Search

Water, electrolyte and free amino acid content of the crystalline lens were estimated in patients with nuclear cataract and in immature, mature and hypermature cortical cataract groups. Wet weight/dry weight and sodium/potassium ratios were calculated. Sodium, potassium ratio was significantly higher in immature cortical cataract when compared with the nuclear cataract. With maturation of the cortical cataract, the lens was found to be more hydrated and there was accumulation of sodium. However, free amino acid content of the lens decreased. A hypothesis has been proposed for alterations in the active transport pump of the crystalline lens during the maturation of the cortical cataract.

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are becoming increasingly popular in the scientific community because of their many desirable properties. These features include solution processability, low weight, low cost, and the ability to process on a wide scale using roll-to-roll technology. Enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic systems, particularly high-performance OSCs, requires study into not only material design but also interface engineering. This study demonstrated that two different types of OSCs based on the PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F and PM6:Y6 active layers use a ZnO bilayer electron transport layer (ETL). The ZnO bilayer ETL comprises a ZnO nanoparticle (ZnO NP) and a ZnO layer created from a sol-gel. The effect of incorporating ZnO NPs into the electron transport layer (ETL) was studied; in particular, the effects on the electrical, optical, and morphological properties of the initial ZnO ETL were analyzed. The ability of ZnO films to carry charges is improved by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), which increase their conductivity. The bilayer structure had better crystallinity and a smoother film surface than the single-layer sol-gel ZnO ETL. This led to a consistent and strong interfacial connection between the photoactive layer and the electron transport layer (ETL). Therefore, inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) with PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F and PM6:Y6 as photoactive layers exhibit improved power conversion efficiency and other photovoltaic properties when using the bilayer technique.

The phenomenon of the self‐formation of a passivation layer at the interface of the perovskite/electron‐transport layer (ETL) is observed. FA0.6MA0.4PbI3−xClx perovskite thin film is deposited on a SnO2 nanoparticle thin‐film ETL. It is observed from the depth‐resolved spectroscopy that the Sn2+ ion migrates toward the perovskite layer within the ETL. At the same time, Cl− ion also migrates toward ETL within the perovskite layer. This unique ion migration phenomenon leads us to conclude that a passivating SnCl2 layer is formed at the perovskite/ETL interface. It is found that this SnCl2 layer at the interface works as a passivation layer like Al2O3. There is a significant effect of this self‐formed passivating layer behind the improvement of the device's efficiency and stability. It is believed that this SnCl2 passivation layer helps to reduce the recombination loss at the interface and boosts the performance of the perovskite solar cell (PSC). The perovskite/hole‐transport layer is also passivated with octylammonium bromide. Finally, the PSC offers a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.81% under 1 sun and AM1.5 G condition. Again, it maintains more than 80% of PCE under open‐air room conditions, white light emitting diode, and 85 °C continuous heating for more than 12 h without encapsulation.

The solar energy market is predicted to be shared between Si solar cells and third-generation photovoltaics in the future. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) show the greatest potential to capture a share there as a single junction or in tandem with silicon. Researchers worldwide are looking to optimize the composition of the perovskite film to achieve an optimal bandgap, performance, and stability. Traditional perovskites have a mixture of formamidinium and methyl ammonium as the A-site cation in their ABX3 structure. However, in recent times, the use of cesium and rubidium has become popular for making highly efficient PSCs. A thorough analysis of the performance and stability of double-, triple-, and quadruple-cation PSCs under different environmental conditions was performed in this study. The performance of the device and the films was analyzed by electrical measurements (J–V, dark J–V, EQE), scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence, and X-ray diffraction. The quadruple-cation device with the formula Cs0.07Rb0.03FA0.77MA0.13PbI2.8Br0.2 showed the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.7%. However, this device had the least stability under all conditions. The triple-cation device with the formula Cs0.1FA0.6MA0.3PbI2.8Br0.2, with a slightly lower PCE (21.2%), was considerably more stable, resulting in about 30% more energy harvested than that using the other two devices during their life cycle.

Byline: V. Gupta, M. Chugh, B. Walia, S. Vaishya, A. Jha Sir, It is known that early recognition and management that occur during a neuroendovascular procedure complications can improve clinical [...]

Byline: A. Jha, G. Rahmathulla, S. Vaishya, B. Walia, V. Gupta We present our initial experience with the high field (1.5T) intra-operative magnetic resonance imaging, the operating room set-up, our [...]

The bored pile foundations are gaining popularity in construction industry because of ease in construction, low noise and vibrations. The load-carrying capacity of bored pile foundations is dependent upon soil-structure interaction. This being a three-dimensional problem is further complicated due to large variations in soil properties. Also, modeling of soil is difficult because of its nonlinear and anisotropic nature. For such cases, the artificial neural network (ANN) and nature-inspired optimization techniques have been found to be highly suitable to attain acceptable levels of accuracy. In the present study, two ANNs have been trained for determination of unit skin friction and unit end bearing capacity from soil properties. The training data for ANNs have been obtained from finite element analysis of pile foundations for 4809 different soil types. A dataset of 50 field pile loading test results is used to check the performance of the developed artificial neural networks. To enhance the accuracy of the developed ANNs, two correlation factors have been determined by applying four popular nature-inspired optimization algorithms: particle swarm optimization (PSO), fire flies, cuckoo search and bacterial foraging. In order to rank these optimization algorithms, parametric and nonparametric statistical analysis has been carried out. The results of optimization algorithms have been compared to find the most suitable solution for this multi-dimensional problem which has a large number of nonlinear equality constraints. The effectiveness and suitability of the nature-inspired algorithms for the presented problem have been demonstrated by computing correlation coefficients with field pile loading test results and then with the total execution time taken by each algorithm. The results of comparison show that PSO is the best performer for such constrained problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]