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Industrial Parks (IPs) in Africa, especially Ethiopia's Hawassa Industrial Park (HIP), are seen as vital for boosting exports, creating jobs, and enhancing skills. However, the global pandemic's disruptions to production and employment prompt a reevaluation of this view. Drawing upon extensive ethnographic research conducted at Ethiopia's flagship state-owned IP, the HIP, we delve into the multidimensional crises faced by the country's industry during the pandemic. We identify various methods employed by the Ethiopian government to persuade workers into accepting disproportionately low wages, with the aim of retaining foreign investors and stabilizing the national economy. Our analysis reveals the reinforcement of precarious livelihoods among HIP workers, characterized by heightened vulnerability and job insecurity due to the pandemic-induced disruptions. Contrary to the state's depiction of HIP as an emblem of industrial progress, workers at HIP champion narratives and strategies to assert their rights and improve working conditions. This research underscores the importance of reimagining Africa's industrialization strategy, emphasizing the well-being of its labor force in a post-pandemic world. Article Highlights: The study findings showed that IP workers experienced increased vulnerability and job insecurity due to disruptions caused by the pandemic. In the study, we strongly argue that contrary to the state's depiction of the IPs as an emblem of its developmentalist orientation, workers at HIP struggle for their rights and improved working conditions. The finding underscores the rise of vulnerable livelihoods, a changing landscape of challenges, and the quest for new perspectives on Africa's future progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We use a panel data set of Japanese firms from 2005 to 2019 to examine how a firm's employee age structure affects its productivity and wages. The pooled ordinary-least-squares (OLS) results indicate a negative relationship between the proportion of older employees and labor productivity. However, the effects disappear after applying a fixed effects (FE) model and the generalized method of moments to consider the unobserved heterogeneity among firms. Moreover, the proportion of older employees does not significantly affect firms' wages. We further examine firm heterogeneity as a factor that contributes to the difference between the pooled OLS and FE estimates. The results suggest that differences in corporate stakeholder characteristics and corporate governance, such as the presence of labor unions and proportion of foreign ownership, may be related to the ratio of older workers and corporate performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different methods of transforming rural migrants’ household registration can affect their integration into citizenship. This study assesses the impact of different rural-to- urban hukou conversion methods on labor market wages and job entry, utilizing empirical analysis with China General Social Survey (CGSS) data. Rural migrants transitioning to urban hukou are categorized as active or passive “agricultural to non-agricultural” groups. Wage disparities between these groups are analyzed using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method, revealing that 50% of the wage gap remains unexplained by individual characteristics. Additionally, this paper explores factors contributing to wage and job entry differences using OLS regression analysis. Empirical findings indicate that discrimination significantly contributes to the wage and job entry gap between passive and active groups, with primary mechanisms including statistical bias, information acquisition differences, and identity challenges. These results underscore the inevitable transition of the agricultural population to urban areas in emerging nations’ development trajectory. However, challenges may arise during this transformation, particularly in China, where passive “agricultural to non-agricultural” individuals face discrimination. Addressing the rights and interests of this group is crucial for ensuring smooth urbanization in China and offers insights to improve urbanization efforts in developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use a database composed of 2,545 Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) worldwide for the period 2008–18 to explore the effect of a larger share of women's workforce on both staff wages and overall monetary compensation within MFIs. MFIs are different from other industries, as they are traditionally women‐centered, i.e. they have a significant share of women employees at every level of the corporate hierarchy and mostly serve women clients. Applying both traditional estimation methodology and techniques aimed at accounting for possible endogeneity among the main variables, we find that a higher proportion of women on staff significantly increases the average expense per worker (which also includes the incentive components of remuneration) while the effects are considerably smoothed (or not significant) on the base salary. This leads us to conclude that, unlike what is seen in other sectors of the economy, MFIs do not pay women less. Yet, significant positive effects of women in the workforce, especially on average overall monetary compensation, suggest that women are likely to exploit their superior skills and/or gender affinity advantages with customers of the same gender to enhance MFIs' efficiency and profitability, thereby achieving higher incentive compensation, mostly in the form of bonuses and other benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the impact of Organizational Culture, Work Environment, and Wage Level on Employee Performance in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia. The