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Description Understanding empathy as a motivated process is common within psychology today (Zaki, 2014; Cameron et al, 2022). In essence, we tend to empathize more when we have underlying motives to do so. One underlying motive that has been suggested to increase empathy is the social desirability and normativity of empathy (Zaki, 2014; Schumann et al, 2014; Weisz & Zaki, 2017). Empathy’s normativity as underlying motivation to empathize was explicitly tested by Weisz and colleagues (2021) and showed significant effects on several outcome measures. Another motive that has been suggested to increase empathy is to simply inform people that empathy is not fixed and unaffectable, but rather motivated and affectable in several ways. Several studies have demonstrated that presenting empathy as being malleable rather than fixed leads to increased empathic behavior (Schumman et al, 2014; Weisz et al, 2021; Hasson et al, 2022). Recently, Weisz and colleagues and Hasson and colleagues explicitly tested motivation-based interventions on empathic behavior, with mixed results. Weisz and colleagues did not find any difference between their conditions for empathy with outgroup members. Neither did they find any condition-based differences between empathy-related ratings of outgroup members on several items (Weisz et al, 2021). They speculate that their interventions, designed to bolster empathic approach behavior, did not affect typical avoidance behavior, such as avoiding empathizing with outgroup members. However, they point out that their experiment was not designed to characterize underlying intervention mechanisms. Interestingly, Hasson and colleagues tested a kind of malleability intervention, telling people that empathy is not limited but unlimited. That lead to more outgroup empathy towards outgroup members measured on several empathy-related items (Hasson et al, 2022). They even suggest a mechanism for the increase in empathy toward outgroup members: when people no longer believe that empathy is limited but unlimited, they think that they have empathy to spare for outgroup members; whereas when people believe that empathy is limited, they save their empathy for their ingroup members (ibid). Their approach can hence be understood as decreasing avoidance behavior, given that people avoided empathizing with outgroup members due to their belief that empathy is a limited resource best saved for ingroup members. Study 1 In a first study, we will reuse the two interventions Hasson and colleagues used in their second study. We will also create two additional interventions. The first one is based on informing people that we can regulate our empathy, without telling them it is unlimited. The second one is based on informing people about the socially desirable effects of empathy and how it is valued in many communities. A fifth condition will be used as control and be about risky financial investments, not empathy. We will test our interventions online, using Prolific, in a potential outgroup context. Participants will be presented with stimuli consisting of a story about a man, Tyrone in one version and John in the second version and make several empathy-related ratings regarding how they felt about the man while reading the story. Participants will also be offered to make real financial donations to the YMCA, which is an organization the man in the story attends to receive help with basic needs. Prolific registers participants’ ethnicity and in the experiment, we will ask explicitly about how they perceived the ethnicity of the man in the story. By matching participants on ethnicity and expected perceived ethnicity of the man in the story, we will try to create an outgroup measure, where e.g. black participants read about John (more likely to be perceived as white). In effect, we test four motivation-based interventions’ effects on empathy to see if we can replicate previous results obtained by Hasson and colleagues and test how well their interventions perform compared to our novel interventions based on an understanding of motivated empathy.

This project examines the beliefs of physicians, nurses, occupational therapists, dentists, and dental hygienists regarding about the epistemology of their disciplines. Specifically, members of those professions were asked about the characteristics of "science," "proven experience," and "personal experience".

We want to understand the process of visual sampling, and the downstream effect on choice.

Introduktion: Distriktssköterskan har som grund i sitt omvårdnadsarbete att stötta alla personer oberoende av ålder och sjukdomstillstånd. Genom distriktssköterskans hälsofrämjande arbete leder hen personerna till livsstilsförändringar. Genom att arbeta personcentrerat och hälsofrämjande ökar viljan att delta i sin omvårdnad. Ett gott näringstillstånd är betydande för den äldre personens hälsa och liv. Syfte: Att beskriva distriktssköterskans hälsofrämjande omvårdnadsarbete med näringstillståndet hos äldre personer inom hemsjukvård Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med induktiv ansats användes. Tolv distriktssköterskor inom hemsjukvård med varierande arbetslivserfarenhet intervjuades. Tematisk analys enligt Braun & Clark användes för att analysera data och få fram teman. Resultat: Under analysen växte två huvudteman och sju underteman fram. Det första temat var Följa personens hälsa - lära känna personen, samarbeta för personens hälsa, påverka personens matvanor och anpassa mat och måltidssituation efter personen. Det andra huvudtemat var Utmaningar som hindrar personens hälsa - personens vilja och förmåga, sakna utbildning och erfarenhet och verksamhetens bristande resurser. Konklusion: Distriktssköterskor strävar efter att arbeta personcentrerat med näringstillståndet hos den äldre personen dock hindras detta av bristande resurser, kunskap, erfarenhet och kontinuitet. Det hälsofrämjande omvårdnadsarbetet handlar inte enbart om personens näringstillstånd utan om hela personens liv.

