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PURPOSE: The incidence of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is higher in Black women compared to White women which is not explained by racial differences in body mass index (BMI). As BMI has limitations as an anthropometric measure, we used different anthropometric measures to examine associations with TNBC by race. METHOD: Of 161,808 postmenopausal participants in Womens Health Initiative, eligible were a subsample of 121,744 White and Black postmenopausal women enrolled from 1993 to 1998, 50-79 years of age with anthropometric measures who were followed for breast cancer incidence until March 2019. At entry, BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were measured using standardized methods. Breast cancers were verified by central medical record review. Associations between anthropometric measures and triple-negative breast cancer risk were examined using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: After 17.6 years (median) follow-up, there were 87 Black women and 529 White women with incident triple-negative breast cancer. Overall, there were no significant associations between anthropometric measures and risk of triple-negative breast cancer. However, compared to White women with normal BMI, White women with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60, 0.96) were significantly associated with a lower risk of triple-negative breast cancer. And larger waist circumference (HR per centimeter 0.99, 95% CI 0.99, 1.00) was significantly associated with a lower risk of triple-negative breast cancer among White women. CONCLUSION: Overall, among postmenopausal women, anthropometric measures were not associated with risk of TNBC. The association among White women with larger waist circumference and women with obesity with a lower risk of triple-negative breast cancer needs further confirmation.

Background: The population of older adults has been consistently on the rise. We aimed to assess the possible relationship between cognitive decline and anthropometric indices in older adults, using data from the Birjand longitudinal aging study (BLAS). Methods: In this cross-sectional research, the association between cognitive impairment as determined by two tests (Six Item Cognitive Impairment Test (6-CIT)) and (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)) and anthropometric indices including waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist to height ratio (WHtR), waist to hip ratio (WHR), body roundness index (BRI), and a body shape index (ABSI) were assessed among 1353 elderly ≥ 60 years old, participating in the BLAS cohort study (September 2018 to April 2019). Ordinal and binary logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: According to the MMSE test, 58.3% of participants had cognitive impairment, while this frequency was 64.2% based on the 6-CIT test. A significant reverse association was observed between cognitive decline according to the 6-CIT test and BMI, WHR, and WC (P < 0.05). Cognitive impairment, according to MMSE, was inversely associated with WC and directly associated with WHtR and ABSI in the crude model, which disappeared after adjustment for confounders. BRI was not significantly related to any of the cognitive tests. According to BMI and WC, overweight and obesity could reduce the risk of cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Overall, the result of this study showed that the risk of cognitive decline decreased among the elderly as BMI, WC, and WHR increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Glaucoma leads to pathological loss of axons in the retinal nerve fibre layer at the optic nerve head (ONH). This study aimed to develop a strategy for the estimation of the cross‐sectional area of the axons in the ONH. Furthermore, improving the estimation of the thickness of the nerve fibre layer, as compared to a method previously published by us. Methods: In the 3D‐OCT image of the ONH, the central limit of the pigment epithelium and the inner limit of the retina, respectively, were identified with deep learning algorithms. The minimal distance was estimated at equidistant angles around the circumference of the ONH. The cross‐sectional area was estimated by the computational algorithm. The computational algorithm was applied on 16 non‐glaucomatous subjects. Results: The mean cross‐sectional area of the waist of the nerve fibre layer in the ONH was 1.97 ± 0.19 mm2. The mean difference in minimal thickness of the waist of the nerve fibre layer between our previous and the current strategies was estimated as CIμ (0.95) 0 ± 1 μm (d.f. = 15). Conclusions: The developed algorithm demonstrated an undulating cross‐sectional area of the nerve fibre layer at the ONH. Compared to studies using radial scans, our algorithm resulted in slightly higher values for cross‐sectional area, taking the undulations of the nerve fibre layer at the ONH into account. The new algorithm for estimation of the thickness of the waist of the nerve fibre layer in the ONH yielded estimates of the same order as our previous algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) analogs regulate body weight and liver steatosis. Different body adipose tissue (AT) depots exhibit biological variability. Accordingly, GLP‐1 analog effects on AT distribution are unclear. Objectives: To investigate GLP1‐analog effects on adiposity distribution. Search methods: PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases were screened for eligible randomized human trials. Pre‐defined endpoints included visceral AT (VAT), subcutaneous AT (SAT), total AT (TAT), epicardial AT (EAT), liver AT (LAT), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (W:H). Search was conducted until May 17, 2022. Data collection and analysis: Data extraction and bias assessment were performed by two independent investigators. Treatment effects were estimated using random effects models. Analyses were performed on Review Manager v5.3. Main results: Out of the 367 screened studies, 45 were included in the systematic review and 35 were used in the meta‐analysis. GLP‐1 analogs reduced VAT, SAT, TAT, LAT, and EAT, with non‐significant effects on W:H. Overall bias risk was low. Conclusions: GLP‐1 analog treatment reduces TAT, affecting most studied AT depots, including the pathogenic VAT, EAT, and LAT. GLP‐1 analogs may have significant roles in combating metabolic, obesity‐associated diseases via reductions of key AT depot volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We observe that the kk-dimensional width of an nn-ball in a space form is given by the area of an equatorial kk-ball. We also discuss the relationship between widths and lower bounds for the area of a free boundary minimal submanifold in a space form ball.