research method used was quantitative with data analysis using Partial Least Squares (PLS) version 3.0. The number of respondents was 170 from SME employees in Indonesia. The analysis shows that Organizational Culture has a strong positive influence on Employee Performance with a T-statistical value of 6.527 and a P value of 0.000, which indicates a very high statistical significance. The Work Environment was also proven to have a positive influence on Employee Performance with a T-statistical value of 4.478 and a P value of 0.000, which showed very high statistical significance, The relationship between Wage Level and Employee Performance showed weaker results with a T-statistical value of 1.776 and a P value of 0.076. This indicates that this relationship is not statistically significant at the conventional level of significance. Keywords: Organizational Culture, Work Environment, Wage LevelThe analysis shows that Organizational Culture has a strong positive influence on Employee Performance with a T-statistical value of 6.527 and a P value of 0.000, which indicates a very high statistical significance. The Work Environment was also proven to have a positive influence on Employee Performance with a T-statistical value of 4.478 and a P value of 0.000, which showed very high statistical significance, The relationship between Wage Level and Employee Performance showed weaker results with a T-statistical value of 1.776 and a P value of 0.076. This indicates that this relationship is not statistically significant at the conventional level of significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the evolution of income and wage inequality in Portugal from the 1974 democratic revolution up to 2020, drawing on a series of administrative records, survey data and aggregate statistics. Over this period, Portugal consistently ranked among the most unequal nations in the developed world. The transition from a deeply unequal dictatorial regime, in the wake of the 1974 revolution, brought about substantial redistribution. However, since the 1980s, income and wage inequality followed an arc‐shaped trajectory. There was a sharp rise in inequality from the early 1980s to the mid‐1990s, which, in just eight years, outpaced the infamous US growth in wage inequality of the last five decades. Then, there was stability at high levels until the mid‐2000s. Finally, there was a sharp decline in inequality until 2020, which halved both the gender wage gap and the college wage premium. Changes related to the supply and demand for education/skills emerged as key drivers of inequality dynamics. Institutional and political forces were especially relevant in reducing inequality during the transition to democracy and, more recently, with the rising importance of the minimum wage and collective bargaining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Industrial Parks (IPs) in Africa, especially Ethiopia’s Hawassa Industrial Park (HIP), are seen as vital for boosting exports, creating jobs, and enhancing skills. However, the global pandemic’s disruptions to production and employment prompt a reevaluation of this view. Drawing upon extensive ethnographic research conducted at Ethiopia’s flagship state-owned IP, the HIP, we delve into the multidimensional crises faced by the country’s industry during the pandemic. We identify various methods employed by the Ethiopian government to persuade workers into accepting disproportionately low wages, with the aim of retaining foreign investors and stabilizing the national economy. Our analysis reveals the reinforcement of precarious livelihoods among HIP workers, characterized by heightened vulnerability and job insecurity due to the pandemic-induced disruptions. Contrary to the state’s depiction of HIP as an emblem of industrial progress, workers at HIP champion narratives and strategies to assert their rights and improve working conditions. This research underscores the importance of reimagining Africa’s industrialization strategy, emphasizing the well-being of its labor force in a post-pandemic world.

Abstract This study presents a systematic literature review to provide a collection of theories explaining the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on labour market outcomes. Due to the complex nature of GVCs and the interconnectedness of wages, employment, and productivity, many direct and indirect effects are at play. To ensure a transparent and systematic flow of the review process, I follow the PRISMA guide. Eventually, 36 records out of 1221 results from Scopus database were selected. This review may be useful for theorists, empirical economists, and policy makers as an overview of theoretical developments and convenient map of potential outcomes expected from involvement in GVCs. It identifies and systematizes a number of effects existing in the literature under various names. The results show that the predictions from the theory are ambiguous. The positive effects which may emerge regardless the characteristics of the GVC are the productivity-enhancing effect and the cross-effect, especially important considering growing servicification of manufacturing. Here lies the critical role of the state and policies to assure that the losses will not exceed the gains in the aggregate terms. One of the main factors shaping the outcome is the power distribution among the GVC’s firms. Additionally, this paper shows the shortcomings of the existing theories. Less aggregated levels of analysis could be a great input to the discussion, as well as addressing different GVCs’ dimensions and types of organisation. The understanding of relation between GVC position and labour market is especially worth exploration as the existing evidence adopt different and even contradicting perspectives on the definition of upgrading the GVC position.

