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Robust capuchin monkeys, Sapajus genus, are among the most phenotypically diverse and widespread groups of primates in South America, with one of the most confusing and often shifting taxonomies. We used a ddRADseq approach to generate genome-wide SNP markers for 171 individuals from all putative extant species of Sapajus to access their evolutionary history. Using maximum likelihood, multispecies coalescent phylogenetic inference, and a Bayes Factor method to test for alternative hypotheses of species delimitation, we inferred the phylogenetic history of the Sapajus radiation, evaluating the number of discrete species supported. Our results support the recognition of three species from the Atlantic Forest south of the São Francisco River, with these species being the first splits in the robust capuchin radiation. Our results were congruent in recovering the Pantanal and Amazonian Sapajus as structured into three monophyletic clades, though new morphological assessments are necessary, as the Amazonian clades do not agree with previous morphology-based taxonomic distributions. Phylogenetic reconstructions for Sapajus occurring in the Cerrado, Caatinga, and northeastern Atlantic Forest were less congruent with morphology-based phylogenetic reconstructions, as the bearded capuchin was recovered as a paraphyletic clade, with samples from the Caatinga biome being either a monophyletic clade or nested with the blond capuchin monkey.

Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in 1947 with the virus isolation from Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) in Uganda forest, Africa. Old World Primates are involved in a sylvatic cycle of maintenance of this arbovirus, however a limited knowledge about the role of New World primates in ZIKV transmission cycles has been established.This work aimed to investigate the presence of enzootic circulation of ZIKV in New World Primates from three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraíba, and Paraná.We analyzed 100 non-human primate samples collected in 2018 and 2020 from free-ranging and captive environments from São Paulo (six municipalities belonging to Sorocaba region), Paraíba (João Pessoa municipality), and Paraná (Foz do Iguaçu municipality) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase reaction (RT-qPCR) assays, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT).All samples (n = 141) tested negative for the presence of ZIKV genome from tissue and blood samples. In addition, all sera (n = 58) from Foz do Iguaçu' non-human primates (NHPs) were negative in serological assays.No evidence of ZIKV circulation (molecular and serological) was found in neotropical primates. In addition, the absence of antibodies against ZIKV suggests the absence of previous viral exposure of NHPs from Foz do Iguaçu-PR.

espanolEn un intento por verificar los puntos de convergencia entre Salud Unica, Terapia Comunitaria Integradora (TCI) y los aspectos de la pandemia de COVID-19, se propuso un trabajo critico de tipo ensayo, con un enfoque cualitativo que pretendio aportar una lectura interdisciplinaria, interprofesional e intersectorial sobre el tema. Para comprender mejor los conceptos y aspectos practicos de la Salud Unica y la TCI se propuso adaptar la figura de la “Sombrilla de Salud Unica” con elementos de la TCI. El enfoque de la Salud Unica y la TCI frente a la globalizacion, los aspectos de su complejidad y el empoderamiento individual y colectivo para llegar a las esferas administrativas, tanto en la elaboracion de la planificacion como en la definicion de los protocolos que, por regla general, tocan la piel del ciudadano. Por lo tanto, la Salud Unica y la TCI se articulan en torno a una vision unica y fraternal de la vida. portuguesNa tentativa de verificar os pontos de convergencia entre a Saude Unica, Terapia Comunitaria Integrativa (TCI) e aspectos da Pandemia de COVID-19, foi proposto um trabalho do tipo ensaio critico, com abordagem qualitativa que teve por finalidade trazer uma leitura interdisciplinar, interprofissional e intersetorial sobre o assunto. Para melhor compreensao dos conceitos e aspectos praticos da Saude Unica e TCI foi proposta a adaptacao da figura do “Guarda-Chuva da Saude Unica” com elementos da TCI. A abordagem da Saude Unica e TCI frente a globalizacao, os aspectos de sua complexidade e o empoderamento individual e coletivo para alcancar as esferas administrativas, tanto na elaboracao do planejamento quanto na definicao dos protocolos que, via de regra, tocam a pele do cidadao. Portanto, a Saude Unica e a TCI se articulam em torno de uma visao unica e fraterna da vida. EnglishIn an attempt to verify the points of convergence between One Health, Integrative Community Therapy (ICT) and aspects of the COVID-19 Pandemic, a critical essay was proposed, through a qualitative approach that aimed to bring an interdisciplinary, interprofessional and intersectoral reading on the subject. To better understand the concepts and practical aspects of One Health and ICT, it was proposed the adaptation of One Health Umbrella’s figure, with elements of the ICT. The approach of One Health and ICT in face of globalization, the aspects of its complexity and the individual and collective empowerment to reach the administrative spheres, both in the elaboration of the planning and in the definition of the protocols that, as a rule, touch the citizen's skin. Therefore, One Health and ICT are articulated around a unique and fraternal vision of life.

