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1. Scientific Committee

Author: Khenchaf, Ali, primary, Frison, Pierre-Louis, additional, Angelliaume, Sébastien, additional, Dubois-Fernandez, Pascale, additional, Touzi, Ridha, additional, Pinel, Virginie, additional, Le-Hegarat, Sylvie, additional, Picot, Nicolas, additional, Seyler, Frédérique, additional, Verron, Jacques, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Anterrieu, Eric, additional, Waldteufel, Philippe, additional, Balmino, George, additional, Boy, Jean Paul, additional, Floury, Nicolas, additional, Soulat, François, additional, Botteron, Cyril, additional, Mangiarotti, Sylvain, additional, Laroche, Stéphane, additional, Desroziers, Gérald, additional, Cosme, Emmanuel, additional, Baghdadi, Nicolas, additional, and Zribi, Mehrez, additional
Published: 2016
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2. Correcting Sea Surface Temperature Spurious Effects in Salinity Retrieved From Spaceborne L-Band Radiometer Measurements

Author: Boutin, Jacqueline, primary, Vergely, Jean-Luc, additional, Dinnat, Emmanuel P., additional, Waldteufel, Philippe, additional, D'Amico, Francesco, additional, Reul, Nicolas, additional, Supply, Alexandre, additional, and Thouvenin-Masson, Clovis, additional
Published: 2021
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3. Overview of the SMOS sea surface salinity prototype processor

Author: Zine, Sonia, Boutin, Jacqueline, Font, Jordi, Reul, Nicolas, Waldteufel, Philippe, Gabarro, Carolina, Tenerelli, Joseph, Petitcolin, Francois, Vergely, Jean-Luc, Talone, Marco, and Delwart, Steven
Subjects: Soil moisture -- Analysis, Earth temperature -- Observations, Oceanography -- Research, Salinity -- Observations, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: The L-band interferometric radiometer onboard the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission will measure polarized brightness temperatures (Tb). The measurements are affected by strong radiometric noise. However, during a satellite overpass, numerous measurements are acquired at various incidence angles at the same location on the Earth's surface. The sea surface salinity (SSS) retrieval algorithm implemented in the Level 2 Salinity Prototype Processor (L2SPP) is based on an iterative inversion method that minimizes the differences between Tb measured at different incidence angles and Tb simulated by a full forward model. The iterative method is initialized with a first-guess surface salinity that is iteratively modified until an optimal fit between the forward model and the measurements is obtained. The forward model takes into account atmospheric emission and absorption, ionospheric effects (Faraday rotation), scattering of celestial radiation by the rough ocean surface, and rough sea surface emission as approximated by one of three models. Potential degradation of the retrieval results is indicated through a flagging strategy. We present results of tests of the L2SPP involving horizontally uniform scenes with no disturbing factors (such as sun glint or land proximity) other than wind-induced surface roughness. Regardless of the roughness model used, the error on the retrieved SSS depends on the location within the swath and ranges from 0.5 psu at the center of the swath to 1.7 psu at the edge, at 35 psu and 15 [degrees]C. Dual-polarization (DP) mode provides a better correction for wind-speed (WS) biases than pseudofirst Stokes mode (ST1). For a WS bias of -1 m. [s.sup.-1], the corresponding SSS bias at the center of the swath is equal to -0.3 psu in DP mode and to -0.5 psu in ST1 mode. The inversion methodology implicitly assumes that WS errors follow a Gaussian distribution, even though these errors should follow more closely a Rayleigh distribution. For this reason, the use of wind components, which typically exhibit Gaussian error distributions, may be preferred in the retrieval. However, the use of noisy wind components creates WS and SSS biases at low WSs (0.1 psu at 3 m [s.sup.-l]). At a sea surface temperature (SST) of 15 [degrees]C, the retrieved SSS is weakly sensitive to the SST biases, with the SSS bias always lower than 0.3 psu for SST biases ranging from --0.5 [degrees]C to --2 [degrees]C. In DP mode, biases in the vertical total electron content (TEC) of the atmosphere result in SSS biases smaller than 0.2 psu. The pseudofirst Stokes mode is insensitive to TEC. Failure to fully account for sea surface roughness scattering effects in the computation of sky radiation contribution leads to a maximum SSS bias of 0.2 psu in the selected configuration, i.e., a descending orbit over the Northern Pacific in February. To achieve SSS biases that are smaller than 0.2 psu, special care must be taken to correct for biases at low WS and to ensure that the bias on the mean WS (averaged over 200 km x 200 km and ten days) remains smaller than 0.5 m [s.sup.-1]. Index Terms--Microwave radiometry, oceanography, salinity.
Published: 2008

4. Modeling sun glitter at L-band for sea surface salinity remote sensing with SMOS

Author: Reul, Nicolas, Tenerelli, Joseph, Chapron, Bertrand, and Waldteufel, Philippe
Subjects: Microwave detectors -- Usage, Solar radiation -- Influence, Remote sensing -- Methods, Salinity -- Measurement, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: Since the sun is an extremely strong radiation source at L-band, accounting for sun glint over the ocean, i.e., solar radiation reflected by the sea surface toward downward-looking radiometers, raises a significant challenge for the remote sensing of sea surface salinity. This paper describes a dedicated physical model for sun glint at L-band frequencies and provides quantitative and qualitative estimates of the sun glint contamination impinging the antenna of the Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis interferometer onboard the future European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. The sun brightness temperature expected during the mission period is first estimated from past solar flux data with an expected range of 1.1 x [10.sup.5] K to about 9 x [10.sup.5] K. Numerical simulations of the predicted illumination of the SMOS antenna by solar radiation scattered by the rough sea surface are then performed at key dates of the seasonal cycle using different asymptotic scattering models and several representative surface conditions. Although the center of the sun's glitter pattern will never be located within the useful part of SMOS' synthesized field of view, the expected contamination due to roughness scattering will range between 0 K and about 500 K, depending on the target position, the season period, the roughness state at the target, and the level of solar activity at the time of measurements. In particular, we find the sun glint contamination to be more intense when SMOS will probe ocean surfaces in the Southern Hemisphere, reaching maxima in descending passes with highest values expected at dates around winter solstices. Index Terms--Microwave radiometry, ocean remote sensing, rough surface scattering, sea surface salinity (SSS), sun glitter.
Published: 2007