Proverbs play important role in language. They give emotionality, expressiveness to the speech. They have certain pure linguistic features that must always be taken into account in order to distinguish them from ordinary sentences. This article highlights the study and the significance of proverbs, their usage in speech in English and Uzbek languages. The correct usage of these proverbs is also important, while translating any other work of art we should pay close attention to this point, and that is the reason of the study of the theme we have taken under discussion.

There were three objectives: (1) evaluate the relationship between legume intake and weight change across the previous 10 years, (2) examine the cross-sectional associations between legume consumption, BMI, and abdominal adiposity, and (3) determine if the relationship between legume intake and the outcomes were influenced by multiple covariates, particularly fiber intake. The sample included 15,185 randomly selected adults representative of the U.S. population. Percent change in weight was used as the outcome measure for the 10-year analysis. BMI, and waist circumference, corrected for height, were employed as the outcomes for the cross-sectional analyses. Legume, fiber, and energy intakes were measured using the average of two 24-h dietary recalls. Legume intake was divided into three categories. Five demographic and five lifestyle covariates were controlled statistically. There was an inverse dose-response relationship between legume intake and percent weight change over the previous 10 years after adjusting for 9 of the covariates (F = 6.5, p = 0.0028). However, after controlling for fiber with the other covariates, there were no differences across the three legume intake groups (F = 1.9, p = 0.1626). The cross-sectional findings showed similar inverse dose-response results until fiber intake was controlled. Then the associations became non-significant. In conclusion, legume intake is a good predictor of percent weight change over the previous 10 years, and it is also a significant predictor of BMI and abdominal adiposity cross-sectionally. These relationships are strongly influenced by fiber consumption. Evidently, legumes have dietary advantages, especially high fiber levels, that seem to be valuable in the battle against weight gain and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It is evident from the research in recent years that short sleep has been found as a risk factor for obesity. However, we still need enough evidence in this field. Therefore, we explored the directionality of the association between sleep duration and sleep quality with body mass index (BMI). Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of sleep duration and sleep quality with BMI among young adults. Objectives: (a) To assess the association of sleep duration with BMI. (b) To assess the quality of sleep with BMI. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 88 individuals selected from King George's Medical University were taken as participants. Majority of patients were males (67%). There were 29 (33.0%) females. Sex ratio of study was 2.03, and we used Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) questionnaire to assess time spent in bed and sleep quality. BMI was divided into 3 categories. Underweight (BMI

Background: It is evident from the research in recent years that short sleep has been found as a risk factor for obesity. However, we still need enough evidence in this field. Therefore, we explored the directionality of the association between sleep duration and sleep quality with body mass index (BMI). Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of sleep duration and sleep quality with BMI among young adults. Objectives: (a) To assess the association of sleep duration with BMI. (b) To assess the quality of sleep with BMI. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 88 individuals selected from King George's Medical University were taken as participants. Majority of patients were males (67%). There were 29 (33.0%) females. Sex ratio of study was 2.03, and we used Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) questionnaire to assess time spent in bed and sleep quality. BMI was divided into 3 categories. Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2), normal weight (18.5–22.9 kg/m2), overweight (23–24.9 kg/m2), obese grade I (25–34.9 kg/m2), obese grade II (35.0 kg/m2), and above. Results: We observed that short sleep duration ± SD (h) <6 h/day f = 9.04; P < 0.001 is associated with greater chances of being overweight and obese and mean sleep quality (mean PSQI ± SD) f = 12.24; P < 0.001 was poor in obese grade I and II. Mean neck and waist circumference also showed a significant increasing trend with increasing BMI category (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study concludes that short sleep duration and poor sleep quality were associated with overweight obesity among young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo investigate the application and the clinical efficacy of wrist arthroscopy in the treatment of carpal intraosseous ganglion cysts (IGCs).MethodsA retrospective case study method was adopted to analyze the clinical data of 28 patients with carpal IGCs admitted to the Sixth Hospital of Ningbo from April 2012 to January 2019. A hypodensity in the bone was shown by X-ray before the operation, with hypodensity and cystic change in the bone being confirmed by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Arthroscopic open window of the wrist, cystectomy, and autologous iliac bone graft implantation were conducted. Regular postoperative X-ray combined with CT follow-ups were conducted to observe the healing after bone implantation. Patients were followed up regularly and assessed by the Modified Mayo Wrist Score in four aspects of the postoperative pain, wrist mobility, grip, and function to provide an objective overall assessment of the therapeutic outcome.ResultsAll 28 patients were followed up for 8–16 months, with an average follow-up duration of 10 months. After the operation, pain disappeared completely for 25 patients, and 3 cases showed significant improvement. All cases were pathologically confirmed as ganglion cysts and had first-stage bony healing after bone grafting with an average healing time of 10.8 weeks. The grip returned to normal for all patients, and wrist flexion and extension were the same as the healthy wrist for 25 patients, with a Modified Mayo Wrist Score of excellent in 19 cases and good in 9 cases. No recurrence was observed.ConclusionIn patients with symptomatic carpal IGCs, the application of arthroscopic open window, cystectomy, and autologous bone graft implantation could achieve satisfactory clinical therapeutic effects.

Background: Obesity can affect severity of knee osteoarthritis sufferers. Several studies have examined relationship between obesity and osteoarthritis, but no one has examined the different types of obesity on osteoarthritis, therefore, researchers wanted to know differences of central and peripheral obesity on severity osteoarthritis. Methods: A retrospective studi, with cross-sectional, simple random sampling method, conducted between 1 August 2014 and 30 September 2014 in Semarang City. Samples people > 50 years old. Data were analyzed by rank Spearman and Anova correlation. Results: In this study, 45.7% (n = 32) reported severe osteoarthritis. The results of the statistical test obtained p1 = 0,000 (reject Ho). The correlation coefficient (r) is 0.857 (strong), and the linear pattern is positive. The coefficient of determination (r2) is obtained (0.857) 2 = 0.73 = 73%. And 37.1% (N = 26) reported being obese. p2 = 0.043 (reject Ho). The mean deviation (MD) was 0.048 (not significant) between central obesity and peripheral obesity. Conclusion: Obesity affects severity of knee osteoarthritis. The greater body mass index, greater severity of knee osteoarthritis. 73% of severity of knee osteoarthritis is influenced by obesity, but there is no significant effect between central and peripheral obesity on the occurrence of knee osteoarthritis.

Resumen Introducción. La composición corporal ha demostrado ser un importante indicador de salud. Objetivo. Analizar la Composición corporal en escolares de 13 a 14 años, pertenecientes a la zona centro y sur oriente del Tolima. Materiales y métodos. Participaron 335 estudiantes (Hombres 49,9%; 50,1% mujeres) con rango de edad 13-14 años. Se evaluó IMC, perímetro de cintura y porcentaje de grasa. Los instrumentos fueron: báscula, tallímetro y cinta métrica. Resultados. Se encontraron diferencias de género en las variables estudiadas, con mayor IMC y porcentaje graso entre las mujeres (20,4kg/m2 vs. 19,0kg/m2 y 26,2% vs. 17,6%, respectivamente); sin embargo, el perímetro de cintura fue similar en los hombres y mujeres (68,2 cm vs 68,1cm). En ambos sexos, la edad se asoció con aumentos del IMC (p

Because of its complex pathogenesis and scarcity of approved therapies, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is considered as one of the major challenge before mankind. Literature suggests that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease will replace Hepatitis C as a major form of chronic liver disease in adults and children over the next decade thus becoming the major cause of liver transplantation. Aim: To assess anthropometric, biochemical parameters and correlates of ultrasound-diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Material and methods: For this study a total of 182 subjects were selected from the department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, SKIMS medical college, Bemina, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Control group consisted of 91 age and sex matched subjects (mean age 51.69 ± 13.97 years) whereas case group consisted of 91 subjects (mean age 50.72 ± 12.13 years). Ultrasound under standardized conditions was performed in all subjects and the grading of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was done in case group. Correlation of anthropometric and biochemical parameters with the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was sought from the case group. Results: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients had significantly higher body mass index [BMI (p Conclusion: Our findings further support that patients with signs of metabolic syndrome are at increased risk to develop non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Furthermore abdominal obesity is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Context: Prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, including in the rural populations. Waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) are closely related in measuring obesity. Measuring WC is easier than measuring height and weight for calculating BMI. Therefore, WC measurement can be used as obesity detecting tool. Aims: The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of obesity in a rural population and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of WC values for identifying obesity. Settings and Design: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in rural places of North Karnataka. Material and Methods: Height, weight, and WC of each participant were measured. WC was measured at the midpoint between the inferior margin of the last rib and iliac crest. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analyses were performed using MedCalc for Windows. The area under the receiver operating characteristics derived by plotting 100 specificity along the X-axis and sensitivity along the Y-axis. Results: Abdominal obesity measured by WC showed that 114 participants were obese with a prevalence of 36.08%. Prevalence of obesity by taking BMI of ≥25 kg/m2 as cutoff showed 15.82%. We found that presently recommended WC cutoff value for males had 66.67% sensitivity and for females had 89.47% sensitivity to diagnose obesity. Conclusions: WC can be used as screening tool for identifying obesity. Considerable variation in sensitivity was found among different studies. Unlike BMI, universal cutoff may not be possible with WC. More studies are needed to assess the relationship of different obesity surrogates to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

The neuraxial anesthetic technique in the obese class III, pregnant patient, can represent a challenge for the anesthesiologist, due to the difficulty in recognizing the anatomical landmarks. The objective of the study was to determine the difficulty and quality of combined spinal/epidural anesthesia, in 14 pregnant patients with a body mass index = 40 kg/m2 scheduled for cesarean section. For the location of the puncture site, self-identification of the waist was used, a methodology that has not been previously reported. The patients straddled the surgical table, pointing to her waist with both hands. Two lines were drawn on the back. A horizontal line at the waist, indicated by the patient, and a vertical line corresponding to the midline. The intersection of the two lines was the coordinate for the neuraxial puncture. The mean ± SD of the body mass index was 47.5 ± 3.7 kg/m2. A first level success rate of 92.8% was determined, 57.1% of the patients received one puncture, and the average of punctures was 1.5. Spinal/epidural anesthesia failed in two cases, a change from anesthetic technique to epidural and supplementation with infiltration was performed, with adequate analgesia. It was not necessary to convert to general anesthesia in any case. Self-identification of the waist and coordinate marking can be a clinical aid for the identification of the lumbar puncture site, during the installation of neuraxial anesthesia, in obstetric patients with class III obesity, scheduled for cesarean section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In studies of anthropometric measures and prostate cancer risk, conducted primarily in White men, positive associations with advanced disease have been reported. We assessed body size in relation to incident prostate cancer risk in 79,950 men from the Multiethnic Cohort, with 8,819 cases identified over 22 years (1993–2015). Height was associated with increased risk of advanced prostate cancer (≥68 inches (≥ 173 cm) vs. < 66 inches (168 cm); hazard ratio (HR) = 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04, 1.48) and high-grade disease (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.31). Compared with men of normal weight, men overweight at baseline were at higher risk of high-grade cancer (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.26). Greater weight was positively associated with localized and low-grade disease in Blacks and Native Hawaiians (by race, P for heterogeneity = 0.0002 and 0.008, respectively). Weight change since age 21 years was positively associated with high-grade disease (for ≥ 40 pounds (18 kg) vs. 10 pounds (4.5 kg), HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.37; P for trend  =  0.005). Comparing highest versus lowest quartile, waist-to-hip ratio was associated with a 1.78-fold increase (95% CI: 1.28, 2.46) in the risk of advanced prostate cancer. Positive associations with the majority of anthropometric measures were observed in all 5 racial/ethnic groups, suggesting a general impact of anthropometric measures on risk across populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Identify anthropometric trajectories among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and associate them with glycaemic control. Methods: Prospective study including 268 community-dwelling participants with T2DM (34% women, mean age 68.7 ± 8.9 years) followed for 10.7 years (range: 8.8–13.6 years). T2DM control was considered for 1) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 5 kg, and 25% lost 5 cm. Using FPG as criterion, participants who lost > 5 cm waist were more likely to be controlled: multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.10 (1.23–7.78). Participants with controlled T2DM also presented with a higher weight variability: multivariable adjusted mean ± standard error 4.8 ± 0.3 vs. 3.9 ± 0.3 kg, p = 0.028. Using HbA1c as criterion, participants who lost > 5 kg were less likely to be controlled: OR and (95% CI): 0.35 (0.18–0.66). Similar findings were obtained when restricting the analysis to participants who were diabetic throughout the whole study period. Conclusion: In a Swiss community-based sample of participants with T2DM, T2DM control rates could be implemented. Neither weight nor waist variability was significantly and consistently associated with T2DM control.

