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Background: Community acquired pneumonia remains a leading infectious cause of hospitalization with substantial morbidity and mortality in China. At present, the role of atypical pathogens in CAP arouses peoples' concern. Previous studies indicated that MP was the dominant pathogen of CAP, but the associated factors of MP infection were rarely reported. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the distribution of atypical pathogens related with CAP and compared their differences among various populations. Furthermore, we accessed the associated factors of MP infection in various population. Results: A total of 3,675 patients were enrolled and divided into three groups. One thousand and eighty-nine subjects (29.6%) were infected with at least one atypical pathogen. MP was the most predominant pathogen in these CAP patients. Our study found that infection rates of the atypical pathogens were significantly different among three groups. Our results also revealed, in a pediatric group, as the temperature increased, so did the infection rate of MP, while it was the opposite in adult and elderly groups. Furthermore, in preschool and school-age children, high temperature, female, PIVs, ADV, and INFB infection were independent risk factors for MP infection, INFA infection was a protection factor for MP infection. However, in adult and elderly groups, the associated factors might be different. Conclusions: The infection of atypical pathogens related with CAP is quite serious, and MP infection plays a key role in CAP. Besides, the infection rates of the atypical pathogens are different in various populations, as are the associated factors for MP infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) detection based on cervical cytology specimens is useful for cervical cancer screening. The aim of this study was to compare Mojin HPV kit (a newly developed HPV genotyping assay) with the Cobas 4800 HPV test in detecting high-risk (HR) HPV. Methods: A total of 347 cervical exfoliated cell specimens were tested using the Mojin HPV kit and Cobas 4800 HPV test. When the results from the two tests were inconsistent, gene sequencing was performed for correction. Results: For HR-HPV, the results of the two assays agreed by 96.3% [Kappa = 0.911; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.863 - 0.958)]. The positive and negative coincidence rates between the two tests were 96.0% (95% CI: 92.7% - 98.0%) and 97.0% (95% CI: 91.5% - 99.4%), respectively. Of the 13 samples with discordant results, 3 samples were false positive and 10 samples were true negative for Mojin HPV test, according to the identification by sequencing. For HPV16 genotyping, the total coincidence rate between the 2 tests was 100% (Kappa = 1.000), and 99.7% (Kappa = 0.973; 95% CI: 0.905 - 1.000) for HPV18. Conclusions: Mojin HPV kit may be as effective as Cobas 4800 HPV assay in detecting the total HR-HPV, especially HPV16 or HPV18. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes development of a crab biorobot that is capable of traversing diverse environments including both land and water. We have transformed a living rainbow crab into a walking biorobot by attaching wireless controller. An anatomical and physiological investigation revealed the rainbow crabs have sensory system on the carapace. Based on this finding, we implanted electrodes into the carapace. The walking direction of the robot is controlled through electrical stimulation provided by the controller. Depending on this site, the crab biorobot is induced to walk forward, leftward, and rightward in both terrestrial and underwater conditions. There is no significant difference in the mean walking direction between the two conditions. Smooth transition from land to water of the crab biorobot further demonstrates the adaptability to amphibious environment. This biorobot is compact, measuring 5 cm in carapace and weighing 50 g including the wireless controller. The crab biorobot in this scale has a potential for application narrow and unstructured in waterfront environments.

The electrochemical reduction (ECR) of CO 2 is a powerful strategy to reduce the world's carbon footprint by converting CO 2 to useful products such as CH 3 OH and CO. Recent techno-economic analysis has found that for the electro-conversion of CO 2 to be adapted for practical use, the main products formed from this reaction need to be low-order, such as CO. This review summarizes recent progress in the ECR of CO 2 to CO on nano-electrocatalysts (noble, non-noble metals and carbon nanomaterials) and provides the limitations and challenges that each electrocatalyst faces. It discusses the mechanism behind the performance of the electrocatalysts and offers the potential future prospects of the ECR process., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)