Widening income inequality is a serious social concern in many countries. We examine the causal effect of a negative demand shock on executive compensation and worker wages using a quasi-natural experiment, considering Japanese firms that experienced a sudden and substantial export decline following the global financial crisis in the late 2000s. Worker wages tended to decline significantly more relative to executive compensation after the crisis in firms depending more on exports, causing a wider pay differential. We establish the robustness of our difference-in-difference results by considering selection into exporters, excluding sporadic exporters, and controlling for foreign ownership or liquidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a systematic literature review to provide a collection of theories explaining the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on labour market outcomes. Due to the complex nature of GVCs and the interconnectedness of wages, employment, and productivity, many direct and indirect effects are at play. To ensure a transparent and systematic flow of the review process, I follow the PRISMA guide. Eventually, 36 records out of 1221 results from Scopus database were selected. This review may be useful for theorists, empirical economists, and policy makers as an overview of theoretical developments and convenient map of potential outcomes expected from involvement in GVCs. It identifies and systematizes a number of effects existing in the literature under various names. The results show that the predictions from the theory are ambiguous. The positive effects which may emerge regardless the characteristics of the GVC are the productivity-enhancing effect and the cross-effect, especially important considering growing servicification of manufacturing. Here lies the critical role of the state and policies to assure that the losses will not exceed the gains in the aggregate terms. One of the main factors shaping the outcome is the power distribution among the GVC's firms. Additionally, this paper shows the shortcomings of the existing theories. Less aggregated levels of analysis could be a great input to the discussion, as well as addressing different GVCs' dimensions and types of organisation. The understanding of relation between GVC position and labour market is especially worth exploration as the existing evidence adopt different and even contradicting perspectives on the definition of upgrading the GVC position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several recent European studies conducted over the past 50 years have documented a positive connection between a person’s height and their salary. However, there are very few studies for earlier periods and for southern Europe. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between the height of conscripts born between 1888 and 1907 and their daily wages in 1924. Data for the Spanish city of Zaragoza was used. The results showed that for every additional 10 cm of height, an individual earned approximately 3% more. Furthermore, the shortest 25% of individuals suffered a considerable penalty in their income (about 15%). To understand the causes of this discrimination, we then analyzed the data by socioeconomic group. We found that people in low socioeco nomic groups essentially suffered wage discrimination. This finding could be linked to the fact that a tall stature conveys an image of strength and productivity. It should be noted that these results were found mainly for the urban areas, with their relatively large labor supply and weak blood ties rather than rural areas or among immigrants. In other words, the height penalty affected the weakest groups of society (low socioeconomic level and immigrants). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the essence, structure of wages, the system of taxation of income received from employment relations. Wage changes for 2015–2024 have been carried out. In a public educational institution, the analysis reveals trends in the salary of academic employees. In 2015 January 1st in Lithuania, instead of the national currency litas, the euro was introduced as the common European currency, a decade full of changes, based on regulated changes. Although the regulation of labor payment in the Republic of Lithuania is assessed ambiguously due to the abundance of laws and other normative acts and their frequent changes, a regulated, moderate, albeit unclear, increase in wages has been identified. Determining the value of an academic employee's work is variable and sensitive, in the absence of a more detailed and reasoned justification of official coefficients. The results of the analysis allow us to make the assumption that when forecasting and strategizing the support of employees' motivation for scientific activities, it is appropriate to adjust job coefficients while maintaining equal gaps between positions.