5. Issues about retrieving sea surface salinity in coastal areas from SMOS data

Author: Zine, Sonia, Boutin, Jacqueline, Waldteufel, Philippe, Vergely, Jean-Luc, Pellarin, Thierry, and Lazure, Pascal
Subjects: Coasts -- Analysis, Artificial satellites in geographical research -- Usage, Salinity -- Analysis, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: This paper aims at studying the quality of the sea surface salinity (SSS) retrieved from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) data in coastal areas. These areas are characterized by strong and variable SSS gradients [several practical salinity units (psu)] on relatively small scales: the extent of river plumes is highly variable, typically at kilometric and daily scales. Monitoring this variability from SMOS measurements is particularly challenging because of their resolution (typically 30-100 km) and because of the contamination by the nearby land. A set of academic tests was conducted with a linear coastline and constant geophysical parameters, and more realistic tests were conducted over the Bay of Biscay. The bias of the retrieved SSS has been analyzed, as well as the root mean square (rms) of the bias, and the retrieved SSS compared to a numerical hydrodynamic model in the semirealistic case. The academic study showed that the Blackman apodization window provides the best compromise in terms of magnitude and fluctuations of the bias of the retrieved SSS. Whatever the type of vegetation cover, a strong negative bias, greater than 1 psu, was found when nearer than 36 km from the coast. Between 44 and 80 km, the type of vegetation cover has an impact of less than a factor 2 on the bias, and no influence further than 80 km from the coast. The semirealistic study conducted in the Bay of Biscay showed a bias over ten days lower than 0.2 psu for distances greater than 47 km, due to an averaging over various geometries (coastline orientation, swath orientation, etc.). The bias showed a weak dependence on the location of the grid point within the swath. Despite the noise on the retrieved SSS, contrasts due to the plume of the Loire River and the Gironde estuary remained detectable on ten-day averaged maps with an rms of 0.57 psu. Finally, imposing thresholds on the major axis of the measurements brought little improvement to the bias, whereas it increased the rms and could lead to strong swath restriction: a 49-km threshold on the major axis resulted in an effective swath of 800-900 km instead of 1200 km. Index Terms--Coastal areas, L-band radiometry, sea surface salinity (SSS) retrieval, Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission.
Published: 2007

6. N-Parameter retrievals from L-Band microwave observations acquired over a variety of crop fields

Author: Parde, Mickael, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Waldteufel, Philippe, Kerr, Yann H., Chanzy, Andre, Sobjaerg, Sten Schmidl, and Skou, Niels
Subjects: Remote sensing -- Research, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: A number of studies have shown the feasibility of estimating surface soil moisture from L-band passive microwave measurements. Such measurements should be acquired in the near future by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. The SMOS measurements will be done at many incidence angles and two polarizations. This multiconfiguration capability could be very useful in soil moisture retrieval studies for decoupling between the effects of soil moisture and of the various surface parameters that also influence the surface emission (surface temperature, vegetation attenuation, soil roughness, etc.). The possibility to implement N-parameter (N-P) retrieval methods (where N = 2, 3, 4, ..., corresponds to the number of parameters that are retrieved) was investigated in this study based on experimental datasets acquired over a variety of crop fields. A large number of configurations of the N-P retrievals were studied, using several initializations of the model input parameters that were considered to be fixed or free. The best general configuration using no ancillary information (same configuration for all datasets) provided an rms error of about 0.059 [m.sup.3]/[m.sup.3] in the soil moisture retrievals. If a priori information was available on soil roughness and at least one vegetation model parameter, the rms error decreased to 0.049 [m.sup.3]/[m.sup.3]. Using specific retrieval configurations for each dataset, the rms error was generally lower than 0.04 [m.sup.3]/[m.sup.3] Index Terms--L-band radiometry, model inversion, retrieval, soil moisture, Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), soil roughness, surface temperature, vegetation.
Published: 2004

7. A modified cardioid model for processing multiangular radiometric observations

Author: Waldteufel, Philippe, Vergely, Jean-Luc, and Cot, Charles
Subjects: Microwave devices -- Usage, Soil moisture -- Observations, Radiation -- Measurement, Radiation -- Observations, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: L-band spaceborne microwave radiometers are becoming able to provide estimates of surface soil moisture, on both spatial and temporal scales compatible with applications to meteorology and hydrology. The basic rationale for retrieving soil moisture from radiometric measurements is the assumption that the surface layer can be modeled as a dielectric medium. Its dielectric constant then depends on several physical parameters, including soil moisture; emissivities for various incidence angles are computed using Fresnel's formulas. Many controlled field experiments have demonstrated the validity of this approach. Scenes exist still (e.g., ice-covered or frozen surfaces, barren areas) where surface soil moisture is not a relevant concept. For such scenes, information should, however, be available on the complex dielectric constant itself. This paper shows that the dielectric constant cannot be fully retrieved from single-frequency multiangular data; it describes, however, a methodology that aims at retrieving in an optimized way the available information. Index Terms--Dielectric constant, radiometry, regularization, retrieval.
Published: 2004

8. Ionospheric effects for L-band 2-D interferometric radiometry

Author: Waldteufel, Philippe, Floury, Nicolas, Dinnat, Emmanuel P., and Caudal, Gerard
Subjects: Remote sensing -- Research, Interferometry -- Research, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: Ionospheric effects are a potential error source for the estimation of surface quantities such as sea surface salinity, using L-band radiometry. This study is carried out in the context of the SMOS future space mission, which uses an interferometric radiometer. We first describe the way the Faraday rotation angle due to electron content along the observing path varies across the two-dimensional field of view. Over open ocean surfaces, we show that it is possible to retrieve the total electron content (TEC) at nadir from radiometric data considered over the bulk of the field of view, with an accuracy better than 0.5 TEC units, compatible with requirements for surface salinity observations. Using a full-polarimetric design improves the accuracy on the estimated TEC value. The random uncertainty on retrieved salinity is decreased by about 15% with respect to results obtained when using only data for the first Stokes parameter, which is immune to Faraday rotation. Similarly, TEC values over land surfaces may be retrieved with the accuracy required in the context of soil moisture measurements. Finally, direct TEC estimation provides information which should allow to correct for ionospheric attenuation as well. Index Terms--Interferometry, ionospheric electromagnetic propagation, microwave radiometry, ocean salinity, remote sensing.
Published: 2004

9. Two-year global simulation of L-band brightness temperatures over land

Author: Pellarin, Thierry, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Calvet, Jean-Christophe, Berger, Michael, Douville, Herve, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Kerr, Yann H., Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, Pulliainen, Jouni, Simmonds, Lester P., and Waldteufel, Philippe
Subjects: Radiation -- Measurement, Topographical surveying -- Methods, Landforms, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: This letter presents a synthetic L-band (1.4 GHz) multiangular brightness temperature dataset over land surfaces that was simulated at a half-degree resolution and at the global scale. The microwave emission of various land-covers (herbaceous and woody vegetation, frozen and unfrozen bare soil, snow, etc.) was computed using a simple model [L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB)] based on radiative transfer equations. The soil and vegetation characteristics needed to initialize the L-MEB model were derived from existing land-cover maps. Continuous simulations from a land-surface scheme for 1987 and 1988 provided time series of the main variables driving the L-MEB model: soil temperature at the surface and at depth, surface soil moisture, proportion of frozen surface soil moisture, and snow cover characteristics. The obtained global maps constitute a useful dataset for a first evaluation of the sensitivity of future satellite-based L-band radiometry data to soil moisture. Index Terms--Global scale, L-band radiometry, modeling, soil moisture.
Published: 2003

