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Summary: This study investigated the impact of heating temperatures (70 °C to 90 °C for up to 14 h) on lycopene and β‐carotene degradation kinetics in gac aril paste. Carotenoids extracted via low‐volume hexane‐assisted ultrasonic extraction revealed a first‐order degradation pattern with high correlation coefficients (0.96–0.97). Lycopene degraded faster at 90 °C (k = 12.05 × 102 h−1) than at 70 °C (5.41 × 102 h−1), while β‐carotene displayed relatively slower degradation. Corresponding half‐life (t1/2) values for lycopene ranged from 5.75 to 12.81 h, while β‐carotene displayed values of 9.48–20.2 h. β‐carotene showed superior thermal stability compared to lycopene across all temperatures. Additionally, colour changes indicated decreased brightness with increasing temperature. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP values decreased during gac fruit heating. Overall, this study emphasises temperature‐induced declines in lycopene and β‐carotene levels in gac aril paste and offers insights into their degradation kinetics under thermal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study explores enhancing lipid recovery from the lipid‐rich marine microalgae Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1, known for its robust cell wall posing challenges, which necessitates energy‐intensive cell‐disruption for efficient intracellular lipid extraction. Despite advancements in other microalgae, there is lack of reports on efficient cell disruption for Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 which is vital to reduce the energy costs and minimising the downstream process while maximising lipid yields. Three process intensification technologies (PIT) – microwave treatment, autoclave treatment and ultrasonication were employed on wet Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 cells to improve the lipid extraction efficiency. Assessing the disruption effectiveness via lipid content, suspension turbidity and particle size distribution, alongside scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for cellular morphology changes post‐PIT treatments, this study indicates all three methods reduced particle size with prolonged treatment time, implying successful cell wall disruption and intracellular component release. Ultrasonication, especially at 50 W power for 10 min, exhibited the highest efficacy, yielding lipid content of 67.76 ± 0.03%. Microscopic analysis unveiled ultrasonication‐induced cell shrinkage and increased membrane permeability, supporting its effectiveness in enhancing solvent penetration for improved lipid recovery. This research underscores PIT techniques' potential as sustainable, energy‐efficient strategies for lipid extraction from Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a growing interest in halal-related ontology research in recent years, as ontology has gained recognition in the halal industry. This paper discusses the development of a flavouring ontology that will assist halal management auditors in predicting the halal status of flavours in order to process food producers’ applications for halal certification. The development of a flavouring ontology is based on multiple references, because the auditors of halal management divisions must consult a variety of sources independently in order to determine the halal status of flavourings. The process includes 1) determining the ontology goal and scope, 2) building ontologies, and 3) evaluating the ontologies. The researcher used Protégé to design the ontologies, and Phyton was used to develop a prototype based on flavouring ontology. The developed ontology consists of four classes, nine sub-classes, and 11 relationships. The evaluation of the ontology using the prototype revealed that the majority of experts were satisfied with the information generated by the ontology in the prototype, particularly in relation to synonyms and the hierarchical structure of a flavour. However, the experts suggest improvements in terms of flavour metadata, especially on raw materials and natural occurrence data, so that the flavour information retrieved is comprehensive and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, solid–liquid extraction of dried avocado flesh was investigated using hexane as a solvent for three pre-treatment methods (uncooked, cooked with CaCO3, and cooked with water) and two material sizes (8 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm and ≤1.19 mm). Based on the highest yield of avocado oil obtained, the kinetics of oil extraction for a material size of ≤1.19 mm for the various pre-treatment methods was studied. Two stages, namely rapid oil extraction and slow oil extraction, were observed. Three kinetics models (Peleg, power law, and unsteady-state diffusion model) were used to describe the extraction of avocado oil. At conditions with the highest oil yield, the Arrhenius equation was used to calculate the activation energy at three different temperatures (25, 40, and 50°C). Based on the R² value obtained, the unsteady-state diffusion model (R² = 0.6236– 0.8752) is most suitable to describe the avocado oil extraction process. A positive value of the activation energy (47.51 kJ/mol) confirmed that the avocado oil extraction process is endothermic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-industrial waste is a by-product of agriculture-based industries which are often rich in lignocellulosic materials and bioactive compounds. The management of these wastes is poorly regulated by the industries where it is commonly discarded in uncontrolled practices. Such activities have created an adverse effect on ecosystem and the economy as a whole. Due to this matter, enormous researches have been conducted to recover usable compounds from these wastes. Cellulose from agro-industrial residue has become a type of renewable resource in various applications. This review article describes the chemistry, structure, and method used to obtain cellulose and nanocellulose from various sources of agro-industrial waste. This report also covers some of the recent innovative food applications of cellulose and nanocellulose. In the latter part of this review, the safety issues regarding the use of nanocellulose in food application are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Costus plant is considered as a medicinal plant especially in therapeutic intervention. The current study reports the composition, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties of red button ginger (Costus woodsonii) using sequential extraction. Solvents of different polarities (hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water) were used to sequentially extract the C. woodsonii bract, at increasing polarities. Phytochemical screening showed positive presence of flavonoids (all types of extracts), terpenoids (only in methanolic extract), and tannins (except aqueous extract). Overall, methanolic extracts showed the significantly (p ≤ .05) highest ascorbic acid content (75.76 ± 1.47 mg/100 ml), total phenolic content (249.64 ± 2.83 mg GAE/100 g), DPPH free radical-scavenging activity (78.76 ± 0.97%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (22.55 ± 0.96 mg TEAC/g), superoxide anion scavenging activity (46.60 ± 1.57%) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (50.35 ± 0.96%). In short, sequential extraction provides understanding of polarity specificity of C. woodsonii plant and result indicated high polarity solvent (methanol and water) recovered higher bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hydrolysis caused the improvement of hydrophobicity of fish scale gelatin (FSG). • Acid or alkali hydrolysis caused different structure transformation of FSG. • Acid-hydrolyzed FSG showed the superior curcumin loading efficiency. To enhance the solubility of hydrophobic nutrients, the hydrophobicity of fish scale gelatin hydrolysate (FSGH) was increased with moderate acid or alkali hydrolysis. Acid-induced FSG hydrolysate (AcFSGH) at 3 h showed a superior curcumin loading efficiency (18.30 ± 0.38 μg/mL) among all FSGHs. Compared with FSG, the proportion of hydrophobic amino acids (from 41.1% to 46.4%) and the hydrophobic interaction (from 12.72 to 20.10 mg/mL) was significantly increased in the AcFSGH. Meanwhile, the transformation of the α -helix (from 12.8% to 4.9%) to the β -sheet (from 29.0% to 42.8%) was also observed in the AcFSGH. Based on the observation in the molecular weight and morphological analysis, AcFSGH acquired the best hydrophobic interaction with curcumin, presumably due to the formation of the flexible structure of the linear hydrolyzates. The above results call for an investigation of the role of FSG hydrolysate in the synthesis of nanoparticles loaded with bioactive lipophilic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]