The current study explores the possibility of a causal connection between a worker's religious attendance and wage. Numerous studies in the literature have already demonstrated a positive correlation between these two variables. For effective policy applications, however, it is necessary to find out whether there exists a causal connection between them. The study uses the US data and tests the hypothesis that religious attendance of middle-aged workers has a positive causal effect on their wages. Following an instrumental variable approach, the current study tests this hypothesis and demonstrates that religious attendance is very much likely to have a causal effect on middle-aged workers' earnings. This has important policy implications and thus deserves further attention from researchers and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors investigated in this study how much of the wage differences on workers’ and district levels are explained by employee and employer characteristics and by differences in regional attributes. For this purpose the Ministry of Information and Technology’s annual wage survey and income statements from the OPTEN database have been used. Results show that individual characteristics of workers, in particular the occupational classification of the job and their educational attainment play a leading role in explaining the wage differentials observed on individual level. The explanatory power of employer-level characteristics is secondary, however it still exceeds the combined contribution of regional characteristics, estimated at 1-2% at most. When examining district-level average wage differentials, the composition of employees and employers in districts is responsible for three quarters of spatial wage inequalities. By removing the composition effect, the standard deviation of average gross monthly wages between districts is reduced to half. These results show that in addition to a territorial approach, policy interventions aimed at developing human capital also play an important role in promoting the catching-up of disadvantaged regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Women in developing countries are more exposed to the adverse effects of climate change. We develop a structural model to study the long-term impacts of climate and socioeconomic changes on labour supply and the pay gap between male/female and high-skilled/low-skilled labour. We calibrate our model with empirical evidence on the impacts of increasing temperatures on labour availability in two general economic sectors with high and low exposure to rising temperatures. Using five waves of nationally representative micro-survey data in South Africa from 2008 to 2017, we find that while high-skilled labour availability is insensitive to climate change, higher temperatures have a negative impact on working hours of low-skilled labour specially among women in the high-exposure sector. We incorporate these findings in an overlapping generations (OLG) model to show that climate-induced reduction in labour availability increases the relative wages of low-skilled female labour and reduces the wage gap between male and female labour in the high-exposure sector, and between high-skilled and low-skilled female labour, in general. Considering climate change damages both on sectoral productivity and on labour availability, we project that by the end of the century, the output per adult will drop by about 11 percentage points under a severe climate scenario. This calls for more targeted adaptation policies that build on the potential benefits of climate change in reducing gender inequality and empowering women to take up more active roles in designing and implementing such policies at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to determine the complex relationship between inequality and income levels, as well as between education and wage inequality. The analysis will employ a random sample from the population, gathered through surveys and observations. With a sample size of 100. Data analysis uses regression. These findings suggest that other factors may also play a role in determining inequality trends and the need for a more contextual approach in formulating effective economic policy. The analysis highlights the complexity of labor market dynamics in the relationship between education and wage inequality. The findings reveal that factors such as the population's educational structure, the quality of education, and unobservable factors, in addition to the level of education itself, influence the effect of education on wages. Overall, the results of the analysis show that education has a very important role in determining income distribution and economic equality. Increased education can reduce wage inequality between individuals with different levels of education, with several contributing factors including improvements in the quality of the workforce, greater opportunities for individuals to obtain qualifications that suit labor market needs, and changes in the way society and the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of bargaining over wages in the process of completing the Qur'an, which raises various interpretations regarding the legality of such wage bargaining. Based on this, the aim of this research is to understand the views of scholars in Sampit City regarding the practice of bargaining wages for completing the Qur'an. This research is empirical law with a sociological law type, and the approach is socio-legal. The subjects in this study consist of the organizers of Qur'an completions, users of completion services, and scholars in Sampit City. The results of this study show