O estudo objetivou analisar os possíveis efeitos da Terapia Comunitária Integrativa (TCI) na integração, empoderamento e autocuidado do controle do diabetes mellitus dos usuários da Associação de Diabéticos de Foz do Iguaçu-PR (ADIFI). Pesquisa descritiva e de delineamento quase-experimental. Na qual analisou-se os efeitos da TCI sobre o autocuidado dos participantes, e sobre parâmetros clínicos (glicemia, pressão arterial), antes e após um intervalo consecutivo de rodas de TCI. Aplicou-se o teste t pareado e regressão linear. Os encontros ocorreram entre 15/05/19 a 11/03/20. Constatou-se melhora da glicemia e pressão sistólica, possivelmente consequência de mudanças de hábitos dos participantes indicando maior autocuidado para o enfrentamento dessa doença crônica. Infere-se que a educação em saúde, desenvolvidos na ADIFI, pode também estar influenciando positivamente a qualidade de vida dos participantes. Conclui-se que os encontros de TCI auxiliaram na aquisição de maior resiliência, autocuidado e integração dos participantes.

Human cases of dengue virus based on the National Dengue Control Plan were compared with the molecular detection of the dengue virus in trapped mosquitoes, verifying the prediction and efficacy potentials of vector control between the two methodologies in a city with three endemic frontiers. Molecular detection of dengue virus in trapped mosquitoes was significantly higher than in human cases (

Introduction Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) primarily occurs in the Americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. This study investigated the serological presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. Methods From June 2004 to December 2005, sera from 133 monkeys (Alouatta caraya, n=43; Sapajus nigritus, n=64; Sapajus cay, n=26) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin region and 23 blood samples from farm horses were obtained and used for the serological detection of a panel of 19 arboviruses. All samples were analyzed in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive monkey samples were confirmed in a mouse neutralization test (MNT). Additionally, all blood samples were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture for viral isolation. Results Positive seroreactivity was only observed for SLEV. A prevalence of SLEV antibodies in sera was detected in Alouatta caraya (11.6%; 5/43), Sapajus nigritus (12.5%; 8/64), and S. cay (30.8%; 8/26) monkeys with the HI assay. Of the monkeys, 2.3% (1/42) of A. caraya, 6.3% 94/64) of S. nigritus, and 15.4% (4/26) of S. cay were positive for SLEV in the MNT. Additionally, SLEV antibodies were detected by HI in 39.1% (9/23) of the horses evaluated in this study. Arboviruses were not isolated from any blood sample. Conclusions These results confirmed the presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. These findings most likely represent the first detection of this virus in nonhuman primates beyond the Amazon region. The detection of SLEV in animals within a geographical region distant from the Amazon basin suggests that there may be widespread and undiagnosed dissemination of this disease in Brazil.

Three primates (Alouatta caraya, Sapajus nigritus and Sapajus cay) are found in riparian areas of the Upper Parana River in southern Brazil. Population densities of these three species were estimated from October 2004 through September 2005 by counts on linear transects in riparian forests on two riverine islands and adjacent shores in the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Parana. A total of 397 sightings of these species were accumulated in 188 km of traversed transects. Alouatta caraya was the most abundant species on the large island (2.56 ind ha-1) and on the Mato Grosso do Sul side (0.84 ind ha-1). This density was greater than twice that of the sympatric S. cay (0.31 ind ha-1). Sapajus nigritus was the most abundant species on the Parana side (0.51 ind ha-1) followed by A. caraya (0.40 ind ha-1). The folivorous A. caraya was the most abundant in flooded forests, while the omnivorous Sapajus species were less so. Differences in forests, conservation status, dispersal restrictions and autecolo...

Descreveram-se os valores hematológicos de bugios pretos (Alouatta caraya) e estabeleceram-se diferenças entre sexo e idade, de 36 animais aparentemente saudáveis, de vida livre da região do Alto Rio Paraná, sul do Brasil. Os animais foram capturados e contidos quimicamente com cloridrato de tiletamina e cloridrato de zolazepam, na dose média de 5,5mg/kg, por via intramuscular. Na comparação entre os sexos, houve diferença para número de hemácias (4,48±1,36 e 3,58±0,91 x10(6)/mm³), maior nas fêmeas, e volume globular médio (90,99±27,65 e 118,36±44,63fL) e número de eosinófilos (0,30±0,24 e 0,76±0,85 x10³/mm³), maior nos machos. O volume globular (39,46±3,53 e 36,69±3,54%) e a proteína total plasmática (7,91±0,53 e 7,40±0,63g/dL) foram significativamente mais baixos nos animais jovens.

We evaluated blood samples obtained from 80 free-ranging healthy capuchins (Cebus cay and C. nigritus) to establish hematological reference values and to assess the influence of sex and age on them. We caught the monkeys in the Parana River region of Southern Brazil via manual or automatic traps. We anesthetized them intramuscularly with 3.6 mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam hydrochlorides. After physical examinations, we divided the sample according to sex and age: 26 females (13 adults and 13 juveniles) and 54 males (27 adults and 27 juveniles). We collected blood and determined hematological values via traditional published methods. We analyzed data via 2-way ANOVA to test the effect of sex, age, and interactions between the 2 factors. The packed-cell volume was higher in adult males and the numbers of white blood cells and lymphocytes were higher in juveniles. There is no other significant difference.

