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Due to the long latency of accessing services from cloud datacenters, mobile edge computing (MEC) has been proposed to provide the capability of cloud computing in close proximity to mobile users. Mobile devices can offload computation-intensive applications to MEC servers to achieve better performance and reduce power consumption. Owing to user mobility, workloads of MEC servers would vary severely to cause imbalanced loads and incur hotspot servers. Previous studies of power saving and hotspot management apply mechanisms for cloud datacenters to MEC servers, but these studies may not be suitable for MEC servers due to the limited computation and communication capacity. We are motivated to propose a scheme, complementary offloading for hotspot mitigation (COHM), for MEC. COHM consists of mechanisms for MEC servers with different states, namely busy, idle, and available. These mechanisms jointly consider the computation tasks for MEC servers with different states to mitigate hotspots. The simulation results show that COHM can decrease the number of hotspot servers without degrading the quality of service for applications.

The skin is a major immune organ and skin barrier dysfunction is a major risk factor for the development of the inappropriate immune response seen in allergic disease. Skin barrier disruption alters the landscape of antigens experienced by the immune system and the downstream impacts on the antibody repertoire remain poorly characterized, particularly for the IgE isotype responsible for allergic specificity and in early life, when allergic disease is developing. In this study, we sequenced antibody gene repertoires from a large and well-characterized cohort of children with atopic dermatitis and found that food sensitization was associated with lower mutation frequencies in the IgE compartment. This trend was abrogated in children living with pets during the first year of life. These results elucidate potential molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effects of pet ownership and non-antiseptic environs reported for allergic disease, and the hygiene hypothesis more broadly. We also observed increased IgE diversity and increased isotype-switching to the IgE isotype, suggesting that B cell development, particularly isotype-switching, is heavily altered in the those with food allergen sensitizations relative to those without food allergen sensitizations. Unlike for food antigens, aeroallergen sensitization exhibited no effect on IgE mutation or diversity. Consistent patterns of antibody rearrangement were associated with food allergen sensitization in subjects with atopic dermatitis. Thus, we propose the Immune Repertoire in Atopic Disease (IRAD) score, to quantify this repertoire shift and to aid clinically in patient diagnosis and risk stratification.One Sentence SummaryFood allergic sensitization is associated with altered B cell development in children with skin barrier dysfunction.

Cloud applications such as virtualized network functions usually rely on static or dynamic replication mechanisms to achieve high service reliability and satisfy the requirements of service level agreement. Because replicas are allocated in geographically distributed datacenters, their updates increase the difficulty of maintaining consistency among replicas in different datacenters. The consistency overheads among replicas increase bandwidth consumption and transmission latencies to degrade the quality of service (QoS) performance and service reliability. Although previous mechanisms attempt to shorten response time, reduce bandwidth consumption, or maintain high service reliability with minimized storage cost, they do not consider the overhead of data consistency. In this paper, we study the problem of replica placement with consistency overheads by analyzing the latency and reliability for different types of operations. A replication algorithm, write-aware replica placement (WARP), is then presented based on the analysis. The simulation results show that WARP can shorten response time and improve QoS without degrading reliability.

With the popularity of mobile devices, data transmission between mobile devices and cloud datacenters not only introduces tremendous data computation and network traffic but also causes high transmission delay. Mobile edge computing (MEC) is proposed to improve Quality of Service (QoS) for mobile applications in 5G networks. However, the data consistency for mobile applications still relies on replication schemes. Frequent updates may thus result in high communication over-head and long transmission latency. In this paper, we design an adaptive replication scheme for real-time mobile applications by considering the number of failed requests and the read/write request ratios. Our scheme adaptively allocates replicas to share loads among MEC servers. It can avoid overloading MEC servers and shorten latency. The simulation results show that our scheme can reduce the response time of replication requests to increase QoS performance.

Cloud providers often achieve high service reliability and availability by using replication technologies. Typical replication mechanisms usually adopt fixed schedules for replicators by transferring data to their replicas at a specified time. While replications and applications are performed simultaneously, they may cause resource contention and result in replication failures. Once a replication fails, its replicator will retry the replication to extend the transmission time and cause additional CPU overhead in the system. As a result, the response time of the replication is increased. In this paper, we present a mechanism of dynamic replication scheduling based on workload statistics (DRSWS) to dynamically adjust the size of each replication batch according to the workload statistics. The experimental results show that DRSWS can efficiently alleviate system overhead and reduce response time.

