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The effects of indole-acyl esters (ID), NH4NO3 (N), and KH2PO4 (P), on the mitigation of the toxic effects of Cd and Pb and their concentration in Jatropha curcas L. from contaminated soils was investigated. The concentrations of ID, N, and P were optimized (0.1 mL・L-1, 7 mM, and 2.5 mM, respectively) and they were applied in various combinations to the contaminated soils of potted plants of J. curcas. The results showed that ID together with the N and P fertilizers, increased plant biomass and improved the mitigating effects of the N-P treatments on Cd and Pb toxicity. Plants growing under ID-N-IP treatments had high whole plant biomasses, high concentrations of P, N, Pb and Cd in whole plants, as well as enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD). These results point to the phytoremediation ability of J. curcas. We propose a new methodology that can be utilized to study the effects and interactions of multiple factors on plant growth.

Artificial allopolyploids derived from the genera Triticum and Aegilops have been used as genetic resources for wheat improvement and are a classic example of evolution via allopolyploidization. In this study, we investigated chromosomes and subgenome transmission behavior in the newly formed allopolyploid of wheat group via multicolor Fluorescence in situ hybridization (mc-FISH), using pSc119.2, pTa535, and (GAA)7 as probe combinations, to enabled us to precisely identify individual chromosomes in 381 S3 and S4 generations plants derived from reciprocal crosses between Ae. ventricosa (DvDvNvNv) and T. turgidum (AABB). A higher rate of aneuploidy, constituting 66.04–86.41% individuals, was observed in these two early generations. Of the four constituent subgenomes, Dv showed the highest frequency of elimination, followed by Nv and B, while A was the most stable. In addition, structural chromosomal changes occurred ubiquitously in the selfed progenies of allopolyploids. Among the constituent subgenomes, B showed the highest number of aberrations. In terms of chromosomal dynamics, there was no significant association between the chromosomal behavior model and the cytoplasm, with the exception of chromosomal loss in the Dv subgenome. The chromosome loss frequency in the Dv subgenome was significantly higher in the T. turgidum × Ae. ventricosa cross than in the Ae. ventricosa × T. turgidum cross. This result indicates that, although the D subgenome showed great instability, allopolyploids containing D subgenome could probably be maintained after a certain hybridization in which the D subgenome donor was used as the maternal parent at its onset stage. Our findings provide valuable information pertaining to the behavior patterns of subgenomes during allopolyploidization. Moreover, the allopolyploids developed here could be used as potential resources for the genetic improvement of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The allotetraploid wild grass Aegilops ventricosa (2n=4X=28, genome D v D v N v N v ) has been recognized as an important germplasm resource for wheat improvement due to its ability to tolerate biotic stresses. Especially 2N v S segment from Aegilops ventricosa, as a stable and effective resistance source, has greatly contributed to wheat improvement. The 2N v S/2AS translocation is a prevalent chromosomal translocation between common wheat and wild relatives, ranking just behind the 1B/1R translocation in importance for modern wheat breeding. Here, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome of Ae. ventricosa RM271 with a total length of 8.67 Gb. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that the progenitor of the D v subgenome of Ae. ventricosa was Ae. tauschii ssp. tauschii (genome DD); in contrast, the progenitor of the D subgenome of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was Ae. tauschii ssp. strangulata (genome DD). The oldest polyploidization time of Ae. ventricosa occurred ∼0.7 million years ago. The D v subgenome of Ae. ventricosa was less conserved than the D subgenome of bread wheat. Construction of a graph-based pangenome of 2AS/6N v L (originally known as 2N v S) segments from Ae. ventricosa and other genomes in the Triticeae enables us identifying candidate resistance genes sourced from Ae. ventricosa. We identified 12 nonredundant introgressed segments from the D v and N v subgenomes using a large winter wheat collection representing the full diversity of the wheat European genetic pool, and 29.40% of European wheat varieties inherited at least one of these segments. The high-quality RM271 reference genome will provide a basis for cloning key genes, including the Yr17-Lr37-Sr38-Cre5 resistance gene cluster in Ae. ventricosa, and facilitate the full use of elite wild genetic resources to accelerate wheat improvement., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Anthocyanins are plant secondary metabolites belonging to the polyphenol class of natural water-soluble phytopigments. The accumulation of anthocyanins in different plant tissues can improve plant survival under adverse conditions. In addition, plants with the resulting colorful morphology can be utilized as landscape plants. Triticum boeoticum (syn. Triticum monococcum ssp. aegilopoides , 2n=2x=14, A b A b ) serves as a valuable genetic resource for the improvement of its close relative common wheat in terms of enhancing resilience to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In our previous study, the EMS-mutagenized mutant Z2921 with a red glume, stem, and rachis was generated from T. boeoticum G52, which has a green glume, stem, and rachis. In this study, the F 1 , F 2 , and F 2:3 generations of a cross between mutant-type Z2921 and wild-type G52 were developed. A single recessive gene, tentatively designated RgM4G52 , was identified in Z2921 via genetic analysis. Using bulked segregant exome capture sequencing (BSE-Seq) analysis, RgM4G52 was mapped to chromosome 6AL and was flanked by the markers KASP-58 and KASP-26 within a 3.40-cM genetic interval corresponding to 1.71-Mb and 1.61-Mb physical regions in the Chinese Spring (IWGSC RefSeq v1.1) and Triticum boeoticum (TA299) reference genomes, respectively, in which seven and four genes related to anthocyanin synthesis development were annotated. Unlike previously reported color morphology-related genes, RgM4G52 is a recessive gene that can simultaneously control the color of glumes, stems, and rachis in wild einkorn. In addition, a synthetic Triticum dicoccum - T. boeoticum amphiploid Syn-ABA b -34, derived from the colchicine treatment of F 1 hybrids between tetraploid wheat PI 352367 ( T. dicoccum , AABB) and Z2921, expressed the red stems of Z2921. The flanking markers of RgM4G52 developed in this study could be useful for developing additional common wheat lines with red stems, laying the foundation for marker-assisted breeding and the fine mapping of RgM4G52 ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Chen, Zhang, Ma, Miao, Wu, Zhou, Yang, Zhang, Liu, Jiang, Hao, Huang, Ning, Chen, Chen, Liu, Wan and Zhang.)