Universidade Federal da Integra??o Latino-Americana. Foz do Igua?u, PR, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Paran?. Curitiba, PR, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Paran?. Curitiba, PR, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Paran?. Curitiba, PR, Brasil. Secretaria de Estado de Sa?de do Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande, MS, Brasil. Secretaria de Estado de Sa?de do Paran?. Curitiba, PR, Brasil. Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Departamento de Medicina Veterin?ria e Preventiva e Cl?nica de Pequenos Animais. Londrina, PR, Brasil. Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Departamento de Medicina Veterin?ria e Preventiva e Cl?nica de Pequenos Animais. Londrina, PR, Brasil. Universidade Federal da Integra??o Latino-Americana. Foz do Igua?u, PR, Brasil. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conserva??o da Biodiversidade. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conserva??o de Primatas Brasileiros. Jo?o Pessoa, PB, Brasil. Universidade Federal do Paran?. Curitiba, PR, Brasil. Universidade Regional de Blumenau. Santa Catarina, SC, Brasil. Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Departamento de Medicina Veterin?ria e Preventiva e Cl?nica de Pequenos Animais. Londrina, PR, Brasil. Nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), as well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. During this study, blood samples were collected from 112 Neotropical primates (NTPs) (Sapajus nigritus and S. cay, n = 75; Alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the Paran? River basin, Brazil, located between the States of Paran? and Mato Grosso do Sul. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies were detected in 4.5 per cent (5/112) of NTPs, specifically in 6.7 per cent (5/75) of Sapajus spp. and 0 per cent (0/37) of A. caraya. In addition, all samples were negative for the presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies. These results suggest that free-ranging NTPs were exposed to HAV within the geographical regions evaluated.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in wild New World monkeys (Cebus sp. and Alouatta caraya). A total of 93 animals (Cebus sp., n = 68 and Alouatta caraya, n = 25) were captured in the Paraná River basin, Paraná State, Brazil and the serum samples were analyzed by ELISA and immunodiffusion using P. brasiliensis gp43 and exoantigen as antigens, respectively. The seropositivity observed by ELISA was 44.1% and 60% for Cebus sp. and A. caraya, respectively, while by immunodiffusion test Cebus sp. showed positivity of 2.9% only. No significant difference was observed in relation to age and sex. This is the first report of paracoccidioidomycosis in wild capuchin monkeys and in wild-black and golden-howler monkeys. The high positivity to P. brasiliensis infection in both species evaluated in our study and the positivity by immunodiffusion test in Cebus sp. suggest that natural disease may be occurring in wild monkeys living in paracoccidioidomycosis endemic areas.

Researchers consider predation rates by terrestrial animals to be lower in the case of arboreal primates, particularly among large-bodied species. We recorded the consumption of black-and-gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) by cougars (Puma concolor) as evidence of predation on an island of the upper Parana River. We collected and processed fecal samples of the felid in 2004 and 2005. We identified items in the laboratory by comparison with museum specimens. We considered each species in a fecal sample as a single occurrence. Based on analysis of the cuticle scale pattern, we identified the felid as cougar. Howlers occurred in 4 out of the 8 fecal samples (40% of the occurrences). In addition to howlers, we also recorded 5 occurrences of agouti (Dasyprocta azarae; 50%) and a small unidentified sigmodontine rodent (10%). The abundance of howlers and the low forest canopy in a successional vegetation might have facilitated the predation of the large primates by a primarily terrestrial predator. The versatility of cougars is corroborated by the consumption of prey species that were abundant in the region and that were available in different forest strata, such as howlers and agoutis.

The difficulty of capturing capuchins(genus Cebus)via anesthetic projectiles, as well as the scarcity of methodological descriptions of operational trapping programs, are widely known. The limitations hamper studies focusing on the conservation and evaluation of the health of capuchins that depend on their capture. We report on techniques and trap models used for capturing black tufted capuchins(Cebus nigritus)in Londrina, Telemaco Borba, and Porto Rico, municipalities of the State of Parana, Southern Brazil. Captures occurred in forest fragments, continuous forests, and gallery forests belonging to several vegetational formations. The trap model we developed was a 2×2×3 m cage equipped with a 2×1 m door that we operated manually from a distance. We used live traps measuring 0.5×0.5×0.5 m simultaneously with large traps. We provided weekly bait stations using ca. 20 kg of food 1–2 mo before capture, during which we developed a whistle emulating a type of vocalization emitted by the primates that we used to habituate and attract the group to the bait station. The technique was very useful to find groups and to attract them more easily to the traps. We physically contained the captured individuals with nets, followed by manual restraining. For chemical restraining, we applied an anesthetic protocol based on the use of Zoletil ®.We kept the subjects in smaller cages until they recovered from anesthesia, and maintained them in the cages thereafter, facilitating the attraction of other individuals to the larger cage.Wecaptured 85 capuchins in the State of Parana. Of the individuals that could be sexed, 65.1% were males and 34.8% were females. In addition to the capture of primates, we showed that the type of cage described here was versatile enough to capture other mammals such as tayra(Eira barbara), peccary(Pecari tajacu), and coatis(Nasua nasua). Because of the similarity in the foraging behavior and diet among capuchin species, we suggest that the program described here could be extended to the capture of other species in thegenus Cebusthroughout its geographical range. We also describe a list of steps that need to be taken, based on our satisfactory results in several different localities, to conduct a capture program that is both efficient for researchers and safe for the subjects.

