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Hoplodactylus tohu n. sp. Figures 2A, 3A–D, 4A–C; Supplementary Figures 5A–C. ZooBank registration of Hoplodactylus tohu n. sp.: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub: BC2A430C-D97C-4F45-9AFB-228379864926. Naultinus pacificus.– Gray 1843: 203 (in part, not Gray, 1842). Hoplodactylus duvaucelii [sic] McCann 1955: 39, fig. 3, pl. 4; McCann 1956a: 46; McCann 1956b: 15; Bustard 1963: 218; Sharell 1966: 49, pls. 28–31; Thoresen 1967: 197; Whitaker 1973: 122; Domrow et al. 1980: 295; Barwick 1982: 377; Bauer 1985: 90; Halliday & Verrell 1988: 260; Wilson & Freeman 1993: 1 – all in part (not Duméril & Bibron, 1836). Hoplodactylus duvaucelii.– Holder 1960: 302; Kluge 1967a: 25; Kluge 1967b: 1013; Werner et al. 1978: 378;7 Kennedy 1979: 1; Bauer 1986: 9; Worthy 1987b: 416; Bauer 1990: 108; Thompson et al. 1992: 123; Daugherty et al. 1993: 439; Bauer & Henle 1994: 139; Cree 1994: 352 Daugherty et al. 1994: 318; Towns & Daugherty 1994: 327; Worthy & Holdaway 1994: 326; East et al. 1995: 256; Worthy & Holdaway 1995: 350; Worthy & Holdaway 1996: 314; Hitchmough 1997: 1; Worthy 1997: 93; Bauer 1998: 43; Girling et al. 1998: 139, fig. 4; Worthy 1998: 448; Bannock et al. 1999: 102; Lukis 1999: 12; Flannagan 2000: 4; Jones 2000: 1, fig. 2.9; Towns & Ferreira 2001: 219; Towns et al. 2001: 4; Seligmann 2002: 277; Whitaker et al. 2002: 1; Hay et al. 2003: 16; Todd 2003: 17; Seligmann et al. 2003: 130; Holmes 2004: 4; Naish 2004: 18; Hare & Cree 2005: 137; Armstrong & Davidson 2006: 74; Hare et al. 2007: 89; Nielsen 2008: 5; Kelly & Sullivan 2010: 208; Miskelly 2010: 3; Wilson 2010: 6; Frank & Wilson 2011: 16; Nielsen et al. 2011: 17; Bell & Herbert 2012: 8; Str̂ckens et al. 2012: 542; Garcia-Porta & Ord 2013: 2667; Hitchmough et al. 2013: 10; Bell 2014: 8; Romijn et al. 2014: 111; Heath & Whitaker 2015: 751; Mockett 2015: 73; Chapple 2016b: 4; Chapple & Hitchmough 2016: 116; Cree & Hare 2016: 174; Hare et al. 2016: 140; Hare & Cree 2016: 246; Hitchmough et al. 2016a: 9; Hitchmough et al. 2016b: 89; Morgan-Richards et al. 2016: 77, fig. 2; Romijn and Hartley 2016: 196; Towns et al. 2016b: 308; Worthy 2016: 71; Bell and Herbert 2017: 38; Bowers 2017: 64; Knox et al. 2017: 490; Lozito & Tuan 2017: 148, fig. 2 Sion 2017: 131; Stancher et al. 2018: 36; van Winkel et al. 2018: 114, pls. 31, 40, 46, 128; Skipwith et al. 2019: 10; Florence-Bennett 2020: 13; Glynne et al. 2020: 804; Herbert 2020: 12; Price et al. 2020: 231; Scarsbrook 2021: 19, figs. 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 3.3, 4.1; Scarsbrook et al. 2021: 2; Scarsbrook et al. 2022: 3, fig. 1 – all in part (not Duméril & Bibron, 1836). Naultinus duvaucelii.– Chrapliwy et al. 1961: 6 (in part, not Duméril & Bibron, 1836). Woodworthia duvaucelii.– Jewell 2008: 50 (in part, not Duméril & Bibron, 1836). Type material.— Holotype: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, Middle Trios Island, male, Y. M. McCann, February 1950, RE.000503. Paratypes: New Zealand, Marlborough Sounds, Middle Trios Island, 40°50.53′ S, 174°0.00′ E, both male, C. H. Daugherty, 22 November 1988, RE.006685, RE.006686 (tissue clips: FT2047, FT2048 respectively). Material examined.— The type material. Stephens Island (OMVT949). Trios Islands: Middle Trios Island (RE.000505,FT2046); South Trios Island (RE.006687). Sentinel Rock (RE.000948). Chetwode Island (RE.000949). Brothers Islands: North Brother Island (RE.002561, RE.005496, RE.006509, RE.006510, RE.007265, FT277, FT278). Northwest South Island (mainland): Gouland Downs, Holocene fossil (S.38813.2). Canterbury (mainland): Waikari, Holocene fossil (S.33501, S.33703.1, S.33703.7, S.33703.10, S.33703.11); Waitaki, Holocene fossil (OMVT719 a, OMVT807 a, OMVT807 b, OMVT3331, OMVT3332, OMVT3333). Diagnosis.— Hoplodactylus tohu may be distinguished from its only congener, H. duvaucelii, by several characters: H. tohu (generally) does not attain as great a size at maturity (Supp. Fig. 1), has a more pronounced brillar fold (Fig. 3A–B, E–F, 4C, F), and less often bears a median cleft in the mental scale (Supp. Table 3). An abrupt size decrease at the 5 th infralabial scale characterizing H. tohu is far less common in H. duvaucelii, with most individuals of the latter examined exhibiting a gradual size decrease in infralabial scales (Fig. 3B, F). H. tohu further differs from H. duvaucelii in generally having fewer subdigital lamellae on all digits of both the right manus and pes (Fig. 3C–D, G–H, Supp. Fig. 3). The first digit of the right manus in H. duvaucelii differs in having a consistently less emergent claw and, usually, a comparatively bulbous distal end (Fig. 3C, G). Previously reported differences (Morgan-Richards et al. 2016) in the coloration and extent of patterning between these taxa (Fig. 4) are generalizations and can be misleading given fluid overlap between the two species. Dorsal body coloration and patterning in H. tohu often resembles those of young H. duvaucelii in being relatively more strongly contrasting (Fig. 4A–B, D–E), with patterning generally becoming weaker at maturity. However, considerable variation in coloration and pattern (see Supp. Fig. 5) was observed throughout ontogeny in both species. Description.