that the views of scholars on the practice of paying for completing the Qur'an at gravesites are divided into two groups, namely, allowing and not allowing. For scholars who allow it, they have various considerations, including mutual assistance, not burdening others, and as compensation for the activities performed by the organizers of the completion who must leave their daily jobs to carry out this completion activity. Whereas for scholars who do not allow it, they adhere to the principle of caution regarding future consequences based on the principle of Saddudz Dzari'ah. Saddudz Dzari'ah ( سَدُّالذَّرِيعَة ) is related to the preference of reading the Qur'an at gravesites, burdening the family of the deceased, the commercialization of worship, and the loss of sincerity in reading the Qur'an due to the presence of wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long‐distance commuting (LDC) is an increasingly relevant strategy of labor mobility worldwide and is therefore key to understanding the structure and dynamics of labor markets. However, little is known about the effect that LDC has on the labor market equilibrium of host territories. This paper addresses this gap for the case of Chile. While LDC is a useful strategy for improving salary and employment on a national scale, our results show a negative effect for residents in host territories (on a local scale), particularly when LDC results in commuters with similar characteristics to residents competing for the same jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wage as a source of covering the basic needs of many households largely determines employee productivity, work enthusiasm, and creative activity. If an employee is dissatisfied with the remuneration or there are wage delays, then distrust in the employer increases, strikes are more likely, there is the risk of losing experienced and highly qualified employees, and the employer’s reputation suffers, which can lead to significant economic losses for the enterprise. The article uses the Monte Carlo simulation method to determine the amount of reserves that should be formed by business entities representing different areas of economic activity to prevent possible accumulation of wage delays. Simulation modeling was performed for the following areas of economic activity: information and communication; financial and insurance activities; real estate activities; professional, scientific and technical activities; scientific research and development; and human health and social work activities. The modelling process considers simulated cases when wage delays are 10%, 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of the total amount. The study was conducted on the example of Ukraine based on the statistical data of the National Bank of Ukraine. Since the war on the territory of Ukraine has significantly affected the functioning of all sectors of the Ukrainian economy, the research horizon is limited to before the full-scale invasion period: from February 2013 to February 2022. The analysis showed that in Ukraine, the largest delays in the payment of wages occur in the sectors financed from the state budget: professional, scientific and technical activities, scientific research and development, and human health and social work activities. This problem is particularly exacerbated by the total budget deficit during the war. Therefore, the results of simulation modelling for different scenarios presented in this paper can be used in planning the state budget and building state reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the dynamics of the four-decade-long disinflationary trend combined with cyclical inflation in OEDC countries. Minsky's inflation model is adopted as the analytical framework and its relevance is demonstrated for modern consumption-driven economies that have gone through the globalization of the production process and the weakening of workers' bargaining power since the 1980s. We find that unit labor cost and demand channels through household, business, and government spending are significant in explaining inflation in twenty-eight OECD countries during both the post-Bretton Woods period and the Great Moderation period. We also find evidence suggesting that central banks are not capable of achieving price stability either with their key instrument or by exploiting the trade-off between unemployment and inflation. Overall, our results contend that a more effective strategy would be demand management via fiscal policy or credit guidance and an income policy that directly affects labor bargaining power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the changes in workplace-level industrial relations resulting from the recent and unprecedented labour shortages in Québec, a province of Canada. Findings are based on preliminary results of an ongoing study of private-sector industries that have been struggling with this phenomenon. Based on a keynote presentation delivered at the 2023 AIRAANZ conference held at Magnetic Island, Australia, the article provides an overview and initial discussion of the impact of labour shortages on industrial relations. The study revealed changes in the negotiation dynamics, outcomes, and actors' behaviour in the industries affected by the shortages. The balance of bargaining power shifted in favour of workers and unions, helping them to secure significant gains in collective agreements, principally – but not entirely – related to wage increases. While a tight labour market puts employers at a disadvantage, it is not all 'win-win' for workers who may, in some cases, see their working conditions deteriorate. The same is true for