Howlers (genus Alouatta) are widely captured with the use of anesthetic projectiles; however, no capture protocol involving the use of traps has been described to date. In the present study we describe the first efficient capture program for black and gold howlers (Alouatta caraya) using traps, which was implemented on the islands of the upper Paraná River in southern Brazil. We constructed two trap models with either manual or automatic activation (trap A with two entrances and guillotine-type doors; trap B with one entrance and a guillotine-type door). The traps were suspended in the canopy by means of vertical climbing techniques, and were baited regularly and abundantly with bananas and mangoes. We captured 70 howlers (86% using manual activation and 14% using automatic activation) on four different islands. We restrained 41 of these animals and measured their body mass, which averaged 5.30 kg+/-1.79. Given our results, we suggest that the system described in the present study represents an alternative capture program for howlers in areas that have low food diversity and no other mammal species that will compete for the bait, as has been observed in riparian environments, islands, and forest fragments.

In this study, we captured 60 wild New World monkeys (Cebus spp.; Alouatta caraya) at the Paraná river basin, Paraná State, Brazil, and modified agglutination test (MAT) was performed to evaluate anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Prevalence was 30.2% (13/43) in Cebus spp. (capuchin monkeys) and 17.6% (3/17) for A. caraya (black and golden howler monkeys). MAT showed antibody titers of 16 (15/16) and 64 (1/16). Herein, we have observed an odds ratio (OR)=4.67 (1.06OR21.42, p0.01) among monkeys with presumed risk of human contact. There were not any statistical differences among age, species and sex (p0.05). The present work is the first report on serum occurrence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in wild capuchin monkeys and in wild black and golden howler monkeys.

Os arbovírus (abreviação do termo em inglês arthropod-borne virus) são um grupo de vírus transmitidos entre hospedeiros vertebrados suscetíveis por meio de vetores artrópodes hematófagos. Estes vírus representam um sério problema de saúde pública no Brasil e no mundo devido ao seu potencial epidêmico e por serem responsáveis por elevadas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre aspectos gerais dos arbovírus e sua importância em saúde pública e sobre o papel dos primatas não humanos no seu ciclo de transmissão.

Background This study evaluated the presence of rotavirus groups A, B, and C (RV-A, RV-B, and RV-C), sapovirus (SaV), and norovirus (NoV) in asymptomatic non-human primates (NHP). Methods Fecal samples were collected from 19 recently captured (Red-howler, Alouatta guariba clamitans, n = 18; Howler, Alouatta caraya, n = 1) and 43 free-ranging NHP (Marmosets, Callithrix spp., Callithrix penicillata, n = 30; Black-faced lion tamarin, Leontopithecus caissara, n = 12, Red-howler, Alouatta guariba clamitans, n = 1) that were maintained in southern Brazil without manifestation of diarrhea. Screening was performed by a combination of silver-stained polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (ss-PAGE) and RT-PCR analyses. Results All samples were negative for RV-A, RV-B, RV-C, SaV, and NoV by both assays. Conclusion The negative results obtained might be due to the absence of clinical manifestations of disease in the population of NHP evaluated.

Pet owner characteristics such as age, gender, income/social class, marital status, rural/urban residence and household type have been shown to be associated with the number of owned pets. However, few studies to date have attempted to evaluate these associations in Brazil. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association between age and income of owners and the number of owned dogs and cats in a Brazilian urban center. Pinhais, metropolitan area of Curitiba, Southern Brazil, the seventh largest city in Brazil, was chosen for this study. Questionnaires were administered door-to-door between January and February 2007 and data were analyzed by zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) models. A total of 13,555 of 30,380 (44.62%) households were interviewed. The majority (62.43%) of households reported having one or more dogs, with one or two dogs being the most common (29.97% and 19.71%, respectively). Cat ownership per household was much lower (P=0.001) than dog ownership, with 90% of the households reported having no owned cats. ZINB analyses indicated that income is not associated with the number of both dogs and cats among households that have pets. However, households from higher income categories were more likely to have dogs (but not cats) when compared to the lowest income category (P