10. Consequences of surface heterogeneity for parameter retrieval from 1.4-GHz multiangle SMOS observations

Author: Van de Griend, Adriaan, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, and Waldteufel, Philippe
Subjects: Microwaves -- Research, Radiometers -- Research, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: The L-band (1.4 GHz) two-dimensional microwave interferometric radiometer, the payload of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, will observe elements of the earth's surface simultaneously at multiple angles. Compared to single-angle observations, this multiangle observation technology is expected to significantly improve the capability of passive microwave remote sensing to retrieve soil moisture and vegetation properties from space. Although multiangle retrieval algorithms have been developed and successfully evaluated for homogeneous surfaces on the basis of simulation studies, the inherently large footprint of microwave observations from space has serious consequences for parameter retrieval from 'real-world' inhomogeneous surfaces. At the spatial scale of SMOS (~30 km for nadir observations), the earth's surface is inhomogeneous almost by default. This aspect has not been fully accounted for yet. This study gives some insight into the consequences of vegetation spatial heterogeneity for the retrieval of 'effective' surface parameters (soil moisture, canopy microwave transmissivity, and effective surface temperature) from inhomogeneous surfaces without prior knowledge of the within-pixel canopy heterogeneity. Index Terms--Multiangle observations, parameter retrieval, passive microwaves, Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), surface heterogeneity.
Published: 2003

11. Apodization functions for 2-D hexagonally sampled synthetic aperture imaging radiometers

Author: Anterrieu, Eric, Waldteufel, Philippe, and Lannes, Andre
Subjects: Synthetic aperture radar -- Technology application, Synthetic aperture radar -- Usage, Fourier transform spectroscopy -- Equipment and supplies, Technology application, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: It is now well established that synthetic aperture imaging radiometers promise to be powerful sensors for high-resolution observations of the earth at low microwave frequencies. Within this context, the European Space Agency is currently developing the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. The Y-shaped array selected for SMOS is fitted with equally spaced antennae and leads to a natural hexagonal sampling of the Fourier plane. This paper deals with the choice of the apodization function to be applied to the complex visibilities. The aim of this function is to reduce the Gibbs phenomenon produced by the finite extent of the star-shaped frequency coverage and the resulting sharp frequency cut-off. A large number of windows are introduced. A comparison of these in terms of their spatial domain properties is given, according to criteria relevant for remote sensing of the earth's surface. This paper also describes how discrete Fourier transform calculations over hexagonal grids can be performed using a simple algorithm. Actually, standard fast Fourier transform algorithms designed for Cartesian grids and which have a long track record of optimization can be reused. Finally, an interpolation formula is given for resampling data from hexagonal grids without introducing any aliasing artifacts in the resampled data. Index Terms--Apodization, hexagonal Fourier transform, interferometry, radiometry, synthetic aperture.
Published: 2002

12. About off-axis radiometric polarimetric measurements

Author: Waldteufel, Philippe and Caudal, Gerard
Subjects: Interferometry -- Methods, Polarization (Electricity) -- Analysis, Radiation -- Measurement, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: Polarization changes for off-axis rays, while a minor effect for narrow-beam antennas, become a significant issue for wide-beam antennas required by synthetic aperture radiometry. This note provides the angle-dependent relationship between upweiling fields and collected signals; results are illustrated by the case of the surface moisture and ocean salinity (SMOS) mission. Index Terms--Interferometry, polarization, radiometry.
Published: 2002

13. Two-dimensional synthetic aperture images over a land surface scene

Author: Bayle, Franck, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Anterrieu, Eric, Orlhac, Jean-Claude, Chanzy, Andre, Marloie, Olivier, Bernardini, Marc, Sobjaerg, Sten, Calvet, Jean-Christophe, Goutoule, Jean-Marc, and Skou, Niels
Subjects: Remote sensing -- Research, Radiation -- Measurement, Soil moisture -- Measurement, Interferometers -- Usage, Earth sciences -- Remote sensing, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) space mission is currently undergoing phase-B studies at the European Space Agency. The SMOS payload is an L-band interferometric radiometer based on a two-dimensional aperture synthesis concept. This paper presents the first images obtained by a demonstrator of the SMOS instrument over land surfaces at the Avignon test site in 1999. Index Terms--L-Band radiometry, passive microwave remote sensing, soil moisture, 2-D interferometer.
Published: 2002

14. The European SMOS for large-scale water balance and climate modelling studies

Author: Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, primary, Waldteufel, Philippe, additional, Krecek, Josef, additional, and Griend, Adriaan A, additional
Published: 2008
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15. Hubert Curien et l'international

Author: Waldteufel, Philippe, primary and Zeller, Philippe, additional
Published: 2016
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16. Le ministre Hubert Curien

Author: Waldteufel, Philippe, primary
Published: 2016
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17. SMOS after five years in operations : from tentative research to operational applications

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Mecklenburg, Susanne, Delwart, Steven, Drusch, Matthias, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Font, Jordi, Hahne, Achim, Mahmoodi, Ali, Reul, Nicolas, Richaume, Philippe, Waldteufel, Philippe, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Spatiale (LOS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2015

18. Soil Moisture Retrieval from Space: The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Mission

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Martinuzzi, Jean-Michel, Font, Jordi, and Berger, Michael
Subjects: Interferometry -- Methods, Soil moisture -- Measurement, Salinity -- Measurement, Ocean-atmosphere interaction -- Research, Chemical oceanography -- Research, Business, Earth sciences, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract: Microwave radiometry at low frequencies (L-band: 1.4 GHz, 21 cm) is an established technique for estimating surface soil moisture and sea surface salinity with a suitable sensitivity. However, from space, large antennas (several meters) are required to achieve an adequate spatial resolution at L-band. So as to reduce the problem of putting into orbit a large filled antenna, the possibility of using antenna synthesis methods has been investigated. Such a system, relying on a deployable structure, has now proved to be feasible and has led to the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, which is described in this paper. The main objective of the SMOS mission is to deliver key variables of the land surfaces (soil moisture fields), and of ocean surfaces (sea surface salinity fields). The SMOS mission is based on a dual polarized L-band radiometer using aperture synthesis (two-dimensional [2-D] interferometer) so as to achieve a ground resolution of 50 km at the swath edges coupled with multiangular acquisitions. The radiometer will enable frequent and global coverage of the globe and deliver surface soil moisture fields over land and sea surface salinity over the oceans. The SMOS mission was proposed to the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of the Earth Explorer Opportunity Missions. It was selected for a tentative launch in 2005. The goal of this paper is to present the main aspects of the baseline mission and describe how soil moisture will be retrieved from SMOS data. Index Terms--2-D interferometry, passive microwaves, soil moisture retrievals.
Published: 2001