OBJECTIVES: The omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been shown to have shared and independent effects on inflammation and on lipid and glucose metabolism. However, the differential effects of EPA and DHA on serum metabolome remain elusive in humans. METHODS: Twenty-one subjects (9 men and 12 women, 50–75 y) with chronic inflammation (C reactive protein > 2 μg/mL) were enrolled in a randomized, controlled crossover trial consisting of a 4-week lead-in phase (high oleic sunflower oil, 3 g/d; baseline) followed by randomization to two sequential 10-week supplementation phases with pure EPA and DHA (3 g/d each) separated by a 10-week washout. Primary metabolites (n = 129) were measured in fasting serum samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Linear-mixed model was created to compare changes in metabolites by EPA and DHA relative to baseline. Pathway analysis (MetaboAnalyst 4.0, https://www.metaboanalyst.ca) was performed to identify the biological pathways associated with affected metabolites. RESULTS: DHA altered a greater number of metabolites than EPA (19 vs 11). Both EPA and DHA significantly lowered constitutive metabolites of the TCA cycle and the alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism pathway, with DHA showing a greater reduction than EPA. EPA significantly increased UDP-glucuronic acid and glucuronic acid, and DHA increased only glucuronic acid, thus affecting pathways where these metabolites play key roles (ascorbate and aldarate metabolism; pentose and glucuronate interconversions). CONCLUSIONS: DHA affected more metabolites than EPA. The greater impact of DHA on the TCA cycle and the larger effect of EPA on the glucose-derived glucuronic acid-related pathways suggest their differential ability to modulate metabolic pathways. FUNDING SOURCES: Grant number: 2015–67,017-23,142 from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department Of Agriculture.

// Chang-Yi Lu 1 , Shih-Ya Chen 1 , Hui-Ling Peng 1 , Pu-Yeh Kan 1 , Wan-Chi Chang 1 , Chia-Jui Yen 2 1 Biomedical Technology and Device Research Labs, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan 2 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Correspondence to: Chia-Jui Yen, email: yencj@mail.ncku.edu.tw Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, DNA methylation, marker, microRNA, diagnosis Received: July 05, 2016 Accepted: December 16, 2016 Published: December 23, 2016 ABSTRACT Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality. There is a dearth of effective early diagnostic tools, so liver resection surgery and liver transplantation are the only effective medical treatments. The most commonly used marker for HCC detection is serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP), which has low sensitivity and specificity. Because aberrant DNA methylation of genes and miRNAs occurs early in most cancers, we explored whether circulating methylation markers could be promising clinical tools for HCC diagnosis. Using a whole-genome approach, we identified many hyper-methylated miRNAs in HCC. Furthermore, three abnormally methylated genes and one miRNA were combined to establish a methylation predictive model and tested for its diagnostic and prognostic potential in HCC. Using plasma samples, the predictive model exhibited high sensitivity and specificity (> 80%) for HBV-related HCC. Most importantly, nearly 75% of patients who could not be diagnosed with AFP at 20 ng/mL were detected by this model. Further, the predictive model exhibited an exceedingly high ability to predict 5-year overall survival in HCC patients. These data demonstrate the high diagnostic and prognostic potential of methylation markers in the plasma of HCC patients.

Cloud gaming is getting more and more attention due to the growth of smart devices (smartphones, tables, and notebooks). When players update data, a cloud gaming system replicates game states to support massive users for maintaining data consistency. A popular cloud game could incur a huge amount of write operations to increase the complexity for maintaining data consistency. Traffic for transmitting replicas and maintaining consistency may overwhelm networks and raise error rates of the cloud nodes. This paper studies the problem of replicas for cloud gaming systems and presents a write-operation-adaptable replication system (WOARS). WOARS periodically calculates the weights of write operations according to the services with different consistency requirements and assigns replicas between datacenters according to the weights. As compared to other replication protocols, WOARS can efficiently reduce average latency, improve QoS as well as reduce traffic overhead.

