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In this thesis I examine two widely held beliefs. First, I examine the belief that the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the contemporary global trade regime are unjust. Second, I examine the belief that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods. The purpose of these investigations is twofold. My major aim is to elaborate an account of global trade justice that combines research in international political economy with insights drawn from moral and political theory. These two disciplines are often separated in academic research and, as such, there is a need to combine an understanding of the reality of global trade arrangements with rigorous evaluation from the point of view of political morality. This thesis undertakes this task by engendering synergy between these literatures on the WTO and Fair Trade. The selection of these topics also provides a chance to subject the aforementioned beliefs to rigorous moral analysis. This is the second rationale for the project. In brief, my arguments are as follows. I argue that there are demands of global justice. I argue that this requires the WTO to meet certain democratic standards and certain demands of economic justice. I argue that the WTO does not meet these demands and I propose according reforms. I argue that the WTO must offer member-states substantively equal participation rights and that it should enact a policy structuring the global economic framework so as to help finance the development of welfare and legal provisions in developing countries. In addition, I make two arguments in relation to the belief that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods. I reject one common defence of this idea but I argue that individuals should purchase Fair Trade goods because in doing so they can help generate a widespread contribution to addressing important moral concerns.

This thesis consists of eight chapters. Following an introduction to the subject in Chapter One, Chapter Two describes a nonlinear instability of the fully-developed Hagen- Poiseuille flow, at large Reynolds number. It is seen that the disturbance waves, which have a long wavelength, are connected with a similar instability found by Smith and Bodonyi. In this chapter it is suggested how such an instability may be found by numerical integration of the governing equations. Chapter Three concentrates on the developing flow nearer the pipe entrance and investigates the effects of the interaction of a Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) wave of small amplitude with its induced streamwise vortex flow in such a situation. A linear analysis of the resulting interaction equations is subsequently performed and it is shown that spatial disturbances can experience exponential growth. Chapter Four is devoted to the flow near a symmetry line in the pipe, and the simplification to the interaction equations of Chapter Three that results in this case. These equations are used in Chapter Five, in which two possibilities for the ultimate downstream form of the flow produced by the vortex-TS interaction are considered. The first possibility is that the interaction results in a three-dimensional separation singularity at a finite distance downstream. A number of examples are outlined, illustrating the likely forms of the associated velocity profiles. The second option discussed in this chapter concerns the possibility that a strong attachment may take place in the flow, also at a finite distance downstream. Another possibility for the ultimate form of the interaction is analysed in Chapter Six. In this case the flow acquires a similarity form and numerical results for both the symmetry line and asymmetric versions of the interaction are presented. In Chapter Seven we return to the situation where the flow in the pipe is of a more developed nature, and we construct the vortex-wave interaction equations for this case. The resulting time-dependent equations are integrated numerically for the cases of axisymmetric and three-dimensional disturbances. Finally, Chapter Eight summarizes the findings of the thesis and suggests further avenues for related research.

This thesis is concerned with identifying the problems and constraints faced by small batch manufacturing companies during the implementation of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). The main aim of this work is to recommend generic solutions to these problems with particular regard to those constraints arising because of the need for ClM systems integration involving both new and existing systems and procedures. The work has involved the application of modern computer technologies, including suitable hardware and software tools, in an industrial environment. Since the research has been undertaken with particular emphasis on the industrial implementor's viewpoint, it is supported by the results of a two phased implementation of computer based control systems within the machine shop of a manufacturing company. This involved the specific implementation of a Distributed Numerical Control system on a single machine in a group technology cell of machines followed by the evolution of this system into Cell and Machine Management Systems to provide a comprehensive decision support and information distribution facility for the foremen and uperators within the cell. The work also required the integration of these systems with existing Factory level manufacturing control and CADCAM functions. Alternative approaches have been investigated which may have been applicable under differing conditions and the implications that this specific work has for CIM systems integration in small batch manufacturing companies evaluated with regard not only to the users within an industrial company but also the systems suppliers external to the company. The work has resulted in certain generic contributions to knowledge by complementing ClM systems integration research with regard to problems encountered; cost implications; the use of appropriate methodologies including the role of emerging international standard methods, tools and technologies and also the importance of 'human integration' when implementing CIM systems in a real industrial situation.