Howler monkeys (Alouatta Lacèpéde, 1799) are folivores-frugivores with flexible diets depending on conditions. Here, we compare the diets of Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) in two riparian forests (island and mainland), in Porto Rico region, Upper Paraná River, Southern Brazil. Howlers were followed from October 2004 to September 2005 in the riparian forest of a 1,050 ha island and in the continuous riparian forest on the mainland (left bank of the river). The "scan sampling" method with instantaneous samples every 15 minutes was used. Besides vines, diet breadth was similar: 17 species consumed on the island versus 16 species on the mainland. Both consumed leaves followed by fruits more than any other food type (leaves: island - 65%, mainland - 49%, fruits: island - 24%, mainland - 46%). Even though the plant Cecropia pachystachya Trécul is less abundant in the mainland it was the item most consumed in both locations all year long, which suggests its importance for the howlers. Diet also varied both seasonally and between the island and mainland, apparently following changes in local abundance of each item and due to plant phenologies. Os bugios (Alouatta Lacèpéde, 1799) são primatas folívoros-frugívoros que podem adaptar suas dietas dependendo das condições do ambiente. O presente trabalho compara a dieta de grupos de Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) presentes em matas ciliares estruturalmente diferentes (ilha e continente), na região de Porto Rico, Alto rio Paraná, sul do Brasil. Os bugios-pretos foram seguidos de outubro de 2004 a setembro de 2005 em mata ciliar de uma ilha fluvial de 1050 ha e em mata ciliar contínua da margem esquerda do rio. Foi utilizado o método "scan sampling" em amostragens instantâneas com intervalos de 15 minutos. Além das lianas, 17 espécies foram consumidas na ilha versus 16 espécies no continente. Ambos os grupos consumiram mais folhas seguido de frutos do que qualquer outro tipo de alimento (folhas: ilha - 65%, continente - 49%, frutos: ilha - 24%, continente - 46%). Apesar de Cecropia pachystachya Trécul ser menos abundante no continente, foi o item mais consumido em ambas localidades durante todo o ano, o que sugere sua importância para os bugios. As dietas também variaram sazonalmente e entre os locais, aparentemente seguindo mudanças em abundâncias dos itens e devido à fenologia.

The region of Porto Rico, on the Upper Paraná River, is a contact zone between the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado, with elements of the Pantanal wetlands. During surveys from September 2003 to September to 2005, we recorded the presence of non-volant mammals on 14 islands and the adjacent riverbanks. Surveys were by foot and by boat, and we also interviewed local people about the mammals of the region. Sightings of three primate species - Cebus nigritus (Goldfuss, 1809) (left margin of the river), C. libidinosus Spix, 1823 (right margin) and Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) (both margins and 12 islands) - were plotted on a satellite image. Alouatta clamitans Cabrera, 1940 was not recorded. However, interviews indicated that this species has occurred in this region in the past. The survey of mammals revealed the occurrence of 32 native species, a native genus with one or more unidentified species, and two introduced species [Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 and Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758)]. The study discusses the permeability of the Paraná River to dispersal, as well as its potential as a geographical barrier to some species. Hypothesis on the local extinction of A. clamitans is also addressed. This study provides information that can be useful for promoting the conservation of this region. A região de Porto Rico, Alto Rio Paraná, é zona de contato entre a Mata Atlântica e o Cerrado, com influências do Pantanal. Este estudo levantou as espécies de primatas da região para a confecção de um mapa de ocorrências. Listou-se as ocorrências de mamíferos não-voadores, discriminando os registros entre os ambientes de ilhas e margens opostas. Para tanto, além do auxílio de entrevistas, as matas de 14 ilhas e das margens foram percorridas por terra e de barco durante setembro de 2003 a setembro de 2005. Pontos de avistamento dos primatas foram plotados em imagem de satélite. Três espécies de primatas foram registradas: Cebus nigritus somente na margem esquerda do rio e em uma ilha próxima do continente; C. libidinosus somente na margem direita e Alouatta caraya em ambas as margens do rio e em 12 ilhas. Alouatta clamitans não foi encontrada, porém sua ocorrência passada foi registrada durante as entrevistas. O levantamento listou a ocorrência de 32 espécies nativas, um gênero com espécie(s) não identificada(s) e duas espécies introduzidas (Lepus europaeus e Sus scrofa). Este trabalho discute a permeabilidade do Rio Paraná para a dispersão e barreira geográfica para certas espécies. Hipóteses para a extinção de A. clamitans são discutidas. Este estudo promove informações úteis para a conservação da região.

