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Background: The anemia is the one of the biggest burden of diseases worldwide, peculiarly in developing world, it is more commonly found in women as compared to men. The anthropometric indicators like BMI, waist circumference or waist to hip ratio has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes, blood pressure and cholesterol profile. The current literature survey reveals that BMI could be the possible anemic indictor, however a comprehensive study pinpointing on anemia and its anthropometric indicators is not available yet, especially in young girls. The present work thus focuses on whether the anthropometric indicators could be the potential indicators of anemia or not. Methodology: A case control was performed through a random sampling method for the time period of (04) four months. The sample comprised of 86 females. The complete blood count (CBC) was measured in aseptic condition. Anthropometric indices were measured and analyzed statistically. Results: Weight, waist circumference (WC), BMI (Body mass index), WHR (waist to hip ratio) and WHtR (Waist to height ratio) were observed significantly reduced (P=0.06, P=0.006, P= 0.02, P= 0.007, P= 0.0007) in anemic (50.86kg ± 12.9, 71.13cm ±16.49, 20.85Kg/m2 ± 5.16, 0.77 ± 0.05, 0.44±0.07) as compared to non anemic females (53.65kg ± 8.43, 92.18cm ± 11.16, 23.40 Kg/m2 ± 3.49, 0.83 ± 0.16, 0.49 ± 0.06). Conclusion: The anthropometric indices were observed significantly decreased in anemic as compared to non-anemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This cross-sectional study was carried out from January to June 2006 to find out the anthropometric profile of the urban seniors living in three selected areas (Nakhal Para, Badda and Mirpur) of Dhaka city. A total of 317 individuals of both sexes aged 60 years and above were recruited by convenient sampling. Data were collected by a pre-tested questionnaire and a check list. Mean body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio were 17.8 ± 4.0, 75.5 ± 12.5 cm and 0.87 ± 0.12, respectively. Although only 3% elderly were obese, substantial proportion of the sample were overweight. Females were more prone to health risks than male. Measures should be taken to create awareness amongst these populations for controlling their health risk. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 59-62

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this work was to meta-analyze prospective studies that have evaluated the effect of a Mediterranean diet on the development of type 2 diabetes. Materials/Methods: PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched up to 20 November 2013. English language publications were allocated; 17 original research studies (1 clinical trial, 9 prospective and 7 cross-sectional) were identified. Primary analyses were limited to prospective studies and clinical trials, yielding to a sample of 136,846 participants. A systematic review and a random effects meta-analysis were conducted. Results: Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with 23% reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes (combined relative risk for upper versus lowest available centile: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.89). Subgroup analyses based on region, health status of participants and number of confounders controlling for, showed similar results. Limitations include variations in Mediterranean diet adherence assessment tools, confounders’ adjustment, duration of follow up and number of events with diabetes. Conclusions: The presented results are of major public health importance, since no consensus exists concerning the best anti-diabetic diet. Mediterranean diet could, if appropriately adjusted to reflect local food availability and individual’s needs, constitute a beneficial nutritional choice for the primary prevention of diabetes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: Chemerin is a recently identified adipocytokine that has been positively correlated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, no studies have examined circulating chemerin levels as a predictor of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether chemerin levels predict the onset of ACS. Materials/Methods: We studied 90 men whose serum had been collected at least 2years before the development of ACS, and 162 controls matched with the cases in a 1:2 fashion for age and year of collection. The mean age of the cohort was 66.3±9.6years (range 34–84years). Serum chemerin levels were measured with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Age was positively associated with chemerin levels (r=0.39, p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis, adjusting for years since blood collection, demonstrated a null association between chemerin levels and the odds ratio for development of ACS (OR: 0.99, 95% CI [0.99–1.001]). This association remained null after adjusting for age (OR: 0.99 95% CI [0.99–1.001]). Conclusions: Although cross-sectional and case–control studies suggest a positive association between chemerin levels and CAD, we demonstrate that chemerin levels do not predict the development of ACS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background and aims: Altered activity of desaturase enzymes may be involved in the development of metabolic diseases like type 2-diabetes. Desaturase activities might be modifiable by diet and lifestyle-related factors, but no study has systematically investigated such factors so far. We aimed to evaluate the association of demographic, anthropometric, dietary and lifestyle