— Coloration on dorsal surface grey to grey-brown, sometimes with olive and dark brown blotches; patterning of well-developed, roughly symmetrical transverse bands from nape to tail base centered along spine, resembling chevrons or paired diamonds, less defined on tail and generally less defined on older individuals; often bearing irregular series of longitudinal rows of pale grey or white spots dorsolaterally, extending onto limbs; ventral surface buff, with occasional light brown speckling, speckles less frequent on head. Mouth lining and tongue pink. Body moderately large (SVL: 81.2–115.7 mm), robust, stout (TrK: 25.4–50.3 mm). Head large (HL: 26.1–33.8 mm; HW: 18.3–27 mm; HH: 12.2–16 mm), robust, subtriangular; inflated laterally between posterior edge of orbit and ear opening (EE: 7.7–11.8 mm), narrowing towards craniovertebral junction; neck clearly demarcated. Snout oviform (EN: 7.4–11.1 mm); slight indentation in medial nasal region, often blunt along anteriormost margin between nares (IN: 4–5.8 mm). Dorsum of occiput/nape covered in small granular scales that abruptly increase in size at level of anterior edge of orbit towards anterior margin of snout (2–3 times diameter of occipital granules); one row of enlarged, oval scales posterior to internasal(s) and dorsal to supralabials, broader than high; twice the diameter of adjacent loreal scales. Eyes approximately one fifth head length; varying in shade from pale olive-buff to dark greens or browns; pupils lenticular with weakly crenulated margin. Supraciliary scales elongate, conical, directed increasingly posterior posteriorly; brillar fold very pronounced; frontal narrowing anteriorly (IO: 7.8–11.8 mm), supraocular portion deeply furrowed. Ear opening moderate (EL: 2–4.1 mm), ovoid, twice as high as wide; oriented obliquely (widest posterodorsally to anteroventrally), skin fold covering dorsal limit. Rostral subpentagonal, much broader than high; contacted dorsally by 2 enlarged, oval supranasals and 1–3 smaller (homogenous), round internasals; medial rostral crease extending ventrally from upper margin ½ to ¾ length of rostral; usually terminating diffusely, but sometimes as an ovoid crease. Nares rounded, situated anterolaterally; bordered by rostral, supranasal, 3–5 small postnasals and first supralabial. Supralabials rectangular, rounded dorsally; slightly higher than broad; numbering 13–16 per side; gradually decreasing in size posteriorly; final 3–4 more narrowly convex; supralabials terminating beneath the posterior orbital margin (with 11 or 12 beneath orbit midline); posteriormost twice the size of loreal scales. Mental trapezoidal to subtriangular, with longest face along jaw margin, narrowing posteriorly; mental crease usually absent, extending ½ length of scale where present; mental shorter than laterally adjacent first infralabials; contacted posteriorly by 1 large or 2 smaller hexagonal postmentals, which separate infralabials. Infralabials numbering 9–14 per side; from the snout, infralabials 1–4 on each side are quadrate, more rounded ventrally, higher than broad; infralabial 5 usually marks commencement of a significant and discrete infralabial size decrease, sometimes on one side only, with subsequent infralabials becoming progressively smaller and increasingly circular in shape, terminating in-line with the posterior orbital margin. Anterior infralabials and postmental(s) bordered posteriorly by series of enlarged irregular chin shields; rows indistinct; anteriormost approximately ¾ diameter of postmental, with gradual transition to very small, rounded throat granules posteriorly. Dorsal scales small, mostly homogenous in size, bead-like, apically flattened, partially overlain; indistinct from scales of nape. Ventral scales roughly twice diameter of dorsal scales, circular, flattened, subimbricate, slightly enlarged in precloacal region, extending in rows onto thighs where they form a subtriangular patch; transition to granules at throat abrupt. Skin folds extending ventrolaterally along trunk; anteroposterior folds above fore- and hindlimb insertion. Limbs relatively short and robust, hindlimbs longer; scales on forelimb dorsum larger than dorsal body scales, subimbricate distally; ventral forelimb scales smaller than those dorsally; clear transition to enlarged scales of palm which resemble ventral body scales. Scales on preaxial surface of thigh enlarged, up to three times diameter of dorsal body scales at knee; circular, subimbricate; gradually decreasing in size both posteriorly and distally (along shin) to smaller granules; transition to scales of soles indistinct (resembling ventral body scales). 