unions, for whom shortages can pose problems related to succession, management of members' expectations, solidarity among members, and relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a panel survey, the authors investigate how the welfare of rural-urban migrant workers in China is affected by trade union presence at the workplace. Controlling for individual fixed effects, they find the following. Relative to workers from workplaces without union presence or with inactive unions, both union-covered non-members and union members in workplaces with active unions earn higher monthly income, are more likely to have a written contract, be covered by social insurances, receive fringe benefits, express work-related grievances through official channels, feel more satisfied with their lives, and are less likely to have mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

İşçilik alacaklarına ilişkin davalar, iş uyuşmazlıkları içerisinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. İşveren tarafından işçiye yargı kararına dayalı olarak yapılan ödemeler, işçinin haklarını yerine getirmek için yeterli değildir. Bu ödemeler, 5510 sayılı Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sağlık Sigortası Kanununda öngörülen esaslar çerçevesinde, prime esas kazanç olarak da değerlendirilmelidir. Kanunun 79. ila 91. maddeleri arasında dördüncü kısım başlığı altında prime ilişkin hükümler yer almaktadır. İki bölüme ayrılmak sureti ile konu düzenlenmiştir. Birinci bölümde prim alınması, prime esas kazanç, prim oranları ve asgari işçilik, ikinci bölümde ise prim belgeleri ve primlerin ödenmesine yönelik hükümler bulunmaktadır. Yargı kararı ile hükmedilen tutarın, ücret ya da ücret dışında bir ödeme olup olmaması ile işçinin iş sözleşmesinin devam edip etmediği hususları, yapılacak değerlendirmede önemlidir. İşçilik alacağının gerçekleştiği dönemde işçinin sigortalı olarak kaydının olup olmaması da diğer bir önemli husustur. Çalışmamızda, konu hakkında yargı kararlarına da yer verilmiştir.

Since the estimated impact on among non-Black Hispanic males in H-G-B (Table 2) was greater than among African Americans, if also being Hispanic is associated with a higher , the D-H-M-P-X definition of the minority will generate a (slightly) smaller racial difference. D-H-M-P-X conclude that their calculations of racial differences in the fraction of non-work time at work ( ) "would translate into a Black-White wage/earnings ratio of approximately 99%, or practically parity." Keywords: discrimination; time use; effort; wage EN discrimination time use effort wage 573 577 5 04/04/22 20220501 NES 220501 Darity, Hamilton, Myers, Price, and Xu (2021) (hereafter D-H-M-P-X) have written a provocative piece criticizing our recent study of racial/ethnic differences in the fraction of time at work that individuals spend in non-work activities, such as eating, cleaning up, socializing, relaxing and leisure, and safety procedures ([7]; hereafter H-G-B). In other words, despite all the possible differences in method and data, results in both studies show that racial differences in explain about 10% of the adjusted racial wage differential, accounting for a 1 percentage point difference in adjusted wages. [Extracted from the article]

California has proposed a broad expansion of transitional kindergarten (TK), a school-based early learning program serving four-year-olds. This improvement will make TK universally available to all four-year-olds by 2025, framed as a pillar of the state’s early care and education (ECE) system.

Women’s wages are determined according to family composition, particularly the presence of children. In article, we analyze to what extent maternity can serve as a differential factor that penalizes women’s wages in the Colombian and Brazilian labor markets. Using the Heckman selection model and data from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios Contínua (PNADC) for Brazil and the Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH) for Colombia, spanning from 2012 to 2019, the study reveals noteworthy insights. Results indicate a maternity penalty of 5.4% per child in Colombia in 2012, increasing to 7.9% per child in 2019, and 10.9% and 12.0% per child in Brazil for the same years, respectively. Despite the growing involvement of women into the Colombian and Brazilian labor markets, traditional gender roles in the family persist, posing challenges in balancing work and family obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the major driving forces behind the dynamic pattern of the college wage premium in Korea since the 1980s, using the demand and supply framework. We find that movements in the college wage premium are mainly explained by expansion of the relative supply of college graduates and an increase in the relative demand for high‐skilled labour due to trade with China. We also find that the substitutability in Korea between college and non‐college‐educated workers is higher, with an elasticity of approximately 3.5–4.1 than that in advanced economies. The counterfactual analyses demonstrate that with a lower substitution elasticity or smaller trade volume with China, Korea might have witnessed a sharp decline in the college wage premium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined cross‐national variations in marriage and motherhood penalties between Western and East Asian countries. Background: Little is known about how and to what extent motherhood affects women's labor market outcomes in East Asia compared to Western welfare countries. We examine employment, wage, and labor income with regard to the motherhood penalty. Method: We selected the five countries of Finland, