of findings. Future researchers are thus recommended to report FI and FQ metrics with P-values to accurately portray reconstructive surgery outcomes., (Copyright © 2024 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)