5–6 rows of precloacal pores in males, anteriormost 2 rows extending distally just over halfway along hind thigh; absent in females. Digits broad, with dilated pads on digits II–V that rapidly transition into slender distal extension, mostly of constant width but becoming narrowly tapered near distal end; digit I smallest on all feet, digit IV longest on manus, digit V longest on pes; angle at rest between digits IV and V greatest, greater on pes than manus; digits II–V of pes and I–IV of manus very weakly webbed; dorsal scales on digits large, especially on first digit; all digits bear recurved, mostly exposed claws. Basalmost 1–2 subdigital lamellae sometimes fragmented; unfragmented subdigital lamellae curved outwards, usually smoothly but sometimes more sharply curved medially; lamellar counts of right manus: 6–7 (I), 9–11 (II), 12–14 (III), 12–15 (IV), 9–11 (V), and pes: 6–9 (I), 10–13 (II), 14–16 (III), 14–18 (IV), 11–16 (V) digits. Tail (original) stout, shorter than SVL, gradually tapered to end, roughly circular in cross-section; often lost through autotomy and then regenerated. Regenerated tail demarcated by abrupt decrease in scale size and anteroposterior striations from point of detachment distally. Base of tail distinctly swollen (TW: 8.7–14.7), most notable in males at cloacal spurs, with enlarged hexagonal scales on underside roughly twice size of more anterior ventral scales. Caudal scales usually arranged in discrete, irregular rows, generally decreasing in size distally from the septum; autotomy septa visibly marked by one, sometimes two rows of large or smaller scales, separated by 9–11 scale rows; dorsal caudal scales approximately 1.5 times size of dorsal body scales, demarcating tail base; highly variable in both size and shape, circular to rounded rectangular; ventral caudal scales enlarged medially, twice as large as dorsal; rectangular to hexagonal, higher than broad, subimbricate. Cloacal spurs consisting of a set of greatly enlarged, conical scales, with most acute point orientated posterodorsally, situated adjacent to cloaca (laterally); often asymmetric in number: 2–5 (L) and 1–4 (R), first (largest) roughly twice size of ventral scales, decreasing in size posteriorly. Distribution.— New Zealand: formerly throughout the South Island (Holocene); presently restricted to some islands in the outer Marlborough Sounds and Cook Strait (Fig. 1). Remarks.— Hoplodactylus tohu has been recognized as distinct from H. duvaucelii for several years (MorganRichards et al. 2016; Hitchmough et al. 2021a). However, it has been unclear what rank to apply to this taxon. New Zealand diplodactylids frequently have highly conserved morphologies, and often greater intra- than inter-specific morphological variation (Hitchmough et al. 2016b). With both Hoplodactylus species recognized here having undergone recent major range contractions resulting in significant declines in morphological and genetic diversity (Scarsbrook et al. 2021; Scarsbrook et al. 2022), it is difficult to weight subtle character differences as these may have arisen, or increased in prevalence, recently, through chance, in relictual populations, and therefore not reflect deeper evolutionary divergences. That these taxa have been reported to produce viable cross-bred offspring in captive populations (Morgan-Richards et al. 2016) fails to meet the criteria of the Biological Species Concept (Mayr 1942). Reproductive isolation in the wild cannot be tested given their allopatric distributions. However, several pairings of lizard species that are widely recognized to be distinct (Brennan et al. 2016; Leaché & Cole 2006; Olave et al. 2011), including some other New Zealand diplodactylids (e.g., Naultinus sp.; Hitchmough et al. 2016b), have been shown to similarly produce viable hybrid offspring. Intergeneric hybrids have even been reported (RH pers. obs). Genetic distance (i.e., ~2.2% and ~4.0% across the mitochondrial genome and ND2 respectively) and estimated timing of lineage divergence of ~4.51 mya (Scarsbrook et al. 2022) between the two Hoplodactylus species recognized here are comparable with those of other recognized diplodactylid species pairings (e.g., 3.8% ND2 divergence between Mokopirirakau kahutarae Whitaker, 1985, and Mokopirirakau granulatus Gray, 1845; Knox et al. 2021). Their discrete (allopatric) distributions reflect commonly observed biogeographic patterns in other taxa (Baker et al. 1995; Efford et al. 2002; Greaves et al. 2007; Liggins et al. 2008; Lloyd 2003), which further influences our treatment of species-level distinction. Reports of interbreeding between H. tohu and H. duvaucelii in captivity makes careful management of both species essential to maintain species/genetic integrity. Individuals sourced for reintroduction or translocation purposes need to be of the correct species, and sourced from moderately large and stable populations (e.g. North Brother Island; Wilson 2010) to minimise impact on the source population. Further, source populations should be proximate (where practicable) to the site of translocation to ensure preservation of regional adaptations; a consideration more applicable to