19. TEC obtained from 3rd Stokes parameter for improved quality of SMOS salinity retrieval

Author: Vergely, Jean-Luc, Waldteufel, Philippe, Boutin, Jacqueline, Yin, Xiaobin, Spurgeon, Paul, Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions et Processus au sein de la couche de Surface Océanique (IPSO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ARGANS Limited, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Physics::Space Physics, Physics::Geophysics
Abstract: International audience; While SMOS was designed with full polarimetric capability, the 3rd Stokes parameter information has not been introduced so far in the data processing. The analysis reported in the present contribution proposes to estimate from this information the total ionospheric electron content (TEC). Indeed the Faraday effect generated by the ionospheric electrons on the path from Earth to satellite is believed to be responsible for large uncertainties in the evening half-orbits (circa 06 PM local time) when the ionospheric content is close to its diurnal maximum. It is shown that the 3rd Stokes parameter exhibits a maximal sensitivity to TEC in a restricted area located at the front of the SMOS 2D field of view. However, since the Faraday angle depends on the scalar product between line-of-sight and magnetic field vectors, a latitudinal zone is found where this sensitivity vanishes. This zone occurs around 15° N a latitude nearly invariant with longitude around the Earth. Accordingly it is possible, when carrying out the TEC estimation over a descending half-orbit, to isolate over this "blind zone" the so-called "Ocean Target Transformation" parameter, which aims at correcting for pixel dependent biases. TEC maps obtained in this way compare favorably with maps built from GPS measurements, which have been introduced so far in the SMOS processing chain as auxiliary data. The space resolution is somewhat improved, allowing a better selection of the relevant electron content in zones exhibiting large horizontal TEC gradients. In a latter step, based on the TEC maps, it becomes possible to recompute the OTT correction for those brightness temperature components to be used as input in the salinity retrieval. Then the additional information impacts the salinity retrieval both directly (as the quality of the TEC auxiliary data is improved) and indirectly (as the empirical OTT correction is no longer contaminated by spurious Faraday rotation effects). The respective contributions of both effects will be assessed and discussed. They result on the whole in a significant improvement of the SMOS retrieved salinity; this is evidenced by a large reduction of a spurious latitudinal variation which was so far considered as a bias originating in instrumental effects.
Published: 2014

20. SMOS: Significant findings after three years an a half in orbit

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Richaume, Philippe, Albitar, Ahmad, Bircher, Simone, Cabot, François, Khazaal, Ali, Lawrence, Heather, Leroux, Delphine, Merlin, Olivier, Mialon, Arnaud, Soldo, Yan, Tomer, Sat-Kumar, Waldteufel, Philippe, Mahmoodi, Ali, Delwart, Steven, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Rahmoune, Rachid, Pellarin, Thierry, Drusch, Matthias, Anterrieu, Eric, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2013

21. Calcul des affaiblissements dus à la pluie sur un trajet Terre-satellite

Author: Misme, Pierre and Waldteufel, Philippe
Published: 1981
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. Affaiblissements calculés pour des liaisons Terre-satellite en France

Author: Misme, Pierre and Waldteufel, Philippe
Published: 1982
Full Text: View/download PDF

23. SMOS main results after almost 4 years in space

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Font, Jordi, Hahne, Achim, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Martin-Neira, Manuel, Waldteufel, Philippe, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Boutin, Jacqueline, Reul, Nicolas, Delwart, Steven, Drusch, Matthias, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Instituto de Ciencias del Mar de Barcelona (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, projet SMOS
Abstract: International audience; SMOS, the Second Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission, consists of a L Band radiometer using aperture synthesis to achieve a good spatial resolution. SMOS was successfully launched on November 2, 2009. It was developed and made under the leadership of the European Space Agency (ESA) as an Earth Explorer Opportunity mission. It is a joint program with the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France and the Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial (CDTI) in Spain. SMOS carries a single payload, an L band 2D interferometric,radiometer in the 1400-1427 MHz h protected band. This wavelength penetrates well through the vegetation and the atmosphere is almost transparent enabling to infer both soil moisture and vegetation water content. SMOS achieves an unprecedented spatial resolution of 50 km at L-band maximum (43 km on average) with multi angular-dual polarized (or fully polarized) brightness temperatures over the globe and with a revisit time smaller than 3 days. SMOS has been now acquiring data for almost 4 years. The data quality exceeds what was expected, showing very good sensitivity and stability. The data is however very much impaired by man made emission in the protected band, leading to degraded measurements in several areas including parts of Europe and of China. However, many different international teams are now addressing cal val activities in various parts of the world, with notably large field campaigns or continuous measurements either on the long time scale or over specific targets to address the specific issues. Comparison with the Aquarius mission is also underway.In parallel different teams are now starting addressing data use in various fields including hydrology. We have now acquired data over a number of significant ''extreme events'' such as droughts and floods or hurricanes giving useful information of potential applications. We are now working on the coupling with other models and or dis-aggregation to address soil moisture distribution over watersheds. We are also concentrating efforts on water budget and regional impacts. It includes rainfall estimates, stress / fire risk indices, thin sea ice monitoring. From all those studies, it is now possible to derive a possible way forward towards drought indices, root zone soil moisture etc... It shoudl be also noted that SMOS is now used operationally by several agencies. This paper thus gives an overview of the science goals of the SMOS mission, a description of its main elements, and panorama of the first results including performances at brightness temperature as well as at geophysical parameters level and how they are being put in good use for hydrological and oceanic applications.
Published: 2013

24. Tests de Cohérence Pour les Lois Empiriques de Répartition des Gouttes de Pluie

Author: Waldteufel, Philippe
Published: 1972
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Atténuation des ondes hyperfréquences par la pluie: Une mise au point

Author: Waldteufel, Philippe
Published: 1973
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. SMOS a summary of the most significant findings after two years and a half in orbit

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Cabot, François, Richaume, Philippe, Leroux, Delphine, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Mahmoodi, Ali, Delwart, Steven, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Mecklenbur, Susanne, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Array Systems Computing, Partenaires INRAE, Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], European Space Research Institute (ESRIN), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). USA., Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], télédétection par satellite, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, projet smos, température de brillance, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2012

27. The SMOS CATDS level 3

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Cabot, François, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Mialon, Arnaud, Richaume, Philippe, Jacquette, Elsa, Berthon, Lucie, Quesney, Arnaud, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Waldteufel, Philippe, Pellarin, Thierry, Guibert, Sarah, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MISSION SMOS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2012

28. SMOS after 2 years in orbit: challenges, issues and results

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Waldteufel, Philippe, Richaume, Philippe, Reul, Nicolas, Boutin, Jacqueline, Martin-Neira, Manuel, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, MISSION SMOS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2012

29. SMOS Level 2 soil moisture from observation to products: how to make full use of the available information

Author: Richaume, Philippe, Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, Patricia, Mahmoodi, Ali, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Array Systems Computing, and Partenaires INRAE
Subjects: RADIOMETER, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, SMOS MISSION, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: National audience
Published: 2011

30. SMOS first results after 18 months in orbit: successes and issues

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Cabot, François, Richaume, Philippe, Mahmoodi, Ali, Delwart, Steven, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Mecklenburg, Susanne, Reul, Nicolas, Boutin, Jacqueline, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Array Systems Computing, Partenaires INRAE, European Space Agency (ESA), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Échanges dans la couche de surface : des pôles aux tropiques (SURF), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MISSION SMOS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2011

31. SMOS : most significant results obtained over land

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Richaume, Philippe, Mialon, Arnaud, Gruhier, Claire, Jacquette, Elsa, Leroux, Delphine, Waldteufel, Philippe, Ahmad, Al Bitar, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Dipartimento di Fisica [Roma Tor Vergata], Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, MISSION SMOS, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2011