Little evidence is available about the relationship between ambient temperatures and hypoglycemia in Taiwan. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate whether there is an association between ambient temperatures and hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.An ecological study was conducted to analyze the type 2 diabetes dataset of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program. Every episode of hypoglycemia diagnosed at emergency department among subjects with type 2 diabetes was identified monthly between 2006 and 2013. Average monthly ambient temperatures in Celsius between 2006 and 2013 were measured according to the database of the Central Weather Bureau in Taiwan.The incidence rates of hypoglycemia were higher during the period of cold ambient temperatures (from December to March) than the period of warm ambient temperatures (from April to November). The peak period of hypoglycemia always occurred in winter months (January and February).Patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan are more susceptible to hypoglycemia during the period of cold ambient temperatures, particularly in winter months. Clinicians in Taiwan should remind patients to make a preventive strategy for hypoglycemia during the periods of cold ambient temperatures.

Two rotavirus (RV) vaccines (Rotarix and RotaTeq) are available on the private market in Taiwan, but are not recommended for routine use. We examined RV vaccine effectiveness (VE) against severe RV acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among Taiwanese infants to inform policymakers on the potential benefits of national RV vaccine introduction.From May 2009 to April 2011, a case-control assessment of VE against severe RV AGE was conducted at 3 hospital-based surveillance sites in Taiwan. Case-patients included children aged 8-35 months, hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed RV AGE. Controls included children age-matched within 1 month of age of the case-patient, hospitalized with RV-negative AGE or seen for non-AGE illnesses at the same hospitals. Vaccination history was confirmed through vaccination card or hospital record review. VE was calculated as (1--odds ratio of vaccination) × 100%.We enrolled 184 case-patients with RV AGE, 904 RV-negative AGE and 909 non-AGE controls. Two-dose Rotarix series VE against RV gastroenteritis hospitalization was 90.4% [95% confidence interval (CI): 70.3%, 98.1%) and 92.5% (95% CI: 77.1%, 98.5%) with RV-negative AGE and non-AGE controls, respectively. Three-dose RotaTeq series VE was 96.8% (95% CI: 82.3%, 100%) and 97.1% (95% CI: 84%, 100%) with RV-negative AGE and non-AGE controls, respectively.Both vaccines provided excellent protection against severe RV AGE hospitalization. Addition of RV vaccination into Taiwan's National Immunization Program could substantially decrease AGE hospitalizations among children3 years. Our findings should help inform policymakers in Taiwan and other similar Asian countries when deciding whether to include RV vaccination into their national immunization programs.

The ability to identify images is necessary to function well in a modern society. People who are visually impaired (that is, those who are blind or have low vision) need to understand graphics on a level that is far beyond what is currently taught in school curricula (Aldrich & Sheppard, 2001). Even adequately designed tactile graphics have to be taught systematically for individuals who are visually impaired to understand them (Cryer & Gunn, 2008). Kennedy (1984, 1993, 2003) pointed out that even though people who are blind do not have visual experiences, they can use their tactile sense as a substitute to learn spatial representation; moreover, their spatial representation strategies are often no different from those of individuals with no visual impairment; they can even draw from a linear perspective. However, the kind of training in drawing given to the participants in Kennedy's research was not specified. D'Angiulli (2007) reported certain commonalities and overlapping concepts in the drawing principles of people who are blind and sighted. People who are blind have no problem with simple two-dimensional shapes in terms of both tactile and cognitive abilities. However, some scholars have reported that people without visual experience, such as those with congenital blindness, are incapable of drawing graphics that involve perspective without prior education; they have also suggested that visual experience is a prerequisite to certain types of drawing (I & Shiu, 2001, 2010). In particular, they found that even at age 20, people who are totally blind and have never had visual and drawing experiences were only able to draw a square when asked to draw a cube. Therefore, whether an individual without visual experience has the ability to draw from a linear perspective is questionable, and education has been recognized as the key factor. In Taiwan, education for people who are blind is traditionally focused on vocational training. The majority of people who are blind work in the massage industry, and few of them have had the opportunity to explore and participate in arts activities. How well a person who is blind can draw is directly related to his or her education, environment, social development policies, and level of familiarity in identifying objects (I & Shiu, 2010). The earlier a person who is blind undergoes education in graphic drawing, the better his or her performance will be (I & Shiu, 2010). The three cases studied by Kennedy (2003) and by Kennedy and Juricevic (2003, 2006) also illustrated the importance of early education in graphic expression as well as of cultivating an interest in learning. Even with respect to encoding information from tactile maps, Ungar, Blades, and Spencer (1995) considered education to be an instrument that can shorten the gap between people who are blind and sighted people. People who are blind often draw common objects used in daily living skills, such as cups and plates, in a way that is similar to how sighted persons do, but difficulties emerge when they try to present the depth of an object through projection lines (I & Shiu, 2001, 2008, 2010). A cube is more difficult to draw than a cup (Cox, 1986) because a cube involves complex projection lines. Sighted people have to draw objects that they see in three dimensions on a two-dimensional plane. The research reported here explored whether people who are blind without any visual experience are able to learn how to draw perspective through education. The researcher (the first author) used a cube as the stimulus, together with special teaching aids, to help a participant with congenital total blindness understand the drawing method used by his sighted counterparts. The study also aimed to observe how instructional assistance can enhance the drawing capability of an adult with congenital total blindness. METHOD Participant Han, aged 25, is congenitally and totally blind with no previous experience in drawing. …