characteristics with estimated Δ5-, Δ6- and Δ9-desaturase activity. Methods and results: A subsample (n = 1782) of the EPIC-Potsdam study was used for a cross-sectional analysis, involving men and women, mainly aged 35–65 years. Fatty acid (FA) product-to-precursor ratios, derived from the FA composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, were used to estimate desaturase activities. Multiple linear regression models were used with estimated Δ5-, Δ6- and Δ9-desaturase activity as outcome and demographic (age, sex), anthropometric (BMI, WHR), dietary intake (FAs, carbohydrates) and lifestyle (physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption) factors as exposure variables. Alcohol intake was positively associated with estimated Δ6- (explained variance in desaturase activity: 1.52%) and estimated Δ9-desaturase activity (explained variance: 5.53%). BMI and WHR showed a weak inverse association with estimated Δ5-desaturase activity (explained variance: BMI: 1.07%; WHR: 1.02%) and weak positive associations with estimated Δ6-(explained variance: BMI: 1.17%; WHR: 1.19%) and estimated Δ9-desaturase activities (explained variance: BMI: 0.70%; WHR: 0.96%). Age, sex, physical activity, smoking and dietary factors were only weakly associated with the estimated desaturase activities. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that alcohol intake as well as obesity measures are associated with the FA ratios reflecting desaturase activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: Regular physical exercise within structured lifestyle programs may improve weight status and minimize metabolic risk factors in childhood obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the one-year combined physical exercise/lifestyle program KLAKS on anthropometric and metabolic parameters and glycemic control in childhood obesity. Materials and Methods: 142 overweight/obese (BMI>90th percentile) candidates (7–18years) were enrolled, 115 participants completed the program. Anthropometrics and biochemical parameters were obtained at beginning and completion. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in a subgroup of participants. Course of glucose and insulin levels within OGTT was correlated with several parameters and is reported here for those who completed the program. Results: The mean standard deviation scores (SDS) decreased significantly for BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and percentage body fat (all p≤0.01). Improved metabolic risk markers included mean glucose levels within an OGTT at follow-up compared to baseline (p<0.0001) and HbA1c (p=0.05) as well as indications of improvement for gamma-glutamyl-transferase and free fatty acids. Conclusions: The one-year combined exercise/lifestyle program KLAKS significantly improves markers of obesity and glycemic control. Impaired cardiometabolic risk markers, even subclinical, are also favorably influenced by program participation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As the population is ageing globally, both ageing and obesity are recognized as major public health challenges. The aim of this narrative review is to present and discuss the current evidence on the changes in body composition, energy balance and endocrine environment that occur in the ageing man. Obesity in the ageing man is related to changes in both body weight and composition due to alterations in energy intake and total energy expenditure. In addition, somatopenia (decreased GH secretion), late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), changes in thyroid and adrenal function, as well as changes in appetite-related peptides (leptin, ghrelin) and, most importantly, insulin action are related to obesity, abnormal energy balance, redistribution of the adipose tissue and sarcopenia (decreased muscle mass). A better understanding of the complex relationship of ageing-related endocrine changes and obesity could lead to more effective interventions for elderly men. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The prevalence of obesity has grown significantly worldwide. It is considered a major cardiovascular risk factor among type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients., Objectives: The main objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of obesity in patients with T2DM at King Fahd University Hospital (KFUH), Al-Khobar, and to assess the relationship between T2DM and cardiovascular risk factors with body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR)., Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study, included T2DM patients from the Internal Medicine department at KFHU. The investigators recorded patient demographics (age and gender), weight (kg), height (cm), body mass index (Kg/m 2 ), waist and hip circumference (cm), smoking status, physical activity, blood pressure measurements (mmHg) and laboratory results of fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile., Results: Among 346 patients, the prevalence of obesity and overweight was 62.4% and 27.2%, respectively. The relationship between BMI and demographic data including age and gender was statistically significant (P<0.05). The correlation between the BMI with cardiovascular risk factors including smoking, physical activity and WHR found to be statistically significant (P<0.05)., Conclusion: Our study showed that obesity and overweight affect 89.6% of patients with T2DM. Therefore, it is important to take into consideration weight control strategies to effectively manage diabetic patients., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Jatoi et al.)

