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7. Voices in and Uses of Internal Conversations

Author

Schweingruber, David, Wahl, David W., Beeman, Steven, Burns, Deborah, Weston, George, and Haroldson, Rebecca

Abstract

Although sociologists have a long history of making claims about people’s internal conversations, these claims are based on little or no evidence. We present results from the first sociological analysis of a large number of self-reported internal conversations, focusing on two interconnected properties of internal conversations: their uses and what internalized others appear and speak in them. We developed taxonomies for categorizing internal conversations based on these properties. The majority of internal conversations in our collection were used to prepare for action, such as with rehearsals, self-direction, and to-do lists. Internalized others appeared in over two-thirds of internal conversations but spoke in fewer than a fifth of them. Internalized others were most likely to speak in rehearsals and other internal interactions, which involve mentally running through an interaction with one or more other people.

Published
2023
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30. Whither the Internal Conversation?

Author

Schweingruber, David and Wahl, David W.

Abstract

The internal conversation has a venerable place in the symbolic interactionist tradition but has been the focus of little empirical research by interactionists. After reviewing selected research on the internal conversation (most by noninteractionist sociologists or nonsociologists), we argue that interactionists ought to conduct research of our own to examine claims we have been making and to better understand social life. We propose some worthy areas and avenues of investigation.

Published
2019
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46. Eligibility for cholesterol referral in community-dwelling older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study.

Author

Manolio, Teri A., Furberg, Curt D., Wahl, Patricia W., Tracy, Russell P., Borhani, Nemat O., Gardin, Julius M., Fried, Linda P., O'Leary, Daniel H., Kuller, Lewis H., Manolio, T A, Furberg, C D, Wahl, P W, Tracy, R P, Borhani, N O, Gardin, J M, Fried, L P, O'Leary, D H, and Kuller, L H

Subjects
LIPOPROTEINS, HEALTH risk assessment of older people, MEDICAL screening, CEREBROVASCULAR disease prevention, CORONARY heart disease prevention, HYPERCHOLESTEREMIA prevention, AGE distribution, CEREBROVASCULAR disease, COMPARATIVE studies, CORONARY disease, HYPERCHOLESTEREMIA, LONGITUDINAL method, LOW density lipoproteins, RESEARCH methodology, MEDICAL cooperation, MEDICAL referrals, PREVENTIVE health services, RESEARCH, ELIGIBILITY (Social aspects), EVALUATION research, DISEASE complications
Abstract

Objectives: To assess the proportion of community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older who are eligible for referral for lipoprotein analysis and intervention according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines.Design: Cross-sectional study based on examinations and questionnaires collected in 1989 and 1990.Setting: Four communities in the U.S. in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a study of risk factors for heart disease and stroke in older adults.Participants: A sample of 4810 men and women ages 65 to 100 randomly selected and recruited from Health Care Financing Administration Medicare eligibility lists for the four communities; not institutionalized, not wheelchair-bound, not currently receiving therapy for cancer, not currently taking lipid-lowering medications, and not having eaten in the preceding 9 hours.Measurements: Total cholesterol and lipoprotein analysis measured in all participants.Results: Total cholesterol levels were less than 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) in 37% of participants, 5.17 to 6.19 mmol/L (200 to 239 mg/dL) in 39%, and 6.20 mmol/L (240 mg/dL) or greater in 24%. Compared with their counterparts, older participants, especially those over 80 years of age, were more likely to have levels below 5.17 mmol/L, as were men, nonwhites, and those with coronary heart disease or two or more coronary heart disease risk factors (P less than 0.008 for all values). Based on this screening measurement, 2174 participants were eligible for lipoprotein analysis, 80% were eligible for dietary or drug therapy using NCEP guidelines. Overall, 46% of CHS participants were eligible for lipoprotein analysis and 36% for intervention by NCEP guidelines, based on a single cholesterol measurement.Conclusion: A substantial proportion of older adults in this community sample were eligible for lipoprotein analysis and intervention. Prospective studies of elderly persons are needed to determine the risk for incident coronary heart disease according to NCEP classifications and the benefits of lipid-lowering treatments in persons in this age group so that intervention strategies may best be targeted to an appropriately high-risk group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1992
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47. Type III hyperlipoproteinemia: diagnosis in whole plasma by apolipoprotein-E immunoassay.

Author

Kushwaha, Rampratap S., Hazzard, William R., Wahl, Patricia W., Hoover, J. Joanne, Kushwaha, R S, Hazzard, W R, Wahl, P W, and Hoover, J J

Subjects
IMMUNODIFFUSION, IMMUNOASSAY, APOLIPOPROTEIN E, HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA, DIAGNOSIS, AGE distribution, APOLIPOPROTEINS, COMPARATIVE studies, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, LIPOPROTEINS, LOW density lipoproteins, RESEARCH methodology, MEDICAL cooperation, RESEARCH, TRIGLYCERIDES, EVALUATION research
Abstract

Because the cholesterol-rich very low density (VLD) lipoproteins of subjects with type III hyperlipoproteinemia are distinctively enriched in apolipoprotein E, a radial immunodiffusion assay for apolipoprotein E in whole plasma was developed. Its diagnostic usefulness was tested in randomly selected (n = 174) and hyperlipidemic (n = 61) subsets of an adult employee population and a hyperlipidemia clinic referral group (n = 63), which included 18 patients with well-documented type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Apolipoprotein-E levels were normally distributed among the random population subset, were equal between the two sexes, and increased little with age. The mean and 99th percentile values were 24.6 and 40.1 mg/dl, respectively. All subjects with type III patterns as assigned by standard criteria from both population (n = 4) and referral sources exceeded this 99th percentile (chi +/- SD = 54.7 +/- 9.7 mg/dl). Hence a plasma apolipoprotein-E concentration exceeding 40 mg/dl appears diagnostic of type III hyperlipoproteinemia, representing the first application of an apolipoprotein immunoassay to improved diagnosis of the hyperlipoproteinemias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1977
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