Background/PurposeAcute gastroenteritis is a common illness in children under 5 years old. Although rotavirus is a leading cause, other viruses including astrovirus are also important, but have been the subject of limited studies. This is a prospective study to investigate astrovirus gastroenteritis in hospitalized children in Taiwan.Material/MethodFrom January 2009 to December 2009, children below 5 years of age admitted to three hospitals in Taiwan due to acute gastroenteritis were eligible for this study. Stool specimens were sent for the detection of astrovirus by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; once positive for astrovirus, the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of each strain was performed.ResultsA total of 989 children were enrolled during the study period. The overall positive rate of astrovirus was 1.6%, ranging from 1.03% to 2.26% in different hospitals, while rotavirus accounted for 20.2% of the patients. Six of the 16 children (37.5%) with astroviral infection had documented coinfection with rotavirus. The median age of infection was 28.2 months. The seasonal distribution of astrovirus peaked from April to June. Diarrhea alone (40% vs. 2.1%, p

ObjectiveTo evaluate the associations with chronic disease risk and mortality of the consequences of bean-free diets in Taiwanese adults with regard to gender.DesignA sub-sample of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) in 2001 agreed to physical examination in the subsequent year. This group then took part in the Taiwanese Survey of Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidaemia and Hypertension (TwSHHH) in 2002.SettingIndividual records were linked to the eventual death files from 2002 to 2008.SubjectsUp to the end of 2008, a total of 2820 men and 2950 women were tracked by death registry over the 6·8 years of follow-up.ResultsAmong 38 077 person-years, an average follow-up 6·5 years, 225 all-cause deaths were identified. Generalized linear models showed beans to be favourable for metabolic syndrome (other than for fasting glucose) in men; in women, beans were favourable for waist circumference and HbA1c. Cumulative logistic regression models for the effect of a bean-free diet on metabolic syndrome scores according to the Taiwanese-modified National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-tw) gave adjusted odds ratios of 1·83 in men and 1·45 in women. Cox regression models for the bean-free diet showed an increased hazard ratio for all-cause mortality among women (1·98, 95 % CI 1·03, 3·81) but not men (1·28, 95 % CI 0·76, 2·16).ConclusionsA bean-free diet may play a role in developing the metabolic syndrome in both genders, and is a significant predictor of all-cause mortality in Taiwanese women but not men.

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between dietary intake and the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD), treated hyperuricemia (or gout) without CKD, and untreated hyperuricemia without CKD in elderly men.The study population comprised 752 men aged 65 or older who had been included in the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey (1999-2000) (Elderly NAHSIT).Statistical analysis using a polychotomous logistic regression model revealed that compared with the individuals in the normouricemic group, the individuals in the other groups exhibited a significant association between a higher prevalence of CKD and the following factors: advanced age, drug use for hypertension, egg and shellfish consumption and consumption of poultry with the skin and meat with fat. The significant risk factors for the patients who did not have CKD and were undergoing treatment for hyperuricemia were as follows: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2); drug use for hypertension; intake of poultry with skin; increased daily consumption of shellfish, fried food, sugar and juice.Men who use anti-hypertensive drugs and who consume fewer soy products and more shellfish may be at a higher risk of developing hyperuricemia or CKD.