Introduction: Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition causing chronic pain and infertility. Only limited data exist on body size during childhood and adolescence in affected women. A leaner body shape has been associated with endometriosis in adults. However, longitudinal follow‐up data from birth to adulthood are lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the association between body size and endometriosis from birth to age 46 years. We also performed in‐depth analysis of the endometriosis subtypes. Material and Methods: This was a population‐based study including 96% of the children born in Northern Finland in 1966. Endometriosis case identification was based on (a) the World Health Organization's International Statistical Classification of Diseases code documentation from national hospital discharge registers and (b) self‐reported diagnosis. A total of 348 women with endometriosis (203 in subtype analysis) and 3487 women without endometriosis were identified. Pregnancy, birth, and growth data up to adolescence were collected from welfare clinical records. Follow‐up data of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 were collected at ages 14, 31, and 46 years through postal questionnaires and clinical examinations and included height, weight, and waist and hip circumference measurements. The associations between endometriosis and body size were assessed using logistic regression models. Results: Body sizes in childhood and adolescence were comparable between women developing endometriosis and those not developing endometriosis. On average, the risk for endometriosis was 2% lower for every kilogram of weight (odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% CI 0.97‐1.00) and 6% lower for every body mass index unit (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90‐0.99) at age 31. By age 46, a lower risk for peritoneal endometriosis was observed with greater weight (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92‐0.98), weight gain from age 14 to age 46 years (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.93‐1.00), body mass index (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.82‐0.98), waist circumference (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92‐0.99), and waist‐hip ratio (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21‐0.78). Conclusions: This study provides further evidence of the associations between endometriosis and body size and adiposity, specifically in women with peritoneal endometriosis. The associations are evident in adulthood but not in childhood or adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined a series of machine learning models, evaluating their effectiveness in assessing children's energy expenditure, in terms of the metabolic equivalents (MET) of physical activity (PA), from triaxial accelerometery. The study also determined the impact of the sensor placement (waist, ankle or wrist) on the machine learning model's predictive performance. Twenty-eight healthy Caucasian children aged 8–11years (13 girls, 15 boys) undertook a series of activities reflective of different levels of PA (lying supine, seated and playing with Lego, slow walking, medium walking, and a medium paced run, instep passing a football, overarm throwing and catching and stationary cycling). Energy expenditure and physical activity were assessed during all activities using accelerometers (GENEActiv monitor) worn on four locations (i.e. non-dominant wrist, dominant wrist, dominant waist, dominant ankle) and breath-by-breath calorimetry data. MET values ranged from 1.2 ± 0.2 for seated playing with Lego to 4.1 ± 0.8 for running at 6.5 kmph−1. Machine learning models were used to determine the MET values from the accelerometer data and to determine which placement location performed more effectively in predicting the PA data. The study identified that novel machine learning models can be used to accurately predict METs, with 90% accuracy. The models showed a preference towards the dominant wrist or ankle as the movement in those positions were more consistent during PA. It was evident that machine learning models using these locations can be effectively used to accurately predict METs for PA in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tint-Swe Latt,1,2 Ko-Ko Zaw,3 Ko Ko,4 Moh-Moh Hlaing,3 Mya Ohnmar,3 Ei-Sandar Oo,5 Kyaw-Myint-Myat Thein,6 Motoyuki Yuasa2 1Myanmar Diabetes Association, Yangon, Myanmar; 2Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; 3Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Myanmar; 4University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar; 5University of Public Health, Yangon, Myanmar; 6Diabetes Project, Department of Health, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyidaw, Myanmar Background: Myanmar, a low-income Southeast Asia country with an estimated population of 53.9 million, is currently facing an increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases. Research that systematically measures and reports the national prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes within Myanmar represents a gap in the literature. This study, a national survey, was conducted with the objectives of 1) measuring diabetic population, 2) measuring the prediabetic population, and 3) finding out the risk factors leading to diabetes and prediabetes in Myanmar. Method: Multistage sampling was applied in proportional cluster approach to recruit a nationally representative sample of 8,575 participants from 52 townships selected to represent 332 townships across the country. The Ethical Committee of the Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar) approved the current study. Fasting plasma glucose and the level of glucose 2 hours after 75 g glucose load were applied, to screen for diabetes and prediabetes. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were carried out to investigate demographic and lifestyle behaviors. Stadiometer, weighing scale, measuring tape, and Omron blood pressure monitor measuring devices were used for the anthropometric measurements. Survey data analysis used STATA version 13 and application of descriptive statistics with multinomial logistic regression. Result: Prevalence of diabetes in Myanmar was 10.8%: 11.5% in males and 9.2% in females. Overall prevalence of prediabetes was 19.7%: 16.5% in males and 23% in females. Increasing age, urban residence, big waist circumference, and high triglyceride level were significant factors associated with diabetes and prediabetes. Many people with diabetes were found to lack knowledge and awareness of diabetes. Conclusion: Diabetes prevalence in Myanmar is high, and relatively higher than that reported in many Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries. The study findings call for urgent nationwide public health action in Myanmar such as screening people at risk of diabetes and prevention of the disease. The findings can also assist the health authority in Myanmar with the preparation and allocation of resources for diabetes prevention. Keywords: Yangon, waist circumference, prediabetes, diabetes, triglyceride

Abstract Background Copy number variants (CNVs) have been shown to increase risk for physical anomalies, developmental, psychiatric and medical disorders. Some of them have been associated with changes in weight, height, and other physical traits. As most studies have been performed on children and young people, these effects of CNVs in middle-aged and older people are not well established. The UK Biobank recruited half a million adults who provided a variety of physical measurements. We called all CNVs from the Affymetrix microarrays and selected a set of 54 CNVs implicated as pathogenic (including their reciprocal deletions/duplications) and that were found in five or more persons. Linear regression analysis was used to establish their association with 16 physical traits relevant to human health. Results 396,725 participants of white British or Irish descent (excluding first-degree relatives) passed our quality control filters. Out of the 864 CNV/trait associations, 214 were significant at a false discovery rate of 0.1, most of them novel. Many of these traits increase risk for adverse health outcomes: e.g. increases in weight, waist-to-hip ratio, pulse rate and body fat composition. Deletions at 16p11.2, 16p12.1, NRXN1 and duplications at 16p13.11 and 22q11.2 produced the highest numbers of significant associations. Five CNVs produced average changes of over one standard deviation for the 16 traits, compared to controls: deletions at 16p11.2 and 22q11.2, and duplications at 3q29, the Williams-Beuren and Potocki-Lupski regions. CNVs at 1q21.1, 2q13, 16p11.2 and 16p11.2 distal, 16p12.1, 17p12 and 17q12 demonstrated one or more mirror image effects of deletions versus duplications. Conclusions Carriers of many CNVs should be monitored for physical traits that increase morbidity and mortality. Genes within these CNVs can give insights into biological processes and therapeutic interventions.