32. SMOS: Objectives and Approach for Ocean Salinity Observations

Author: Font, Jordi, Boutin, Jacqueline, Reul, Nicolas, Spurgeon, Paul, Ballaberea, Joaquim, Chuprin, Andrei, Gabarro, Carolina, Gourrion, Jerome, Hénocq, Claire, Lavender, Samantha, Martin, Nicolas, Martinez, Justino, Mcculloch, Michael, Meirold-Mautner, Ingo, Petitcolin, Francois, Portabella, Marcos, Sabia, Roberto, Talone, Marco, Tenerelli, Joe, Turiel, Antonio, Vergely, Jean-Luc, Waldteufel, Philippe, Yin, Xiaobin, Zine, Sonia, Delwart, Steven, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Domaines Océaniques (LDO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), and Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched in November 2, 2009 is the first satellite mission addressing the salinity measurement from space through the use of MIRAS (Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis), a new two-dimensional interferometer designed by the European Space Agency (ESA) and operating at L-band. This paper presents a summary of the sea surface salinity retrieval approach implemented in SMOS, as well as first results obtained after completing the mission commissioning phase in May 2010. A large number of papers have been published about salinity remote sensing and its implementation in the SMOS mission. An extensive list of references is provided here, many authored by the SMOS ocean salinity team, with emphasis on the different physical processes that have been considered in the SMOS salinity retrieval algorithm.
Published: 2010

33. SMOS first results over land

Author: Kerr, Yann, Waldteufel, Philippe, Cabot, François, Richaume, Philippe, Jacquette, Elsa, Bitar, Ahmad Al, Mamhoodi, Ali, Delwart, Steven, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Array Systems Computing Inc., European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission is ESA's (European Space Agency ) second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission, launched in November 2009. It is a joint programme between ESA CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) and CDTI (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnologico Industrial). SMOS carries a single payload, an L-band 2D interferometric radiometer in the 1400-1427 MHz protected band. This wavelength penetrates well through the atmosphere and hence the instrument probes the Earth surface emissivity. Surface emissivity can then be related to the moisture content in the first few centimeters of soil, and, after some surface roughness and temperature corrections, to the sea surface salinity over ocean. In order to prepare the data use and dissemination, the ground segment will produce level 1 and 2 data. Level 1 consists mainly of angular brightness temperatures while level 2 consists of geophysical products. In this context, a group of institutes prepared the soil moisture and ocean salinity Algorithm Theoretical Basis documents (ATBD) to be used to produce the operational algorithm. The principle of the soil moisture retrieval algorithm is based on an iterative approach which aims at minimizing a cost function given by the sum of the squared weighted differences between measured and modelled brightness temperature (TB) data, for a variety of incidence angles. This is achieved by finding the best suited set of the parameters which drive the direct TB model, e.g. soil moisture (SM) and vegetation characteristics. Despite the simplicity of this principle, the main reason for the complexity of the algorithm is that SMOS "pixels" can correspond to rather large, inhomogeneous surface areas whose contribution to the radiometric signal is difficult to model. Moreover, the exact description of pixels, given by a weighting function which expresses the directional pattern of the SMOS interferometric radiometer, depends on the incidence angle. The goal is to retrieve soil moisture over fairly large and thus inhomogeneous areas. The retrieval is carried out at nodes of a fixed Earth surface grid. To achieve this purpose, after checking input data quality and ingesting auxiliary data, the retrieval process per se can be initiated. This cannot be done blindly as the direct model will be dependent upon surface characteristics. It is thus necessary to first assess what is the dominant land use of a node. For this, an average weighing function (MEAN_WEF) which takes into account the "antenna"pattern is run over the high resolution land use map to assess the dominant cover type. This is used to drive the decision tree which, step by step, selects the type of model to be used as per surface conditions. All this being said and done the retrieval procedure starts if all the conditions are satisfied, ideally to retrieve 3 parameters over the dominant class (the so-called rich retrieval). If the algorithm does not converge satisfactorily, a new trial is made with less floating parameters ("poorer retrieval") until either results are satisfactory or the algorithm is considered to fail. The retrieval algorithm also delivers whenever possible a dielectric constant parameter (using the-so called cardioid approach). Finally, once the retrieval converged, it is possible to compute the brightness temperature at a given fixed angle (42.5°) using the selected forward models applied to the set of parameters obtained at the end of the retrieval process. So the output product of the level 2 soil moisture algorithm should be node position, soil moisture, dielectric constants, computed brightness temperature at 42.5°, flags and quality indices. During the presentation we will describe in more details the algorithm and accompanying work in particular decision tree principle and characteristics, the auxiliary data used and the special and "exotic"cases. We will also be more explicit on the algorithm validation and verification through the data collected during the commissioning phase. The main hurdle being working in spite of spurious signals (RFI) on some areas of the globe.
Published: 2010

34. Preliminary results of SMOS data analysis over the ocean during commissioning phase

Author: Yin, Xiaobin, Boutin, Jacqueline, Meirold-Mautner, Ingo, Vergely, Jean-Luc, Waldteufel, Philippe, Spurgeon, Paul, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ARGANS Limited
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; The SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) satellite was successfully launched on 2nd November 2009. The first 6 months after launch is dedicated to the commissioning phase during which the ground segment processing chains are validated. SMOS is the first interferometric radiometer in orbit. In the first ground processing (Level 1) an image reconstruction algorithm is applied which yields measured brightness temperatures (TB). Preliminary studies have shown that this processing is critical and likely to introduce biases that affect subsequent processing. Therefore, a comparison of modeled to reconstructed TB is essential. Homogenous ocean surfaces far from land masses are ideal for this task as the TB variation with the satellite geometry (incidence angle) is relatively well known. In this presentation we will focus on the following analysis: 1. Extensive comparisons between SMOS Level 1c TB and forward model simulated TB using ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast) forcings. Comparisons will be performed with one of the forward models implemented in the L2 ocean salinity processor (2-scale model, Dinnat et al. 2003). Statistics of the TB differences will be presented. They may be related to flaws in the level 1c Tb related to image reconstruction or to instrumental imperfections, in the ECMWF forcings, or in the forward model. In order to discriminate between these various sources of uncertainties, the statistics of the Tb differences will be analysed in various reference frame: - the antenna reference frame (director cosines) - the earth reference frame and the correlation of the differences with the geometry of the measurement (incidence angle, distance to the center of the swath, ascending or descending orbit…) and with respect to the auxiliary geophysical parameters (wind speed, sea surface temperature…) will be looked at. 2. The pseudo-dielectric parameter Acard (Waldteufel et al., 2004) is used to synthesize information contained in both the real and the imaginary parts of dielectric constant of medium, such as sea water. The principle for retrieving sea surface salinity (SSS) from radiometric measurements is that the dielectric constant of sea water depends on several physical parameters, including SSS and sea surface temperature (SST). Given the relation between dielectric constant and Acard, retrieving Acard with the whole direct model is in a way equivalent to retrieve dielectric constant, which represents the property of sea water more directly than SSS and SST. The consistency between Acard_retrieved and Acard_modeled will be another tool for testing and assessing the validity of SMOS measurements and retrieved parameters. The consistency between retrieved Acard (Acard_retrieved) and Acard from known values of dielectric constants (Acard_modeled) will be investigated using similar methods as the ones described in 1. Perspectives about the accuracy on sea surface salinity retrieved from SMOS measurements will be given based on the above comparisons and analysis.
Published: 2010

35. New total electron content retrieval improves SMOS sea surface salinity

Author: Vergely, Jean‐Luc, primary, Waldteufel, Philippe, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Yin, Xiaobin, additional, Spurgeon, Paul, additional, and Delwart, Steven, additional
Published: 2014
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36. SMOS: First in flight results

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Cabot, François, Richaume, Philippe, Waldteufel, Philippe, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Hahne, Achim, Mecklenburg, Suzanne, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: MISSION SMOS, télédétection, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], satellite, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, humidité du sol, température de brillance, radiomètre
Abstract: International audience; The SMOS mission aims at allowing a frequent and global monitoring of two geophysical parameters: Soil Mois- ture and sea surface Salinity. These two quantities are key variables for climate studies, weather forecast and water resources management. To achieve this goal, a two dimensional interferometer operating at L band was developed and eventually launched on November 2 2009. The SMOS mission aims at providing a global frequent coverage of the globe with a spatial resolution of 43 km on average (27 km max).
Published: 2009

37. The SMOS mission. Project status and next steps

Author: Kerr, Y., Waldteufel, Philippe, Cabot, F., Font, J., Hahne, A., Mecklenburg, S., Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de Ciencias del Mar de Barcelona (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), and European Space Research Institute (ESRIN)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; It is now well understood that soil moisture and sea surface salinity are required to improve meteorological and climatic predictions. These two quantities are not yet available globally and with an adequate temporal sampling. So as to cover this data gap, it has been recognized that, provided it is possible to accommodate a suitable antenna on board a satellite, L Band radiometry was most probably the most promising way to fulfill this gap . It is within this framework that the European Space Agency (ESA)'s selected the second Earth Explorer Opportunity Mission, namely the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission. SMOS is currently ready to be launched and is scheduled for launch in 2009, slightly before Aquarius and SMAP. The SMOS mission is ESA's second Earth Explorer Opportunity mission it is a joint program lead by the European Space Agency (ESA) with the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) in France and the Centro para el Desarrollo Teccnologico Industrial (CDTI) in Spain. SMOS carries a single payload, an L band 2D interferometric radiometer in the 1400-1427 MHz h protected band. This wavelength penetrates well through the vegetation and the atmosphere is almost transparent. Consequently, the instrument probes the Earth surface emissivity. Surface emissivity can then be related to the moisture content in the first few centimeters of soil over land, and, after some surface roughness and temperature corrections, spatio temporal aggregation, to the sea surface salinity over oceans. SMOS will achieve an unprecedented spatial resolution of 50 km at L-band maximum (43 km on average) seeking to meet soil moisture science objectives. This is possible by using a non-rotating thinned 8 m diameter antenna. The imaging capability of such antenna is implemented by aperture synthesis, the same technique of radio-astronomy. Such innovative concept has required a significant effort in the development of calibration techniques. It provides multiangular-dual polarized (or fully polarized) brightness temperatures over the globe and with a revisit time smaller than 3 days to retrieve soil moisture and ocean salinity, but with a somewhat reduced sensitivity when compared to conventional radiometers. It has thus some characteristics very complementary to those of Aquarius. The SMOS mission is now ready for launch and awaiting launcher availability. On the technical side the Industry worked together with ESA and CNES to make a system fully compatible with the science objectives while remaining within budget and schedule. On the Science part the different international teams are addressing the different issues still to be tackled so as to provide the adequate inversion and assimilation algorithms for the different users. Currently the ground segment is in phases varying from B (for level 3 and 4 products) to almost CD for the first levels. Intensive research work is currently underway to finalize the retrieval algorithms while the Cal Val program has started being implemented at ESA. It is expected to make full use of synergisms between the SMOS and Aquarius (eventually SMAP) missions. The current activities cover - apart from traditional ground experiments and modeling activities- simulations and generation of synthetic data sets for assessing retrieval algorithms (using existing sensors), large field campaigns either on the long time scale or over specific targets to address the specific issues related to retrieval with multi-angular L band measurements. In parallel intensive efforts are devoted to the basics of interferometry, be it the optimization of image reconstruction or devising the most efficient calibration scheme. Finally some efforts are also being devoted to external but important issues such as Galactic contribution, Sun's emission variation monitoring or radio frequency interferences. This paper thus gives an overview of the science goals of the SMOS mission, a description of its main elements, including platform and payload, as well as the overall system. In addition the most updated status of the SMOS project will be presented together with the estimated performances at brightness temperature as well as at geophysical parameters levels.
Published: 2009

38. The European SMOS for large-scale water balance and climate modelling studie

Author: Van De Griend, A.A., Wigneron, J.-P., Waldteufel, Philippe, Krecek, Josef, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), ESTER - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology [Praha], Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), Taniguchi M., Burnett W.C., Fukushima, Y., Haigh, M., Umezawa, and Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE)
Subjects: [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Soil moisture, Hydrology, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Microwaves, SMOS
Abstract: International audience; The European Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, after some delay now planned for launch late 2008, will carry a two-dimensional L-band (1.4 GHz) microwave interferometric radiometer with a revisit time smaller than 3 days to retrieve soil moisture (and ocean salinity) at global scale with a spatial resolution of similar to 30km. Soil moisture plays a crucial role in the terrestrial hydrological cycle and its timely and repetitive retrieval is essential for medium term meteorological modelling, hydrological modelling and modelling of several other climate related processes such as vegetation biomass production and CO2 assimilation. Repetitive monitoring of soil moisture fields at regional scales, also are important for understanding changes in the hydrological processes at different time scales. This paper gives some insight into the potential capabilities of SMOS and addresses some issues concerning surface heterogeneity and its consequences for the precision of soil moisture retrieval
Published: 2008

39. The SMOS project: current status

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Hahne, A., Mecklenburg, S., Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Cabot, François, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MISSION SMOS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2008