Background Young individuals are often at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease and obesity due to lifestyle changes like less physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle. Objective The aim of this study is to determine cardiovascular fitness in young individuals and to study the effects of obesity on their cardiovascular fitness. Material and methods In this study, 100 young individuals, out of which 50 were individuals with obesity and 50 were controls, including males and females, of the age group 18-25 years were included. Cardiovascular fitness was assessed in them using body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Parameters like SBP (systolic blood pressure), DBP (diastolic blood pressure), PR (pulse rate), and HFI (Harvard fitness index) were measured. Results There was no difference found in the PR of the group with obesity compared to the control group (79.020/min ± 8.651 versus 79.42/min ± 6.737; p value = 0.797). However, a significant increase was observed in both SBP and DBP amongst the group with obesity compared to the control group (SBP = 122.72 mmHg ± 12.287 versus 110.92 mmHg ± 11.803; p-value < 0.001, DBP = 81.96 mmHg ± 7.913 versus 73.24 mmHg ± 11.06; p-value < 0.001). There was a significant reduction in HFI in the group with obesity than in the control group (57.44% ± 9.322 versus 80.34% ± 12.594; p-value < 0.001). When we compared males with obesity and females with obesity, we observed a non-significant difference in PR between males with obesity and females with obesity (77.12/min ± 6.02 versus 80.92/min ± 10.44; p-value = 0.122). However, we found a significant increase in SBP in males with obesity compared to females with obesity (127.76 mmHg ± 10.93 versus 117.68 mmHg ± 11.66; p-value < 0.01). A significant decrease in DBP in males with obesity (78.80 mmHg ± 7.55 versus 85.12 mmHg ± 7.07; < 0.01) than in females with obesity was also observed. Along with a non-significant increase in HFI value in males with obesity compared to females with obesity (58.96% ± 8.14 versus 55.92% ± 10.31; p-value = 0.253). Conclusion Results suggest that both male and female young individuals with obesity are at higher risk for developing cardiovascular comorbidities in the future. So, we need to focus on encouraging activities that promote physical fitness., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Radke et al.)

Obesity and cardiovascular risks are closely associated. Hypertension is the most common and early complication of obesity. Obesity is measured with different parameters like Body Mass Index, Waist to Hip Ratio etc. In the present study we have tried to link parameters of obesity with hypertension. We have found that in hypertensive middle aged Indian males diastolic blood pressure showed a better correlation with Waist to Hip Ratio rather than with Body Mass Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is the most commonly reported trigger of binge eating, and high cortisol levels are positively related to both central body fat and food intake after laboratory stress. We therefore examined waist circumference (WHR) and cortisol stress responsivity after a cold pressor stress test (CPT) in 22 obese (BMI > 27) women (11 BED, 11 non-BED). BMI and WHR did not differ between groups. The BED group had higher morning basal cortisol than the non-BED group (P = .03) and greater AUC cortisol after CPT, after controlling for AUC insulin (P = .04). In the BED group, WHR was related to AUC cortisol (P = .002) and peak cortisol stress responsivity (P = .003). Twenty (10 non-BED, 10 BED) were randomized to a 6-week treatment program (CBT + Diet) or Wait-List (WL) control group. There were no BED group or treatment- group differences in WHR, morning basal cortisol, or AUC cortisol after CPT. The relationship between WHR and both AUC cortisol (P = .002) and peak cortisol stress responsivity after CPT (P = .008) remained significant in the BED group. In BED, there is a hyperactive HPA axis related to abdominal obesity that persists even after treatment, suggesting that cortisol might be a primary factor in the disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to explore whether anthropometric indices of obesity are associated with atherogenic risk factors in young adult working women in Japan. The subjects were 492 women in an occupational setting. Predictor variables were body mass index (BMI), the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (SFT), and the waist to hip ratio (WHR). Outcome variables were serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and blood pressures. The average age of the subjects was 26.3 (SD 3.9) years. The upper quartiles of BMI and SFT were significantly associated with all atherogenic risk factors, while the upper quartiles of WHR were not. Multiple comparisons revealed the 4th quartiles of BMI (> 22.25) and SFT (> 39 mm) to have significantly higher values for all atherogenic risk factors. We found that BMI and skinfold thickness were more relevant to the prediction of atherogenic risk factors than WHR in young adult Japanese women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]