Epizootias em animais selvagens podem ser consideradas importantes indicadores para saúde pública, porém pouco utilizadas em vigilância epidemiológica. Avaliação de primatas não humanos (PNH), como "animais sentinelas", foi realizada através deste estudo na região do município de Porto Rico-PR, alto Rio Paraná, no período de junho de 2004 a abril de 2006. Técnicas de captura foram utilizadas para três espécies nativas de PNH: Alouatta caraya, Cebus negritus, Cebus cay. Uma tropa de cavalos de fazenda, que freqüentava local próximo a um dos locais de captura de PNH, foi utilizada na pesquisa. Amostras de sangue, soro, fezes, pêlos, entre outras, foram colhidas, separadas e utilizadas para avaliar o perfil sanitário dos animais. Procedimentos operacionais foram padronizados para realizar a vigilância de epizootias de forma rápida e ordenada. Quatro esquemas de trabalho a campo foram propostos: dois na forma passiva e dois na forma ativa. Os vírus da encefalite Saint Louis (SLEV) (n=133 PNH; n=23 cavalos de fazenda) e da doença de Borna (BDV) (n=147 PNH) foram diagnosticados. A prevalência de anticorpos contra SLEV foi de 11.62% (A. caraya), 12.50% (C. nigritus), 30.77% (C. cay) pelo teste de inibição da hemaglutinação. Destes, 2.32% (A. caraya), 6.25% (C. nigritus) e 15.38% (C. cay) foram confirmados por soroneutralização em camundongos. Para os cavalos de fazenda a prevalência de anticorpos contra SLEV foi de 39.13% pelo teste de inibição da hemaglutinação, não sendo confirmada por soroneutralização em camundongos. Nenhum arbovírus foi isolado das 133 amostras de sangue de PNH e das 23 amostras de sangue de eqüinos testadas em células C6/36. A presença de BDV p24 RNA foi investigada pela transcrição reversa e nested PCR utilizando primers específicos para o fragmento p24 do BDV. A prevalência do BDV nestes macacos foi de 15,38%. As seqüências obtidas revelaram identidade com os dados seqüenciais depositados no GenBank para BDV. Somente primatas da espécie Cebus cay foram positivos para o BDV. Este resultado pode ajudar a entender a distribuição do BDV e SLEV entre as espécies de primatas e o possível papel destes animais na manutenção dos vírus no meio ambiente. Epizootics in wild animals can be considered important public health indicators, besides little used in epidemiological surveillance. Evaluation of non human primates (NHP), like ?sentinels animals?, was realized through this study in Porto Rico County region, upper Paraná River, including Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul States, Brazil, between June/04 and April/06. Capture techniques were used for three native species: Alouatta caraya, Cebus nigritus and Cebus cay. A horse farm herd was used in present study because lived near by one of the PNH capture locals. Biological material (blood, sera, feces, and others) was collected, separated and used to evaluate sanitary status. Operational proceedings were standardized to do quick and ordinate epizootics surveillance. Four types of field work were proposed: two in passive way and two in active form. Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) (n=133 PNH; n=23 farm horses) and Borna disease virus (BDV) (n=147 PNH) were diagnosed. The antibodies prevalence against SLEV was 11.62% (A. caraya), 12.50% (C. nigritus), 30.77% (C. cay) by inhibition hemagglutination test. From these, 2.32% (A. caraya), 6.25% (C. nigritus) and 15.38% (C. cay) were confirmed by serum neutralization in mice. For farm horses the antibodies prevalence against SLEV was 39.13% by inhibition hemagglutination test, do not being confirmed by serum neutralization in mice. No arbovirus was isolated of 133 PNH blood samples and 23 farm horses blood samples. The BDV p24 RNA presence was investigated by reverse transcription and nested PCR using specific primers to p24 from BDV. Prevalence of p24 RNA of BDV in these monkeys was 15.38%. The obtained sequences revealed identity with sequential database deposited in GenBank to BDV. Only Cebus cay monkeys were positive to BDV. This result helps understanding the distribution of BDV and SLEV between monkey species and the possible role of these animals in virus environmental maintenance.

Orientador: Debora de Queiroz Tavares Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: Foram estudadas as condições de manejo pós-abate de músculos suínos potencialmente PSE com a finalidade de conhecer as variáveis que contribuem para o incremento da qualidade da carne suína PSE. Foram empregadas duas formas de desossa, convencional e à quente, e três formas de resfriamento, convencional (0°C), túnel de congelamento (-30°C) e armário criogênico (-45°C). O material do trabalho foi constituído de suínos da raça Pietrain, portadores do gene Haln, comprovadamente suscetíveis ao estresse e à formação de carnes PSE; para controle foram empregados híbridos comerciais, Large White x Pietrain. Um total de 40 suínos, dos quais 36 eram halotano positivos (Haln Haln) foi destinado ao abate com 5 meses de idade. Foram constituídos 4 lotes de 10 animais e os abates sucederam-se a cada 15 dias, perfazendo um total de 4 abates. Dos 10 animais que entraram em cada abate, 5 foram submetidos à desossa convencional e os outros 5 à desossa à quente. Após a desossa à quente os músculos (M longíssimas dorsi e M semimembranosus) foram embalados à vácuo e submetidos a dois resfriamentos rápidos: um lote à -45°C e outro à -30°C. Após o resfriamento, os músculos foram mantidos à 0°C durante o estudo efetuado. Para os animais submetidos à desossa convencional, foi omitida a fase de resfriamento rápido. As características da carne suína PSE foram estudadas através dos seguintes parâmetros; temperatura, pH, capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), cor e textura. Para o estudo da textura analisaram-se a força de cisalhamento (WBS), o índice de Fragmentação Miofibrilar (IFM) e o Comprimento de Sarcômero (CS). Os tratamentos de desossa à quente e resfriamento rápido não alteraram de modo significativo o pH medido a 24h post mortem, o qual já estava abaixo do normal na primeira hora postmortem. Todavia, os valores de pH a 24h que mais se aproximaram dos controles foram medidos nos M semimembranosus submetidos à desossa e resfriamentos convencionais. O estudo da capacidade de retenção de água por geleificação das proteínas míofibrilares (CRA PM) dos M hmgissimw dorsi demonstrou que as desossas e os resfriamentos empregados não foram suficientes para elevar a retenção de água ao nível das carnes controles. Entretanto, os másculos PSE submetidos à desossa à quente seguida de resfriamentos rápidos demonstraram melhor capacidade de retenção de água. A comparação dos resultados obtidos com CRA PM e CRA P (capacidade de retenção de água por geleificação das proteínas miofibrilares e por prensagem) demonstrou que a CRA P além de menos laborioso, apresentou uma distribuição de resultados mais homogênea. A análise de cor de Luminosidade (LHunter) e teor de vermelho (ahunter) mostraram valores semelhantes para carnes PSE e normais. Quanto ao teor de amarelo (bHunter), que em carnes PSE teria valores superiores a 15,0 , neste trabalho estiveram entre 1,5 e 4,2. A força de cisalhamento (WBS), empregada para avaliação da textura apresentou valores muito próximos para as carnes PSE e normais, e sobretudo foram semelhantes estatisticamente nos três tratamentos empregados. O índice de Fragmentação Miofibrílar úmido (IFMU) foi semelhante entre as carnes PSE demonstrando ausência de influência dos Tratamentos. O armazenamento até o 8º dia promoveu ligeiro amaciamento nas carnes PSE e mais acentuado nas carnes controle. As médias de comprimentos de sarcômeros para carnes normais e PSE se situaram entre 2,0 e 2,1 um em todos os tratamentos; comprimento de sarcômero, portanto, não foi elemento distintivo de carne PSE. O estudo permitiu concluir que os índices avaliados nas carnes suínas PSE não eram comparáveis com os de literatura. E mais ainda, as carnes controle deste estudo apresentaram valores muito próximos dos valores obtidos para as carnes PSE Abstract: Potentially PSE pork muscles were studied to determine the possible effects of post-slaughter treatment on pork quality. Two kinds of deboning were used, one conventional after 24h of cooling and the other immediately after slaughter; three kinds of cooling treatment were also used: treatment in a tunnel freezer (-30°C) and in a freeze-drying cabinet (-45°C), as well as the conventional procedure in a standard freezer (0°C) Four lots of ten five-month-old pigs each were slaughtered at 15-day intervals, for a total of 40 animals, 36 of these being halothane positive (Haln Haln) and the other 4 as controls (normal). Of the 10 animals in each lot, 5 were deboned conventionally and the other 5 prior to cooling. After the experimental treatment, the M. longissimus dorsi and M semimembranosus muscles were vacuum packed and half were submitted to each of two quick-chilling treatments. After cooling, the muscles were stored at 0°C for the duration of the study. For those animals undergoing conventional deboning, the muscles remained in the conventional freezer. The characteristics of PSE pork were studied by means of the following parameters: temperature, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), color and texture. The texture was investigated by resistance to shear force (WBS), index of myofibrillar fragmentation (IMF) and sarcomere length (SL). Deboning prior to chilling followed by rapid cooling did not significantly change the average 24h post mortem pH, although the pH had already dropped below normal after a single hour. After 24 hours, the pH values closest to those of the controls were found in the M. semimembranosus muscle submitted to conventional deboning after cooling at 0°C. Two methods for studying the water holding capacity were used. Gelification of myofibrillar proteins (WHC MP) of the M. longissimus dorsi showed that the traditional deboning and cooling were not sufficient to increase the retention of water to the level of the control meat, although PSE muscles submitted to deboning prior to cooling showed a greater water holding capacity. Since this method is extremely sensitive and time-consuming, however, the results are often unreliable, and it seems mat the simpler pressure method is preferable for routine usage. The analysis of color, luminosity (LHunter), and red pigment content (aHunter) revealed similar values for PSE and normal pork. Yellow pigment (bHunter), however, was greatly reduced in the PSE pork. It should have a value above 15.0, yet in these samples, both normal and PSE, it varied between 1.5 and 4.2. The evaluation of the texture of PSE and normal pork also revealed no significant differences. Shear force, myofibrillar fragmentation and sarcomere length were found to be equivalent in both types of muscles, although after the eighth day of storage, normal pork had undergone greater softening than PSE pork. The results of this study were quite surprising. Not only were the differences between genetically-tested PSE and normal pigs minimal, but the results of neither group was compatible with the results expected from those reported in the literature Mestrado Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