Reinforcement learning systems usually assume that a value function is defined over all states (or state-action pairs) that can immediately give the value of a particular state or action. These values are used by a selection mechanism to decide which action to take. In contrast, when humans and animals make decisions, they collect evidence for different alternatives over time and take action only when sufficient evidence has been accumulated. We have previously developed a model of memory processing that includes semantic, episodic and working memory in a comprehensive architecture. Here, we describe how this memory mechanism can support decision making when the alternatives cannot be evaluated based on immediate sensory information alone. Instead we first imagine, and then evaluate a possible future that will result from choosing one of the alternatives. Here we present an extended model that can be used as a model for decision making that depends on accumulating evidence over time, whether that information comes from the sequential attention to different sensory properties or from internal simulation of the consequences of making a particular choice. We show how the new model explains both simple immediate choices, choices that depend on multiple sensory factors and complicated selections between alternatives that require forward looking simulations based on episodic and semantic memory structures. In this framework, vicarious trial and error is explained as an internal simulation that accumulates evidence for a particular choice. We argue that a system like this forms the "missing link" between more traditional ideas of semantic and episodic memory, and the associative nature of reinforcement learning.

Tandläkare och tandhygienister graderar beprövad och personlig erfarenhet som bas för sunt beslutsfattande högre än de som jobbar inom hälso- och sjukvården. Varför det är så är inte enkelt att besvara, men det är rimligt att anta att tandläkarnas syn på beprövad och personlig erfarenhet påverkas av rådande kunskapsläge, den organisation inom vilken de verkar samt gällande lagar och förordningar.

Inom tandvården gäller patientsäkerhetslagen, som säger att tandläkare ska ”utföra sitt arbete i överensstämmelse med vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet”. Forskningsprogrammet Vetenskap och Beprövad Erfarenhet, VBE, har undersökt hur man inom tandvården samt hälso- och sjukvården ser på beprövad erfarenhet. Resultatet visar bland annat att tandläkare och tandhygienister graderar personlig erfarenhet, beprövad erfarenhet och vetenskaplig evidens högre än de som jobbar ihälso- och sjukvården.

A key question for evidence-based medicine (EBM) is how best to model the way in which EBM should “[integrate] individual clinical expertise and the best external evidence” (Sackett et al. 1996). We argue that the formulations and models available in the literature today are modest variations on a common theme and face very similar problems. For example, both the early and updated models of evidence-based clinical decisions presented in Haynes, Devereaux and Guyatt (2002) assume (with Sackett, et. al., 1996) that EBM consists of, among other things, evidence from clinical research and clinical expertise. On this A-view, EBM describes all that goes on in a specific justifiable medical decision. There is, however, an alternative interpretation of EBM, the B-view, in which EBM describes just one component of the decision situation (a component usually based on evidence from clinical research) and in which, together with other types of evidence, EBM leads to a justifiable clincial decision but does not describe the decision itself. This B-view is inspired by a 100-years older version of EBM, a Swedish standard requiring medical decision-making and practice to be in accordance with ‘science and proven experience’. In the paper we outline how the Swedish concept leads to an improved understanding of the way in which scientific evidence and clinical experience can and cannot be integrated in light of EBM. In addition the paper sketches the as yet unexplored historical background to EBM.

SAGA - International Workshop on Solutions for Automatic Gaze Data Analysis : Proceedings, SAGA 2015: 2nd International Workshop on Solutions for Automatic Gaze Data Analysis, Bielefeld, 29.-30. September 2015

Syftet var att utvärdera en ny intervju, SRF-ED, Symptomspecific Reflective Functioning - Eating Disorders. Intervjun blev validerad i förhållande till ätstörningssymtom, anknytningsstil och affektmedvetenhet. Sammanlagt deltog 22 personer, 21 kvinnor och en man. De intervjuades med SRF-ED samt ACI-S/O (Affect Consciousness Interview – Self/Others) och fyllde i självskattningsformulären ENR kortform (Erfarenheter i Nära Relationer) och EDE-Q version 6,0 (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire). Resultaten visade att det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan SRF-ED och medvetenhet om äckel, skattat på ACI-S/O. Ju högre medvetenhet om äckel desto högre reflektiv förmåga. Studien fann inga samband mellan SRF-ED och övriga affekter, ENR eller EDE-Q. Den ätstörningsspecifika reflekterande förmågan förefaller inte generellt ha samband med affektmedvetenhet, anknytning och graden avätstörningssymtom. Signifikanta korrelationer fanns mellan affektmedvetenhet, anknytningsstil och ätstörningssymtom.

Syftet var att utvärdera en ny intervju, SRF-ED, Symptomspecific Reflective Functioning - Eating Disorders. Intervjun blev validerad i förhållande till ätstörningssymtom, anknytningsstil och affektmedvetenhet. Sammanlagt deltog 22 personer, 21 kvinnor och en man. De intervjuades med SRF-ED samt ACI-S/O (Affect Consciousness Interview – Self/Others) och fyllde i självskattningsformulären ENR kortform (Erfarenheter i Nära Relationer) och EDE-Q version 6,0 (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire). Resultaten visade att det fanns ett signifikant samband mellan SRF-ED och medvetenhet om äckel, skattat på ACI-S/O. Ju högre medvetenhet om äckel desto högre reflektiv förmåga. Studien fann inga samband mellan SRF-ED och övriga affekter, ENR eller EDE-Q. Den ätstörningsspecifika reflekterande förmågan förefaller inte generellt ha samband med affektmedvetenhet, anknytning och graden avätstörningssymtom. Signifikanta korrelationer fanns mellan affektmedvetenhet, anknytningsstil och ätstörningssymtom.