H. duvaucelii as extant populations are more numerous and occupy more ecologically varied habitats. It seems probable, for example, that H. duvaucelii rather than H. tohu, would have naturally occurred at Mana Island, off the southern North Island. However, the latter was translocated there from North Brother Island in 1998 through the release of 40 individuals (Miskelly 2010), with a self-sustaining population reported 15-years later (Bell & Herbert 2017). H. tohu has been recognized as a distinct management unit by the Department of Conservation since 2021 (Hitchmough et al. 2021a), listed as “nationally increasing” with the ‘Conservation Dependant’ and ‘Range Restricted’ qualifiers. H. tohu has a severely restricted distribution comprising a few islands (Fig. 1; Supp. Table 1) with highly anthropogenically modified habitats. The estimated total population size of the largest extant population, on the Brothers Islands, is between 583–677 (Wilson 2010). Based on this, the suggested IUCN Red List status of H. tohu is ‘Critically Endangered A1 (a, b, c, e)’: population reduction of>90% observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND have ceased. Occurrence of H. tohu on several managed predator-free islands that already have conservation management strategies in place does at least render moderate security to this species from localized disturbances such as fire or predator incursions. However, additional protection through translocations to fenced and more distant mainland sanctuaries (e.g. Orokonui Ecosanctuary near Dunedin, and the Mokomoko Dryland Sanctuary in Central Otago) could be beneficial, given the increased vulnerability of small and sparsely forested islands to the effects of climate change (e.g. sea-level rise, coastal erosion, storm intensity; Macinnis-Ng et al. 2021). Such translocation may also facilitate the re-establishment of ‘lost’ ecological interactions and morphological diversity (e.g. Scarsbrook et al. 2021) specific to mainland and densely forested ecosystems. There is evidence of genetic sub-structuring (Scarsbrook et al. 2022) within the distribution of H. tohu, although this has been greatly reduced with the extinction of mainland South Island populations. Careful management, and possible further research should consider if individual populations are experiencing inbreeding depression and might benefit from genetic rescue – establishment of ‘new’ populations through interbreeding of individuals from different populations to increase genetic ‘fitness’ (i.e., adaptability). Conversely, continued maintenance of discrete lineages may also be appropriate if those lineages reflect local habitat adaptations or if pooled populations would comprise too few individuals to maintain the resulting genetic diversity due to genetic drift. Etymology.— The specific epithet was proposed by Dr Sharon Barcello-Gemmel, Rangatira of Te Ātiawa o Te Waka-a-Māui Trust, in recognition of the tupuna [ancestor] Tohu Kākahi. Tohu Kākahi was one of the two Parihaka prophets with whakapapa [genealogical] connections to Te Ātiawa – the iwi [tribe] with mana whenua [authority] over Ngāwhatu Kai Ponu [The Brothers], where the largest extant population occurs. Name used as noun in apposition.

The article considers the problem of dividing the encephalography data into two time series, that generated by the brain and that generated by other electrical sources located in the human head. The magnetic encephalograms and magnetic resonance images of the head were recorded in the Center for Neuromagnetism at NYU Grossman School of Medicine. Data obtained at McGill University and Montreal University were also used. Recordings were made in a magnetically shielded room and the gradiometers were designed to suppress external noise, making it possible to eliminate them from the data analysis. Magnetic encephalograms were analyzed by the method of functional tomography, based on the Fourier transform and on the solution of inverse problem for all frequencies. In this method, one spatial position is assigned to each frequency component. Magnetic resonance images of the head were evaluated to annotate the space to be included in the analysis. The included space was divided into two parts: «brain» and «non-brain». The frequency components were classified by the feature of their inclusion in one or the other part. The set of frequencies, designated as «brain», represented the partial spectrum of the brain signal, while the set of frequencies designated as «non-brain», represented the partial spectrum of the physiological noise produced by the head. Both partial spectra shared the same frequency band. From the partial spectra, a time series of the «brain» area signal and «non-brain» area head noise were reconstructed. Summary spectral power of the signal was found to be ten times greater than the noise. The proposed method makes it possible to analyze in detail both the signal and the noise components of the encephalogram and to filter the magnetic encephalogram.