The investigation of outbreaks of Food Borne Diseases (FBD) is challenging. For the Health Surveillance is essential to identify groups and risk factors associated with the DTA. The aim of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of outbreaks of DTA occurred in 29 counties that comprise the 2nd Regional Health, the Department of Health of Parana, Brazil, from 2005-2008. Tabulated to 472 reports of food the Central Laboratory of the State of Parana(LACEN-PR) chips and notified the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) of suspected cases of DTA. The group most affected were females with 50.51% of the cases. Individuals between 20 and 49 years of age were most often involved in 49.50% of cases. Restaurants (27.65%) of affected individuals and households (36.17%) were the preparation and consumption sites most frequently involved. Manipulation / inadequate preparation of food (36.95%) and inadequate form of consumption (23.90%) were the most prevalent causative factors. Most confirmations of outbreaks was based on clinical and epidemiological (44.68%). With respect to micro-organisms identified in the samples analyzed, the results showed predominance Escherichia coli (health indicator), followed by Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus . The foods most frequently involved were milk (29.68%) and fruits and vegetables (24.21%). With this study can guide preventive measures and control of DTA in the population studied.

A urbanização desordenada e a precariedade das condições de higiene e saneamento básico propiciam o aumento do número de roedores, pois conferem os elementos essenciais (água, abrigo e alimento) à manutenção desta sinatrópicos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de Toxoplasma gondii e enteroparasitas em ratos capturados na área urbana de Londrina-PR. De 181 Rattus rattus e um Mus musculus capturados em 37 pontos de armazenamento e/ou reciclagem de resíduos sólidos, 16 (8,8%) foram positivos ao Toxoplasma gondii. Destes, sete foram positivos ao sorodiagnóstico (Imunofluorescência Indireta-IFI), outros sete ao bioensaio e dois ratos a ambos os testes. Houve o isolamento de quatro amostras de T. gondii, três das quais caracterizadas como tipo misto (I/III) e uma como tipo I, utilizando-se o marcador genético SAG2. De 61 cães comunicantes, 43 (70,5%) foram positivos à IFI. Quanto aos exames coproparasitologicos, pela técnica de Faust, 155 (85,2%) ratos apresentaram ao menos um tipo de parasita: Eimeria sp 105 (57,7%), Giardia sp 47 (25,8%), Entamoeba 5 (2,7%), Strongyloides sp. 36 (19,8%), Trichuris sp. 34 (18,7%), Baylissascaris sp, 25 (13,7%), Nippostrongylus sp. 16 (8,8%), Aspiculuris sp. 4 (2,2%), Cisticercus psiformis 74 (40,5%) e Hymenolepis sp 62 (34,1%). Vinte e seis (14,2%) amostras apresentaram oocistos de Cryptosporidium sp; 14 da espécie C. muris, 11 da espécie C. parvum e uma com ambas. Tais resultados indicam a importância dos ratos na cadeia epidemiológica de algumas doenças e a importância de se realizar um trabalho de controle a tais roedores, com ênfase em educação à população e manejo ambiental. Disorderly urbanisation and precarious conditions of hygiene and sanitation provide the increase in the number of rodents therefore give the essential elements (water, shelter and food) to keep this sinantropic. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and enteroparasites in rats caught in the urban area of Londrina-PR. From 181 Rattus rattus and one Mus musculus captured on 37 points storage and/or recycling of solid waste, 16 (8.8%) were positive for Toxoplasma gondii. Of these, seven were positive for sorodiagnostic (Indirect immunofluorescence-IFI), the other seven bioassay and two mice on both tests. There was the isolation of four samples of T. Gondii, three of which are characterized as mixed type (I / III) and one as type I, using the genetic marker SAG2. From 61 dogs contactants, 43 (70.5%) were positive to the IFIs. For coproparasitologycs examinations, the technique of Faust, 155 (85.2%) rats showed at least one type of parasite: Eimeria sp 105 (57.7%), Giardia sp 47 (25.8%), Entamoeba 5 (2 , 7%), Strongyloides sp. 36 (19.8%), Trichuris sp. 34 (18.7%), Baylissascaris sp, 25 (13.7%), Nippostrongylus sp. 16 (8.8%), Aspiculuris sp. 4 (2.2%), Cisticercus psiformis 74 (40.5%) and Hymenolepis sp 62 (34.1%). In the Ziehl-Neelsen staining of 26 (14.2%) samples presented for Cryptosporidium oocysts spp, 14 of the species C. Muris, 11 of the species C. Parvum and one with both. These results indicate the importance of rats in the epidemiological chain of some diseases and the importance of conducting a work to control these rodents, with emphasis on education to the population and environmental management.