The global epidemiological landscape of childhood acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is changing after the introduction of 2 effective rotavirus vaccines in 2006. A comprehensive evaluation for viral etiology of childhood AGE in Taiwan, where rotavirus vaccination was provided by the private sector since 2006, is lacking. From 2009 to 2011, children younger than 5 years of age with AGE who were hospitalized at 3 sentinel hospitals were enrolled in this surveillance study. Stool specimens were tested for rotavirus, norovirus, enteric adenovirus, and astrovirus. The epidemiologic and clinical information was collected by questionnaire-based interviews and chart reviews. Viral agents were detected in 1055 (37.5%) of 2810 subjects, with rotavirus (21.2%) being the leading cause of disease, followed by norovirus (14.9%), enteric adenovirus (3.74%), astrovirus (2.10%), and a mixture of at least 2 of 4 above-mentioned viruses (4.06%). The majority (56%) of the viral AGE occurred in children 10 were independent factors respectively associated with an increased risk of norovirus (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 9.034, P = 0.0003) and rotavirus (aOR, 3.284, P

In Taiwan, two rotavirus vaccines are available on the private market, but are not included in the National Immunization Program (NIP). To help assess whether to include rotavirus vaccines in the NIP, we examined the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of vaccination, from the health care system perspective alone.We used a Microsoft Excel-based model to assess rotavirus vaccination impact on rotavirus disease burden and the cost-effectiveness of 2-dose and 3-dose vaccination programs among a birth cohort of Taiwanese children followed for 5 years. Principal model inputs included data on rotavirus disease burden and related healthcare costs, vaccination cost and coverage rates, and vaccine efficacy. Principal model outputs included the number of health-related events and costs averted and incremental cost per disability-adjusted life year averted.A national rotavirus vaccination program, regardless of number of doses per course, would prevent 4 deaths,10,500 hospitalizations, and64,000 outpatient visits due to rotavirus infection among children5 years annually, resulting in ~80%, 90%, and 70% declines in these outcomes, respectively, and a ~$7 million decline in annual medical costs. A national 2- or 3-dose vaccination program would be cost-saving up to $13.30/dose ($26.60/course) or $7.98/dose ($23.94/course), respectively; very cost-effective up to $24.08 per dose ($48.16/course) or $15.18/dose ($45.54/course), respectively; and cost-effective up to $45.65/dose ($91.30/course) or $29.59/dose ($88.77/course), respectively.A national rotavirus vaccination program could substantially reduce rotavirus disease burden among Taiwanese children and be potentially cost-effective, depending on the vaccine price.

BACKGROUND Nontyphoid Salmonella spp. have been among the most common pathogens of acute gastroenteritis in children in Taiwan. However, the principal sources of transmission remain poorly defined. METHODS A matched case-control study was conducted from January 2009 to October 2010. Cases were children aged 2-60 months who were hospitalized at 3 medical centers in Taiwan because of diarrhea and found to have culture-proven nontyphoidal Salmonella infection. Controls were healthy children or children with acute diseases other than gastroenteritis and matched to cases by age, gender, study site and enrollment date. RESULTS A total of 396 cases and 930 matched controls were included for analysis. Multivariate analysis using conditional logistic regression identified contact with household members having diarrhea (matched odds ratio [mOR], 17.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.82-36.34; P < 0.0001), consumption of instant powdered milk (mOR, 2.04; 95% CI: 1.05-3.94; P = 0.0344), visits to health-care facilities (mOR, 1.66; 95% CI: 1.12-2.48; P = 0.0126) and consumption of purchased groundwater (mOR, 1.50; 95% CI: 1.06-2.11; P = 0.0214) within 1 week preceding enrollment as independent factors associated with increased risk of salmonellosis. Hand washing before meals (P = 0.0311), breastfeeding (P = 0.0370), consumption of chicken (P = 0.0019) and consumption of food prepared by caregivers (P = 0.0011) were protective against Salmonella infection. CONCLUSIONS The principal transmission routes of Salmonella infection in Taiwanese children are person-to-person, waterborne and environmental contacts. The possibility of powdered milk and groundwater contamination of Salmonella cannot be excluded and requires further investigation.