SelƲasaura almendarizae sp. nov. Figs. 1–7 Unnamed clade 3 (Torres-Carvajal et al., 2016) in part. SelƲasaura sp. (Moravec et al., 2018) in part. Proposed standard English name: Almendáriz’s Microtegus Proposed standard Spanish name: Microtegúes de Almendáriz Holotype.— QCAZ 12798 (Figs. 1, 2), adult male, Ecuador, Provincia Napo, Wildsumaco Wildlife Sanctuary, 0 ° 41 ′ 17.17 ′′ S, 77 ° 36 ′ 1.45 ′′ W, WGS84, 1,350 m, 22 July 2014, collected by J. Camper. Paratypes (2).— ECUADOR: Provincia Napo: QCAZ 5073, adult male, same collection data as holotype except 0 ° 40 ′ 46.96 ′′ S, 77 ° 36 ′ 2.81 ′′ W, 1,250 m, 30 July 2012. Provincia Pastaza: QCAZ 9140, adult male, Zanjarajuno Ecological Center, 1 ° 22 ′ 19.08 ′′ S, 77 ° 51 ′ 57.99 ′′ W, 940 m, 20 March 2008, collected by P. Rivera, L. Coloma, and S. Ron. Diagnosis.—The new species belongs to SelƲasaura as defined by Moravec et al. (2018). However, in the absence of morphological synapomorphies defining SelƲasaura, the new species is assigned to SelƲasaura based on phylogenetic evidence (Fig. 8; see also Moravec et al., 2018). SelƲasaura almendarizae sp. nov. differs from S. braƲa (Table 1) in having more femoral pores in males (9– 12 vs. 7–9, respectively), fewer gular collar scales (7–9 vs. 9–11), fewer transverse rows of dorsals (25–32 vs. 33–36), fewer scales around midbody (29–32 vs. 32–34), and fewer lateral scale rows (5 vs. 6–7). The new taxon can be further distinguished from S. braƲa and other Cercosaurinae species in having a unilobed hemipenis, which among microteiids has been reported only in a few species within Gymnophthalminae (Calyptommatus sp., Nothobachia ablephara, and Scriptosaura catimbau) and Alopoglossidae (Alopoglossus breƲifrontalis, Alopoglossus festae, Alopoglossus kugleri, Alopoglossus myersi, and Alopoglossus plicatus; Nunes, 2011; Hernández Morales et al., 2020). Characterization.—(1) Three to four supraoculars, anteriormost larger than posterior one; (2) two prefrontals; (3) 9–12 femoral pores in males (females unknown); (4) lower eyelid scale single and transparent; (5) scales on dorsal surface striated; (6) five rows of lateral scales at midbody; (7) 25–32 dorsal scales between occipital and posterior margin of hindlimb; (8) lateral body fold present; (9) keeled ventrolateral scales on each side absent; (10) dorsum brown with a conspicuous, cream or gray vertebral stripe with wavy borders and scattered black marks along sides, extending from interparietal or postparietal to tip of tail; (11) white labial stripe present, with black outline on dorsal border and brown flecks or brown transversal bars on supralabials; (12) flanks of body grayish brown, turning cream on ventrolateral region; (13) white stripe along forelimb absent; (14) adult males with a longitudinal row of ocelli (black thick outline and white center) extending from above forelimb insertion posteriorly along flanks. Description of Holotype.—Adult male (QCAZ 12798); SVL 39.54 mm; TL 73.04 mm; HL 9.65 mm; HW 5.3 mm; HD 3.92 mm; EN 3.38 mm; FLL 13.31 mm; HLL 18.61 mm; AGD 19.11 mm. Dorsal and lateral head scales smooth, juxtaposed; rostral subrectangular, 1.43 times wider than high; frontonasal pentagonal, laterally in contact with nasal, smaller than frontal; prefrontals hexagonal, longer than wide, with medial suture, laterally in contact with nasal, loreal, and first superciliary; frontal hexagonal, longer than wide, wider anteriorly, in contact with prefrontals and supraoculars I and II; frontoparietals pentagonal, longer than wide, wider posteriorly, each in lateral contact with supraoculars II and III; interparietal heptagonal, lateral borders parallel to each other; parietals slightly shorter than interparietal, polygonal, positioned anterolaterally to interparietal, each in lateral contact with supraocular III and dorsalmost postocular; postparietals three, medial scale smaller than laterals; supralabials seven, fourth slightly longer and below center of eye; infralabials seven, fourth below center of eye; temporal enlarged, juxtaposed, smooth, polygonal; one enlarged, smooth supratemporal; nasal divided above and below nostril, subtriangular, wider than long, in contact with rostral anteriorly, supralabials I and II ventrally, frontonasal and prefrontals dorsally, loreal posterodorsally and frenocular posteroventrally; loreal rectangular; frenocular trapezoidal, in contact with nasal, separating loreal from supralabials; supraoculars three, first one largest; 4/5 (right/left) superciliaries, first one enlarged, extending onto dorsal surface and in contact with loreal; palpebral disk single, transparent; three suboculars, third one largest; three postoculars of similar size; ear opening round, without denticulate margins; tympanum recessed into a shallow auditory meatus; mental 1.27 times wider than long; postmental pentagonal, wider than long, followed posteriorly by four pairs of genials, anterior two in contact medially, posterior two separated by postgenials; all genials in contact with infralabials; gulars imbricate, smooth, in nine rows; gular fold complete; posterior