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Maleated soybean oil (MSO), was used as production of eco-friendly thermoset resins. Sample of Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) was initially reacted with maleic anhydride, hydroquinone and ethanol in a reaction vessel at 70°C for 150 minutes by using mechanical stirrer at 300 rpm. The esterification process of maleated soybean oil (MSO) was observed by Oxirane Oxygen Content (OOC) and Acid Value (AV) determination via wet titration. The mixture of MSO, propylene glycol (PG) as a curing agent and 3-triethoxysylilpropilamine (TP) as a catalyst were stirred in a beaker at 60°C for 15 minutes to produce thermoset films. Three formulation ratios of PG to TP were used (30PG:70TP, 50PG:50TP, 70PG:30TP). The viscosity test, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) test, pencil hardness and gel content test was used to evaluate the performance of the films. FTIR results for MSO were confirmed by the existence of 3321.6 cm−1 represents the OH functional group, while the peak at 1757 cm−1 is an ester C=O functional group indicates the successful of esterification process. The wavenumber at 3458.11 cm-1, 3452.60 cm-1 and 3457.98 cm-1 corresponded to the hydroxyl group that exist in the structure of MSO films. MSO produced 3% VOC content indicates that it is safe to use as bio-based coating as it emits low emission of VOC. The sample with the best films properties is 70PG:30TP which lead to get H hardness and has 90% gel content. This could be representative for the maximum crosslinking degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber (EPDM) waste is a vulcanize rubber waste that content a highly crosslinking molecular structure which makes recycling and waste management of the EPDM waste to be a challenge. Hence, the microwave devulcanization method is one of the most promising method to recycle rubber waste as it gives a uniform heating throughout the rubber waste. The microwave radiation may effectively break the rubber waste crosslink molecular structure. In this study, grind EPDM (G-EPDM) was devulcanize at a different exposure microwave radiation time (3, 5, 7 and 9 minutes) and blended with natural rubber (NR). Then, the blends were characterized for Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), cure characteristics, swelling, and crosslink density. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of the microwave devulcanized EPDM shows changes after the radiation. The FTIR spectrum of G-EPDM and microwave devulcanized EPDM was focused at wavenumber of 1659 cm−1 (C=C link), 1532 cm−1 (methyl-assisted conjugated double bond), 1392 cm−1 (CH3) and 856 cm-1 (RC=CH2 group). Observed of spectrum changes after the G- EPDM was exposed to the microwave radiation. Meanwhile, the infrared spectrum of NR/G-EPDM and NR/M (5)–EPDM, were studied at wavenumber of 1272 cm-1, 962.3 cm−1, and 874 cm−1 and 667 cm−1 indicate the C-N aromatic group, S-O bond and C-S bond, respectively. From G-EPDM until 5 minutes exposure times, crosslink density shows an increment pattern of 21.13% conversely swelling of rubber which shows a decrement pattern of 5.14 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]