40. Parameterisation and calibration of L-MEB in the Level-2 SMOS algorithm

Author: Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Saleh Contell, Kauzar, Richaume, Philippe, De Rosnay, Patricia, Escorihuela, Maria-José, Calvet, Jean-Christophe, Cano, Aurelio, Chanzy, Andre, Demontoux, François, Grant, Jennifer, Guglielmetti, Massimo, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Lawrence, Heather, Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, Mialon, Arnaud, Pellarin, Thierry, Rüdiger, Christoph, Ruffié, Gilles, Schwank, Mike, Skou, Niels, Waldteufel, Philippe, Berger, Michael, Delwart, Steven, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat de València (UV), Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), VU University Amsterdam, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), National Space Institute [Lyngby] (DTU Space), Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Computer Science [ETH Zürich] (D-INFK), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université de Valence, University of Valencia, Laboratoire d'étude des transferts en hydrologie et environnement (LTHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Allergy Unit - Department of Dermatology, University of Zürich [Zürich] (UZH), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE - UR1263), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Ørsted-DTU, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), and Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU)
Subjects: analyse de données, télédétection, MISSION SMOS, Signal and Image processing, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Electromagnétisme, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Electromagnetism, Traitement du signal et de l'image, humidité du sol, SMOS-Soil moisture-LMEB algorithm, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, modélisation
Abstract: International audience; ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission is currently under preparation with a launch early 2008. When operational, it will provide global microwave brightness temperature observations at L-band, in dual polarisation and under a range of viewing angles, both, over land and water surfaces. For the purpose of relating the observed quantities to soil moisture, the L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (L-MEB) model has been developed, specifically for its use for L-band emission over land surfaces. The core of L-MEB is the t-w approach which takes into account vegetation cover effects on the soil moisture signal. The final version of L-MEB is the result of an exhaustive review of "state of the art" modeling approaches in the field of passive microwaves, with the objective of being accurate while remaining simple enough for operational use at global scale. L-MEB is the forward model used in the SMOS level 2 processor, in order to produce geophysical products, e.g. soil moisture (SM) and vegetation characteristics. The principle of the algorithm is based on an iterative approach, minimizing a cost function computed from the sum of squared weighted differences between measured and modelled brightness temperature (TB) data, for a variety of incidence angles. The retrievals provide the best suited parameters driving the direct TB model that minimize the cost function. In the algorithm process, for each incidence angle, the different cover types (vegetated area, open water, urban area, land use, etc.) present within the SMOS footprint are estimated from high resolution land use maps. For low vegetation and forest categories, these maps allow to distinguish between a large number of sub-categories (N > 200) corresponding to grasslands, crops, scrubs, tropical & boreal forests, etc. for a variety of climatic and geographic conditions. Based on these refined vegetation classes, corresponding to specific vegetation structure, and on maps of soil properties (for soil texture, roughness and bulk density) parameters driving the L-MEB have to be selected and tabulated. Tests and evaluations of the L-MEB model have been made using experimental data sets, based on airborne measurements (COSMOS / NAFE campaign in Australia (Saleh et al., this issue) and CAROLS in France) and ground-based measurements (SMOSREX over soils and fallow, BRAY '04 and FOSMEX over forests, REBEX over corn, MELBEX I and II over matorral and vineyards in the Mediterranean environment of Valencia (Cano et al., this issue), etc.) This paper will make a synthesis of the calibration of L-MEB obtained during the evaluation of the Level-2 algorithm over these different data sets.
Published: 2008

41. SMOS retrieval algorithm: trials and tribulations

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Richaume, Philippe, Mialon, Arnaud, Cabot, François, Escorihuela, Maria-José, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Delward, Steven, Mahmoodi, Ali, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Array Systems Computing, Partenaires INRAE, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], télédétection, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, projet smos, hétérogénéité spatiale, modèle, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, algorithme
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2008

42. Status and description of level 2 algorithm (land)

Author: Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Richaume, Philippe, Cabot, François, Mialon, Arnaud, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, Mahmoodi, Ali, Escorihuela, Maria-José, Saleh Contell, Kauzar, Delwart, Steven, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Array Systems Computing, Partenaires INRAE, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and European Space Agency (ESA)
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MISSION SMOS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, SOIL MOISTURE, DECISION TREE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2007

43. Overview of the SMOS Sea Surface Salinity Prototype Processor

Author: Zine, Sonia, Boutin, Jacqueline, Font, Jordi, Gabarró, Carolina, Talone, Marco, Reul, Nicolas, Tenerelli, Joseph, Waldteufel, Philippe, Petitcolin, François, Vergely, Jean-Luc, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Spatiale (LOS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Analytic and Computational Research, Inc. - Earth Sciences (ACRI-ST), TOSCA/SMOS ESL salinité, SMOS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: SMOS Salinité de surface, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission (launch scheduled for 2008) aims at obtaining global maps of soil moisture and sea surface salinity (SSS). It uses an L-band (1.4 GHz) microwave interferometric radiometer to obtain brightness temperatures (Tb) at the Earth surface at horizontal and vertical polarizations. They will be used to retrieve both geophysical variables, following specifically designed algorithms that will be applied when the satellite field-of-view is covering land or ocean surfaces respectively. The retrieval of salinity is a complex process that requires the knowledge of environmental information and an accurate processing of the radiometer measurements, because of the narrow range of ocean Tb and the strong impact on the measures of geophysical parameters (such as sea state). Here we present the baseline approach chosen to retrieve sea surface salinity from SMOS data, as developed and implemented by the joint team of scientists and engineers responsible for the SMOS Salinity Level 2 Prototype Processor. We present academic tests conducted over homogeneous scenes with the prototype. In these configurations, external perturbation sources (sky radiation, sun glint, ...) are not taken into account. Roughness is the main sea surface signal disturbing SSS retrieval. In dual pol, wind speed biases are better corrected at the center of the swath than at the edge.
Published: 2007

44. Recent Advances in estimating the L-band microwave signature of natural land surface covers

Author: Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Kerr, Yann H., Waldteufel, Philippe, Richaume, Philippe, Saleh Contell, Kauzar, Grant, Jennifer, Van de Griend, Adriaan A., Demontoux, François, Ruffié, Gilles, Ferrazzoli, Paolo, De Rosnay, Patricia, Escorihuela, Maria-José, Calvet, Jean-Christophe, Fenollar, J., Lopez-Baeza, Ernesto, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat de València (UV), Vrije universiteit = Free university of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, and VU University Amsterdam
Subjects: [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], MISSION SMOS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: National audience; In the framework of the ground segment activities for the SMOS mission, geophysical products (e.g. soil moisture (SM) and vegetation characteristics) will be produced by an operational SMOS Level 2 Soil Moisture retrieval algorithm. The principle of the algorithm is based on an iterative approach, minimizing a cost function computed from the sum of squared weighted differences between measured and modelled brightness temperature (TB) data, for a range of incidence angles. The retrievals provide the best suited parameters driving the direct TB model that minimize the cost function. The selected direct model is the so-called L-MEB (L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere) which was used in the first ESA studies aiming at assessing SMOS capabilities from synthetic data set. In the algorithm process, for each incidence angle, the different cover types (vegetated area, open water, urban area, land use, etc.) present within the SMOS footprint are estimated from high resolution land use maps. For low vegetation and forest categories, these maps allow to distinguish between a large number of sub-categories (N > 200) corresponding to grasslands, crops, matorral, tropical & boreal forests, etc. for a variety of climatic and geographic conditions. Based on these refined vegetation classes, corresponding to specific vegetation structure, and on maps of soil properties (for soil texture, roughness and bulk density) parameters driving the L-MEB can be selected and tabulated. Of course L-MEB is not frozen but prone to evolve so as to gradually incorporate significant improvements made in the field. Recently, in the framework of SMOS research activities, advances in understanding and modelling the L-band microwave emissivity of vegetation have been achieved. These results were mainly obtained over natural land covers, over which very few informations were available to date. They could be derived from a substantial number of experimental campaigns carried out throughout Europe, for a variety of vegetation/soil characteristics and climatic conditions; To name but a few, SMOSREX over fallow and bare soil near Toulouse, MELBEX over matorral in the Mediterranean environment of Valencia, Bray and Jülich over, respectively, coniferous (Les Landes) and deciduous forests, etc. The combination of these experimental data with modelling activities over the last years helped to improve significantly our knowledge of the key processes that drive the emission of natural vegetation canopies: effect of water interception by the standing vegetation, attenuation of soil emission by mulch and litter, dependence of vegetation attenuation on configuration parameters (incidence angle, polarization), etc. The most significant recent results obtained over prairies, forests and matorrals are presented and discussed in this communication.
Published: 2006

45. Estimates of surface soil moisture under wet grass using L-band radiometry

Author: Saleh Contell, Kauzar, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, De Rosnay, Patricia, Calvet, Jean-Christophe, Kerr, Yann H., Escorihuela, Maria-José, Waldteufel, Philippe, Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Météo France
Subjects: couvert végétal, télédétection, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, microonde, humidité du sol, radiométrie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2006

46. L-MEB: a simple model at L-band for the continental areas - application to the simulation of a half-degree resolution and global scale dataset

Author: Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Pellarin, Thierry, Calvet, Jean-Christophe, De Rosnay, Patricia, Saleh Contell, Kauzar, Waldteufel, Philippe, Kerr, Yann H., Écologie fonctionnelle et physique de l'environnement (EPHYSE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of geography, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Christian Mätzler, Météo-France Direction Interrégionale Sud-Est (DIRSE), Météo-France, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: sol nu, télédétection, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, microonde, propriété diélectrique du sol, Milieux et Changements globaux, végétation, radiométrie, Physics::Geophysics
Abstract: International audience; L-band (1-2 GHz) microwave radiometry is the most relevant remote sensing technique to monitor soil moisture over land surfaces at the global scale. A synthetic multi-angular brightness temperature data set over land surfaces was simulated at 1.4 GHz, at a half-degree resolution and at the global scale (Pellarin et al., 2003a). This data set was built in order to develop and validate methods to retrieve soil moisture for near-future 1.4 GHz space missions. Brightness temperatures were computed using a simple model (L-MEB, L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere) based on radiative transfer equations. The L-MEB model is the result of an extensive review of the current knowledge of the microwave emission of various land covers (herbaceous and woody vegetation, frozen and unfrozen bare soil, snow, etc.) at L-Band considering that the model should be simple enough to be compatible with the simulation of a half-degree resolution and global scale data set. This model was parameterized for simulating L-band observations (in the 1-2 GHz range) but the model equations remain valid in a low frequency range (about 1 to 10 GHz) and thus including the L-, C- and X-bands. The soil and vegetation characteristics needed to initialize the L-MEB model were derived from existing land cover maps. Continuous simulations from a land-surface scheme for 1987 and 1988 provided time series of the main variables driving the L-MEB model: soil temperature at the surface and at depth, surface soil moisture, proportion of frozen surface soil moisture, and snow cover characteristics (depth, density, grain size, liquid water content). The different components of the emission model are described in the following sections. These sections present the general formulation of TB for a composite pixel and the microwave emission modules for soil, vegetation-covered surfaces, open water, snow-covered surfaces and atmospheric effects.
Published: 2006

47. An algorithm to retrieve sea surface salinity from SMOS L-band radiometric measurements

Author: Font, Jordi, Boutin, Jacqueline, Reul, Nicolás, Waldteufel, Philippe, Gabarró, Carolina, Zine, Sonia, Tenerelli, Joseph, Petitcolin, François, Vergely, Jean-Luc, and Talone, Marco
Abstract: 2nd Recent Advances in Quantitative Remote Sensing (RAQRS'II), 24-29 September 2006, Torrent, Valencia, Spain.-- 6 pages, 2 figures, The European Space Agency Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, the second of the ESA's Living Planet Program Earth Explorer Opportunity Missions, aims at obtaining global maps of soil moisture and sea surface salinity from space for large scale and climatic studies. This mission, with launch scheduled for early 2008, uses and L-band (1400-1427 MHz protected to human emissions) Microwave Interferometric Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS) to measure brightness temperature at the Earth surface at horizontal Th and vertical Tv polarizations (a fully polarized mode is also implemented and will be tested during the commissioning phase). These radiometric parameters will be be used together to retrieve the two geophysical variables, following specifically designed algorithms that will be applied when the satellite field-of-view is covering land or ocean surfaces. The retrieval of salinity is a complex process that requires the knowledge of the other evironmental information and an accurate processing of the radiometer measurements, due to the narrow range of ocean brightness temperatures and the strong impact in the measured values of different gephysical parameters (as sea state) other than salinity. Here we present the baseline approach chosen by ESA to retrieve sea surface salinity from MIRAS data, as it has been developed and implemented by the joint team of scientists and engineers responsible for the SMOS Ocean Salinity Level 2 Prototype Processor, The SMOS Ocean Salinity Level 2 Prototype Processor development is funded by ESA under and projects supported by ESA and other national agencies are contributing to this development. Spanish authors also acknowledge funding from the National Program on Space through projects ESP2004-00671 and ESP2005-06823-C05. French authors acknowledge funding from the CNES/TOSCA program
Published: 2006

48. Surface salinity retrieved from SMOS measurements over global ocean: imprecisions due to surface roughness and temperature uncertainties

Author: Boutin, Jacqueline, Waldteufel, Philippe, Martin, Nicolas, Caudal, Gérard, Dinnat, Emmanuel P., Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'étude des environnements terrestre et planétaires (CETP), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Published: 2004

49. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Mission: first results and achievements

Author: Kerr, Yann, primary, Waldteufel, Philippe, additional, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, additional, Boutin, Jacqueline, additional, Reul, Nicolas, additional, Al Bitar, Ahmad, additional, Leroux, Delphine, additional, Mialon, Arnaud, additional, Richaume, Philippe, additional, and Mecklenburg, Susanne, additional
Published: 2014
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50. Selecting an optimal configuration for the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission

Author: Waldteufel, Philippe, Boutin, Jacqueline, Kerr, Yann, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie dynamique et de climatologie (LODYC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology
Abstract: International audience; The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission is aimed at monitoring, globally, surface soil moisture and sea surface salinity from radiometric L-band observations. The SMOS radiometer relies upon a two-dimensional (2-D) synthetic aperture concept in order to achieve satisfactory spatial resolution performances for a minimal cost in terms of payload mass and volume. Counterparts of this advantage are reduced radiometric sensitivity and increased complexity. The performances expected from SMOS, in terms of measurement accuracy, spatial resolution, and revisit time, depend on many parameters, among which several are crucial for assessing the payload and mission configurations. Most prominent among those configuration parameters are the flight altitude, the length of the interferometer arms, the spacing between radiating elements, and the tilt angle of the antenna plane. Their selection has to be optimized, so as to satisfy both scientific requirements and main technical constraints. This paper describes the way the optimization was carried out during the SMOS phase A. After assessing the main drivers on instrument configuration from the science requirements, the goal was to find an optimal trade-off, minimizing technical challenges while fulfilling the science objectives. It was found that, even though salinity retrievals are the most challenging, soil moisture retrievals were the most demanding in terms of mission definition and that a configuration exists to satisfy the required retrieval accuracies. The obtained configuration was then checked against ocean salinity retrievals and found satisfactory.
Published: 2003

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