row of gulars (collar) with nine scales that are similar to each other in size medially and become smaller laterally. Scales on nape wider than those of dorsals; scales on sides of neck small and granular; dorsal scales elongated, imbricate, arranged in transverse rows; scales on dorsal surface of neck striated; 28 dorsals between occiput and posterior margin of hindlimbs; 16 dorsal scale rows in a transverse line at midbody; ventrolateral scales smooth; dorsals separated from ventrals by five rows of small scales at level of 13th row of ventrals; lateral body fold present; ventrals smooth, wider than long, arranged in 23 transverse rows between collar fold and preanals; 10 ventral scale rows in a transverse line at midbody; subcaudals smooth; limbs overlapping when adpressed against body; axillary region with granular scales; scales on dorsal surface of forelimb smooth, imbricate; scales on ventral surface of forelimb granular; 3 thick, smooth thenar scales; supradigitals 4/4 (right/left) on finger I, 6/6 on II, 8/8 on III, 9/9 on IV, 6/6 on V; supradigitals 4/4 on toe I, 7/7 on II, 9/9 on III, 11/12 on IV, 9/8 on V; subdigital lamellae of forelimb single, 6/7 on finger I, 12/11 on II, 14/13 on III, 14/12 on IV, 11/10 on V; subdigital lamellae on toe I single, divided on toes II-V from half-length to base, 6/- on toe I, 11/11 on II, 15/16 on III, 20/20 on IV, 14/13 on V; groin region with small, imbricate scales; scales on dorsal surface of hindlimbs smooth, imbricate; scales on ventral surface of hindlimbs smooth; scales on posterior surface of hindlimbs granular; 12/11 femoral pores on each leg; preanal pores absent; cloacal plate with four scales, bordered by four scales anteriorly, of which the two medial-most are enlarged. Cranial Osteology of Holotype.—The skull of SelƲasaura almendarizae sp. nov. (Figs. 3, 4) is depressed (skull height = 46% of skull length) and moderately long (skull width = 51% of skull length). Marginal teeth are present on the maxillary arcade (i.e., premaxilla and maxillae) and palatal teeth are absent. The opisthotics-exoccipitals and parasphenoid-basisphenoid are indistinguishably fused and, therefore, are described as single units, namely, otoccipitals and parabasisphenoid, respectively. The mandible is dentigerous and V-shaped in dorsal and ventral profiles, and its greatest width is approximately 13% of its total length (Fig. 5). Each mandibular ramus increases slightly in height posteriorly and has approximately the same width throughout its length. The rami meet anteriorly forming the mandibular symphysis. Dermatocranium: The premaxilla forms the anteromedial margin of the snout and the medial margin of each fenestra exonarina. It bears a broad posterodorsally oriented nasal process, which extends and tapers between the anterior half of the nasals, and a broader anterior alveolar portion. The premaxilla articulates with the maxillae anterolaterally and the nasals posteriorly. The tapered posterior end of the nasal process articulates with the anteromedial margins of the nasals. In ventral view, the premaxilla bears a chevron-shaped medial ridge pointing forward and extending halfway the length of the premaxilla. The ventral surface of the premaxilla lacks posteroventral extensions at its articulation with the maxilla. Anteroventrally, the alveolar portion of the premaxilla bears 10 conical teeth. The septomaxillae are dorsoventrally compressed and lie anteromedially within the nasal capsules, lateral to the nasal septum. They form the floor of the anteromedial portion of the nasal cavity and the roof of the cavum containing the vomeronasal organ. The septomaxillae are oriented anteroventrally and articulate with the maxillae anterolaterally and the vomers ventrally. The maxillae occupy most of the anterolateral aspect of the skull between the orbits and the snout. In lateral aspect, each maxilla extends approximately 38% the length of the skull. Each maxilla bears 14 laterally compressed teeth on a well-developed alveolar shelf. Maxillary dentition is heterodont, with conical anterior teeth and larger, tricuspid (lateral cusps much smaller than the medial one) posterior teeth. In an anterior-to-posterior sequence in lateral view, the maxilla articulates with the premaxilla, nasal, prefrontal, jugal, and ectopterygoid. The preorbital facial process of each maxilla forms the lateral rim of the fenestra exonarina. There are three anterior inferior alveolar foramina on the pars facialis of the maxilla. The posterior half of the pars facialis of each maxilla extends to a point posterior to the center of the orbit and overlaps the jugal. The part of the maxilla bearing the last four teeth forms part of the floor of the orbit, as well as the anterolateral rim of the inferior orbital fenestra. The maxillae articulate with the jugals posterodorsally and ectopterygoids posteroventrally. In ventral view, the anterior half of each maxillary alveolar shelf is expanded medially and overlaps the corresponding vomer laterally; this expansion makes the medial borders of the shelves parallel to each