Growing evidence reports that obesity might play a role in erectile dysfunction (ED), but limited knowledge is available. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of ED in overweight men and men with obesity. We performed a systematic review up to 01/04/2019 to investigate the associations between obesity and ED. Applying a random-effect model, we calculated the prevalence of ED, the odds ratio (OR) for the presence of ED by Body Mass Index (BMI) categories and the mean differences between ED and controls in BMI and Waist Circumference (WC). Among 3409 studies, we included 45 articles with 42,489 men (mean age = 55 years). Taking normal weight men as reference, the prevalence of ED was significantly higher in overweight (OR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.13–1.51; I2 = 72%) and in men with obesity (OR = 1.60; 95%CI: 1.29–1.98; I2 = 79%). Adjusting our analyses for potential confounders, the results were confirmed in men with obesity (OR = 1.46; 95%CI: 1.24–1.72; I2 = 72%). ED was associated with significant higher values of BMI (MD = 0.769; 95%CI: 0.565–0.973 Kg/m2; I2 = 78%) and WC (MD = 5.251 cm; 95%CI: 1.295–9.208; I2 = 96%). Considering the high prevalence of ED among men with obesity, clinicians should screen for this clinical condition in this population. Findings from the present study suggest that reducing adiposity is a crucial approach in patients with ED who are affected by obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body fat distribution predicts cardiovascular events better than body-mass index (BMI). Waist circumference (WC) and neck circumference (NC) are inexpensive anthropometric measurements. We aimed to present the conditional distribution of WC and NC values according to BMI, stratified by age and sex, from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline data. We analyzed 15,085 ELSA-Brasil participants with complete data. We used spline quantile regression models, stratified by sex and age, to estimate the NC and WC quantiles according to BMI. To test a putative association between age and median NC or WC values, we built sex-specific median regression models using both BMI and age as explanatory variables. We present estimated 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles for NC and WC values, according to BMI, age, and sex. Predicted interquartile intervals for NC values varied from 1.6 to 3.8 cm and, for WC values, from 5.1 to 10.3 cm. Median NC was not associated with age in men (P=0.11) nor in women (P=0.79). However, median WC increased with advancing age in both sexes (P

Finite element method is a calculation method that can comprehensively and objectively analyze the stress and strain of complex objects. It is mostly used in biomechanics research of human complex structure. In Taijiquan exercise, the waist drives the motion of the body, which adapts to the physical condition of human body. Hence, the waist plays an important role in Taijiquan exercise. This paper applied CT imaging method and CAD modeling to establish a finite element model of the L4-L5 segment to explore the effect of finite element method on the waist, taking two actions of standing with the waist relaxed and pushing hands as examples. It was found that when the movement of Taijiquan pushing hands deepened, the flexion of the waist increased and the muscular strength of the erector spine increased gradually. However, the muscular force of erectors under the same curvature gradually decreased with the increase of the follower force. The cancellous bone pressure was the largest in the standing state, which was about 1.9 MPa. With the increase of the curvatures, the cancellous bone showed a tendency of first decreasing and then increasing. The pressure in the lumbar disc was the lowest of all values in an upright position. With the deepening of pushing hand movements, the waist curvature becomes larger, the pressure inside the lumbar disc also became larger; in the case of the same curvature, the greater the follower forceb, the greater the pressure. Therefore, waist bending angle in Taijiquan exercise has an important impact on the spine strength and lumbar disc pressure.

Monitoring anthropometric parameters in bodybuilders is with interest with regards to competition results. The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometrics between bodybuilders generations in Albania championship during years 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2021. Assessment was done in Tirana during the championship for bodybuilders category during years as mentions at the aim of the study. Assessment for shoulder, chest circumference and waist circumference were done in Tirana using usual tape measurement. Average results for shoulder circumference (2017= 123.6cm; 2018= 123.7cm, 2019= 133 cm and 2021= 126.5cm), chest circumference (2017= 109.3 cm; 2018= 108.3 cm, 2019= 107 cm and 2021= 114 cm), waist circumference (2017= 80.9 cm; 2018= 81.65 cm, 2019= 81.25 cm and 2021= 82 cm). Data obtain on this study showed that for three anthropometric parameters assessed bodybuilders had the highest circumference during year 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements of geometric parameters of a high-power infrared laser beam have been realized by three methods. The obtained results are in a satisfactory agreement with each other. When focusing the beam with wavelength of 1.064 μm with a specially designed non-aberrational objective, a focal spot of approximately 40 μm diameter could be obtained, with the waist length being 230−280 μm. The measured parameters give an idea of the size of a laser plasma generated by this beam on a Xe gas microjet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of haptic feedback devices highly depends on the perception of tactile stimuli, which differs across body parts and can be affected by movement. In this study, a novel wearable sensory feedback apparatus made of a pair of pressure-sensitive insoles and a belt equipped with vibrotactile units is presented; the device provides time-discrete vibrations around the waist, synchronized with biomechanically-relevant gait events during walking. Experiments with fifteen healthy volunteers were carried out to investigate users’ tactile perception on the waist. Stimuli of different intensities were provided at twelve locations, each time synchronously with one pre-defined gait event (i.e. heel strike, flat foot or toe off), following a pseudo-random stimulation sequence. Reaction time, detection rate and localization accuracy were analyzed as functions of the stimulation level and site and the effect of gait events on perception was investigated. Results revealed that above-threshold stimuli (i.e. vibrations characterized by acceleration amplitudes of 1.92g and 2.13g and frequencies of 100 Hz and 150 Hz, respectively) can be effectively perceived in all the sites and successfully localized when the intertactor spacing is set to 10 cm. Moreover, it was found that perception of time-discrete vibrations was not affected by phase-related gating mechanisms, suggesting that the waist could be considered as a preferred body region for delivering haptic feedback during walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse properties satisfied by certain open normal subgroups in normally constrained pro-p groups and in a spread version of normally constrained pro-p groups. In the case of powerful normally constrained pro-p groups, we exhibit some kind of inheritance properties in certain open normal subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: With improving nutrition and health, athletes have grown taller and heavier over the past century. Since there is no weight restriction in the heavyweight class, secular changes in anthropometric measurements of heavyweight boxers may mirror those of contemporary general populations. Objectives: We aimed to (1) examine secular trends in adiposity and musculoskeletal measurements in heavyweight boxers, (2) determine anthropometric differences between champions and unsuccessful challengers. Methods: Detailed demographics taken at time of contest (first official World Championship to current contest: 1889–2019) were collected from media archives. Results: All 237 boxers (83 champions, 154 challengers) contesting a recognised heavyweight World Championships were identified. They had mean (± SD) age = 28.9 ± 4.1 years, height = 187.3 ± 6.5 cm, reach = 195.2 ± 9.4 cm, weight = 97.5 ± 11.5 kg, BMI = 27.8 ± 2.4 kg/m2 and waist = 87.9 ± 6.2 cm. Contest years explained 25.9% (p < 0.001) of the variance in BMI for champions and 30.9% (p < 0.001) for challengers, 9.1% (p < 0.071) in WC for champions and 19.9% (p < 0.001) for challengers. Contest years correlated with height (r = 0.531, p < 0.001), reach (r = 0.341, p < 0.001), weight (r = 0.603, p < 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.370, p = 0.001) among all documented boxers, and with waist only in challengers (r = 0.349, p < 0.001) but not in champions (r = 0.078, p = 0.509). Compared with challengers, champions had greater stature by + 3.4 cm (p < 0.001), reach + 3.6 cm (p = 0.005) and weight + 3.7 kg (p = 0.017), with similar BMI and waist. Champions had larger biceps and forearms but did not differ from challengers in other musculoskeletal dimensions. Conclusions: Over 130 years elite heavyweight boxers have increased in size (BMI) and reach but waists in champions have remained static. Being heavier, taller with longer and bigger arms, but with similar in BMI and waist, appear to be differentiating factors between champions and challengers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Causal risk factors for aortic valve stenosis are poorly understood, limiting the possibility of preventing the most common heart valve disease.Objectives: The hypothesis was tested that genetically based obesity measured by body mass index is causally associated with risk of aortic valve stenosis and replacement.Methods: The authors included 108,211 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. Participants had measurements of body mass index, waist-hip ratio, and waist circumference, and information on 5 genetic variants associated with obesity. A Mendelian randomization design was used to investigate genetic and observational associations of obesity with incident aortic valve stenosis (n = 1,215) and replacement (n = 467) for a median follow-up time of 8.7 years.Results: Genetically increased body mass index was causally associated with increased risk of aortic valve stenosis. Compared with an unweighted allele score of 0 to 3, individuals with an allele score 7 to 10 had a mean increase in body mass index of 0.87 kg/m2, and the age and sex-adjusted hazard ratio for aortic valve stenosis was 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0 to 1.7) for allele score 4, 1.4 (95% CI: 1.1 to 1.8) for allele score 5 to 6, and 1.6 (95% CI: 1.3 to 2.1) for allele score 7 to 10 (p for trend: 9 × 10-5). A 1-kg/m2 increase in body mass index was associated with causal risk ratios for aortic valve stenosis and replacement, respectively, of 1.52 (95% CI: 1.23 to 1.87) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.07 to 2.08) genetically, and with corresponding hazard ratios of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.08) and 1.06 (95% CI: 1.03 to 1.08) observationally.Conclusions: Obesity from human genetics was causally associated with higher risk of aortic valve stenosis and replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced prostate cancer etiology is poorly understood. Few studies have examined associations of anthropometric factors (e.g. early adulthood obesity) with advanced prostate cancer risk. We carried out pooled analyses to examine associations between body fatness, height, and prostate cancer risk. Among 830 772 men, 51 734 incident prostate cancer cases were identified, including 4762 advanced (T4/N1/M1 or prostate cancer deaths) cases, 2915 advanced restricted (same as advanced, but excluding localized cancers that resulted in death) cases, 9489 high-grade cases, and 3027 prostate cancer deaths. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate study-specific hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI); results were pooled using random effects models. No statistically significant associations were observed for body mass index (BMI) in early adulthood for advanced, advanced restricted, and high-grade prostate cancer, and prostate cancer mortality. Positive associations were shown for BMI at baseline with advanced prostate cancer (HR = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.95–1.78) and prostate cancer mortality (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.12–2.07) comparing BMI ≥35.0 kg/m2 with 21–22.9 kg/m2. When considering early adulthood and baseline BMI together, a 27% higher prostate cancer mortality risk (95% CI = 9% to 49%) was observed for men with BMI <25.0 kg/m2 in early adulthood and BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2 at baseline compared with BMI <25.0 kg/m2 in early adulthood and BMI <30.0 kg/m2 at baseline. Baseline waist circumference, comparing ≥110 cm with <90 cm, and waist-to-hip ratio, comparing ≥1.00 with <0.90, were associated with significant 14%–16% increases in high-grade prostate cancer risk and suggestive or significant 20%–39% increases in prostate cancer mortality risk. Height was associated with suggestive or significant 33%–56% risks of advanced or advanced restricted prostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality, comparing ≥1.90 m with <1.65 m. Our findings suggest that height and total and central adiposity in mid-to-later adulthood, but not early adulthood adiposity, are associated with risk of advanced forms of prostate cancer. Thus, maintenance of healthy weight may help prevent advanced prostate cancer. • Few have examined the role of early adulthood BMI and adult BMI changes on risk of advanced forms of prostate cancer. • Height in mid/late adulthood was positively associated with advanced prostate cancer risk and mortality. • BMI and waist circumference in mid/late adulthood was positively associated with advanced prostate cancer risk and mortality. • Change in BMI from early to mid/late adulthood were positively associated with advanced prostate cancer risk and mortality. • BMI in early adulthood was not associated with risk of advanced forms of prostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is associated with increased risk of several diseases and has become epidemic. Obesity is highly heritable but the genetic variants identified by genome-wide association studies explain only limited variability. Epigenetics could contribute to explain the missing variability. The study aim was to discover differential methylation patterns related to obesity. We designed an epigenome-wide association study with a discovery phase in a subsample of 641 REGICOR study participants, validated by analysis of 2,515 participants in the Framingham Offspring Study. Blood DNA methylation was assessed using Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Next, we meta-analyzed the data using the fixed effects method and performed a functional and pathway analysis using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. We were able to validate 94 CpGs associated with body mass index (BMI) and 49 CpGs associated with waist circumference, located in 95 loci. In addition, we newly discovered 70 CpGs associated with BMI and 33 CpGs related to waist circumference. These CpGs explained 25.94% and 29.22% of the variability of BMI and waist circumference, respectively, in the REGICOR sample. We also evaluated 65 of the 95 validated loci in the GIANT genome-wide association data; 10 of them had Tag SNPs associated with BMI. The top-ranked diseases and functions identified in the functional and pathway analysis were neurologic, psychological, endocrine, and metabolic.

Background: Despite the existing evidence that waist circumference (WC) provides independent and additive information to BMI when predicting morbidity and mortality, this measurement is not routinely obtained in clinical practice. Using computed tomography (CT) scan images, mobile health (mHealth) has the potential to make this abdominal obesity parameter easily available even in retrospective studies., Objective: This study aimed to develop a mobile app as a tool for facilitating the measurement of WC based on a cross-sectional CT image., Methods: The development process included three stages: determination of the principles of WC measurement from CT images, app prototype design, and validation. We performed a preliminary validity study in which we compared WC measurements obtained both by the conventional method using a tape measurement in a standing position and by the mobile app using the last abdominal CT slice not showing the iliac bone. Pearson correlation, student t tests, and Q-Q and Bland-Altman plots were used for statistical analysis. Moreover, to perform a diagnostic test evaluation, we also analyzed the accuracy of the app in detecting abdominal obesity., Results: We developed a prototype of the app Measure It, which is capable of estimating WC from a single cross-sectional CT image. We used an estimation based on an ellipse formula adjusted to the gender of the patient. The validity study included 20 patients (10 men and 10 women). There was a good correlation between both measurements (Pearson R=0.906). The student t test showed no significant differences between the two measurements (P=.98). Both the Q-Q dispersion plot and Bland-Altman analysis graphs showed good overlap with some dispersion of extreme values. The diagnostic test evaluation showed an accuracy of 83% when using the mobile app to detect abdominal obesity., Conclusions: This app is a simple and accessible mHealth tool to routinely measure WC as a valuable obesity indicator in clinical and research practice. A usability and validity evaluation among medical teams will be the next step before its use in clinical trials and multicentric studies., (© Abderrahmen Masmoudi, Amine Zouari, Ahmed Bouzid, Kais Fourati, Soulaimen Baklouti, Mohamed Ben Amar, Salah Boujelben. Originally published in JMIRx Med (https://med.jmirx.org).)

Taking into account the results, we found that the largest number (35.64%) of the participants in the control group of the study had a waist size between 60 and 70 centimeters, followed by those with a waist size between 70 and 80 centimeters. In the group of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), women with a waist size between 70 and 80 cm (38.42%) are the most numerous. Second in number for women with PCOS are those with waist sizes between 80 and 90 centimeters (23.64%) - defined as high-risk according to current norms. We find the fact that 9.85% of the women tested in the PCOS group had waists larger than 90 centimeters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]