Although insulin resistance and obesity are currently considered primary factors underlying development of the metabolic syndrome, microalbuminuria and inadequate insulin secretion may also be involved. The present study is the first to examine intercorrelations among these factors in a community-based Taiwanese population. An epidemiological survey of chronic diseases conducted in 1996 was utilized to evaluate 1340 community-dwelling, nondiabetic adults. Principal component factor analyses involving varimax orthogonal rotation of transformed continuously distributed variables were performed. Sex-specific factor analyses yielded four separate factors in women (obesity/insulin resistance, lipid, blood pressure and insulin resistance/secretion factors) and three in men (obesity/insulin resistance/secretion, lipid and blood pressure factors). For men the corrected insulin response clustered with obesity, and insulin resistance loaded on the same factor, explaining 31% of variance; however, microalbuminuria was closely linked with blood pressure variables, and the corrected insulin response loaded on the same factor, explaining 13.2% of variance. Obesity and insulin resistance were confirmed as central anomalies of all features of the metabolic syndrome. The observed linkage of impaired b-cell function and microalbuminuria with the metabolic syndrome should facilitate prediction of the onset of cardiovasculometabolic disorders. Inadequate b-cell function and microalbuminuria are plausible components of the metabolic syndrome in Taiwanese subjects. # 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Background The metabolic syndrome (MetS) concept is widely used in public health and clinical settings without an agreed pathophysiology. We have re-examined the MetS in terms of body fuels, so as to provide a coherent cross-cultural pathogenesis. Methods National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2001-2) with n = 2254 and Taiwanese National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) sub-set for hypertension, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia assessment (TwSHHH 2002), n = 5786, were used to compare different ethnicities according to NCEP-ATPIII (NCEP-tw) criteria for METS. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal components (PC) was employed to differentiate and unify MetS components across four ethnicities, gender, age-strata, and urban-rural settings. Results The first two factors from the PC analysis (PCA) accounted for from 55.2% (non-Hispanic white) to 63.7% (Taiwanese) of the variance. Rotated factor loadings showed that the six MetS components provided three clusters: the impaired energy regulation (IER) components (waist circumference, WC, fasting triglycerides, TG, and fasting plasma glucose, FPG), systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs), and HDL-cholesterol, where the IER components accounted for 25-26% of total variance of MetS components. For the three US ethnic subgroups, factor 1 was mainly determined by IER and HDL-cholesterol, and factor 2 was related to the BP components. For Taiwanese, IER was determinant for both factors, and BPs and HDL-cholesterol were related to factors 1 and 2 respectively. Conclusions There is a MetS core which unifies populations. It comprises WC, TG and FPG as a core, IER, which may be expressed and modulated in various second order ways.

Background The extent of attributable risks of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components on mortality remains unclear, especially with respect to age and gender. We aimed to assess the age- and gender-specific population attributable risks (PARs) for cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality and all-cause mortality for public health planning. Methods A total of 2,092 men and 2,197 women 30 years of age and older, who were included in the 2002 Taiwan Survey of Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, and Hyperlipidemia (TwSHHH), were linked to national death certificates acquired through December 31, 2009. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate adjusted hazard ratios and PARs for mortality, with a median follow-up of 7.7 years. Results The respective PAR percentages of MetS for all-cause and CVD-related mortality were 11.6 and 39.2 in men, respectively, and 18.6 and 44.4 in women, respectively. Central obesity had the highest PAR for CVD mortality in women (57.5%), whereas arterial hypertension had the highest PAR in men (57.5%). For all-cause mortality, younger men and post-menopausal women had higher PARs related to Mets and its components; for CVD mortality, post-menopausal women had higher overall PARs than their pre-menopausal counterparts. Conclusions MetS has a limited application to the PAR for all-cause mortality, especially in men; its PAR for CVD mortality is more evident. For CVD mortality, MetS components have higher PARs than MetS itself, especially hypertension in men and waist circumference in post-menopausal women. In addition, PARs for diabetes mellitus and low HDL-cholesterol may exceed 20%. We suggest differential control of risk factors in different subpopulation as a strategy to prevent CVD-related mortality.