other. Posteriorly, each alveolar shelf bears a triangular medial process that overlaps the anterolateral aspect of each palatine. In posterior view, the dorsal aspect of each maxilla is notched at a point about halfway its length to form the floor of the maxillopalatine foramen. The nasals form most of the roof of the nasal capsules. They articulate with the nasal process of the premaxilla anteriorly and overlap the frontal posteriorly. The internasal suture represents approximately half the length of each nasal. In an anterior-to-posterior sequence, the lateral margin of each nasal articulates with the maxilla, prefrontal, and frontal, respectively. The nasalprefrontal articulation is interrupted posteriorly by the slender anterolateral processes of the frontal. Anteriorly, the nasal forms the posterodorsal rim of the fenestra exonarina. The prefrontals form the anterodorsal rims of the orbits. Each prefrontal articulates with the nasal and frontal dorsally and with the maxilla anteriorly, ventrolaterally, and ventrally. In posterior view, the ventral margin of each prefrontal is notched to form the roof of the maxillopalatine foramen. The lacrimals are absent. The frontal lies between the orbits, is longer than wide, and forms most of the dorsal orbital margin. Anteriorly, the frontal is W-shaped in dorsal view because it is partially overlapped by the nasals. In ventral view, the anterolateral processes are shorter than the anteromedial process. The anterolateral processes articulate with the dorsal margin of the prefrontals. The transverse posterior margin of the frontal lies posterior to the orbits and articulates with the anterior margin of the parietal. Posterolaterally, the frontal articulates with the anterior third of the anterior process of the postfrontal. In ventral view, the cristae cranii are strongly developed and meet anteriorly to form a tubular structure. The parietal forms most of the posterior surface of the skull table. Laterally, the parietal extends ventrally and forms the medial rim of the supratemporal fossae. Posteriorly, the corpus of the parietal bears a pair of long supratemporal processes that are laterally overlapped by the supratemporals, which are laterally compressed and extend anteriorly less than half the length of the supratemporal fossa. The distal end of each supratemporal process approaches the paraoccipital process of the otoccipital. Medially, the posteroventral surface of the parietal bears the parietal fossa. The postfrontals are small, flat, star-shaped bones that form part of the posterodorsal rims of the orbits. Each postfrontal has a long anterior process that articulates with the frontal anteromedially and three short posterior processes. The postfrontals articulate with the postorbitals laterally. The postorbitals are long, flat, wider anteriorly and form the posterolateral margins of the skull along with the squamosals. The postorbitals lie ventral to the postfrontals, forming part of the posterodorsal rim of the orbits. The posterior end of each postfrontal articulates with the medial face of the squamosal. The squamosals are slender and crescent-shaped and form the posterolateral rims of the supratemporal fossae and the posterior halves of the supratemporal arches. Posteriorly, the squamosal articulates dorsally with the posterior end of the supratemporal and ventrally with the cephalic condyle of the quadrate. Jugals are broadly V-shaped and largely overlapped by the maxillae anterolaterally, forming the posteroventral rims of the orbits. Each jugal is composed of two elongate processes that enclose an obtuse angle, with the vertex lying approximately halfway between the anterior and posterior ends of the skull. The anterior or maxillary process articulates with the maxilla anteriorly, ventrally, and laterally and ectopterygoid posteromedially. The dorsal third of the posterior or temporal process of the jugal articulates with the postorbital. Vomers are the most anterior elements of the palate and form the medial border of each fenestra vomeronasalis externa anteriorly and each fenestra exochoanalis posteriorly. The vomers are fused medially along the anterior two-thirds of their length; the anterior end is tapered and V-shaped and overlaps the posteroventral aspect of the premaxilla. Ventrally, the fused vomers bear two conspicuous ridges that are arched toward each other. Palatines are medially separated by the anterior half of the pyriform space. Each palatine is widest anteriorly; the tapered posterior end contacts the pterygoid. Anteriorly, the palatines overlap the vomers dorsally, thereby lying in the most dorsal aspect of the palate. Ventrally, each palatine bears a deep concavity, which represents the choanal duct extending from the choanal opening anteriorly. A conspicuous pterygoid process descends ventrally and forms the anteromedial margin of the inferior orbital fenestra. The ectopterygoids form the posterolateral rims of the inferior orbital fenestrae. Each ectopterygoid bears three processes, namely, anterior, lateral, and posterior processes. The anterior process overlaps the posterior end of the maxilla, whereas the lateral process contacts the jugal. The posterior process is forked and braces the distal end of the transverse process of the pterygoid. The pterygoids are the largest and most posterior elements of the palate. They form the posteromedial rim of each inferior orbital fenestra and, together with the parabasisphenoid, the rim of the posterior half of the pyriform space. Anteriorly, each pterygoid bears a palatine process medially and a transverse process laterally. Each flat palatine process is overlapped dorsally by the pterygoid process of each palatine. Each transverse process extends laterally, and its distal end is embraced by the dorsal and ventral branches of the forked posterior process of the ectopterygoid. Posteriorly, each pterygoid bears the long, laterally compressed quadrate process, which constitutes about half the length of the bone. The quadrate process extends posterolaterally to reach the ventral portion of the medial aspect of the quadrate. The anteromedial aspect of each quadrate process contacts the distal end of the basipterygoid process of the parabasisphenoid. Dorsally, the proximal end of each quadrate process bears the columellar fossa, which receives the ventral end of each epipterygoid. There are 14 ossicles in each eye, but their margins are not well resolved in the CT scans. The dentary is more than half the length of the lower jaw laterally and bears 17 teeth on a well-defined alveolar shelf. Mandibular dentition is heterodont, with small conical anterior teeth and larger, tricuspid (lateral cusps much smaller than the medial one) posterior teeth. Posteriorly, the dentary extends as much as the overlying coronoid. The posterior margin of the dentary articulates with several bones. In lateral view, it articulates with the surangular and is largely overlapped by the labial process of the coronoid. In lingual aspect, the dentary is bifurcate; the ventral splenial process and anteroventral portion of the dorsal coronoid process articulate with the splenial, whereas the posterior aspect of the dorsal coronoid process is overlapped by the anterior lingual process of the coronoid. The dorsolateral margin of the dentary, at its union with the coronoid, lies ventral to the dorsal margin of the surangular. Posteromedially, the dentary articulates with the anterodorsal margin of the angular. Laterally, the anterior half of the dentary bears four mental foramina, which lie in a longitudinal series halfway between the ventral and dorsal margins. The coronoid lies immediately behind the mandibular tooth row. Its dorsal process is nearly as high as the maximum height of the dentary. Ventrolaterally, the labial process of the coronoid overlaps the dentary posterior to the tooth row. The coronoid articulates posteriorly with the surangular. In medial aspect, the coronoid bears two processes. The anterior lingual process articulates with the dentary anteriorly, splenial ventrally, and prearticular posteriorly. The posterior lingual process overlaps the anteromedial portion of the prearticular. The base of the lingual bifurcation of the coronoid is wide and dorsally concave. The surangular occupies the posterior half of the mandible and forms the dorsal portion of the lower jaw between the coronoid and articular. It bears a large anterolateral foramen immediately posterior to the articulation with the coronoid and a smaller posterolateral foramen. In lateral aspect, the surangular tapers anteriorly between the coronoid dorsally and dentary ventrally. The ventrolateral border of the surangular articulates anteriorly with the dentary and behind it with the angular. Medially, the surangular bears three large foramina longitudinally aligned along the adductor

Foreword for Futurescan 2: Collective Voices, Sheffield Hallam University, 10th-11th January 2013.Futurescan 2: Collective VoicesEdited by Helena Britt, Sally Wade and Kerry WaltonDecember 2013ISBN: 978 1 907382 64 2

Author names and affiliations for Futurescan: Mapping the Territory. Edited by Sally Wade and Kerry WaltonFebruary 2011ISBN: 978 1 907382 30 7The selected contributions and research papers for this publication were presented at the Foresight Centre, University of Liverpool, 17-18 November 2009.

Acknowledgements for the Association of Fashion and Textile Courses (FTC) conference and post-conference publication Futurescan: Mapping the Territory.Futurescan: Mapping the TerritoryEdited by Sally Wade and Kerry WaltonFebruary 2011ISBN: 978 1 907382 30 7The selected contributions and research papers for this publication were presented at the Foresight Centre, University of Liverpool, 17-18 November 2009.

Contents page for the Association of Fashion and Textile Courses (FTC) post-conference publication Futurescan: Mapping the Territory.Futurescan: Mapping the TerritoryEdited by Sally Wade and Kerry WaltonFebruary 2011ISBN: 978 1 907382 30 7The selected contributions and research papers for this publication were presented at the Foresight Centre, University of Liverpool, 17-18 November 2009.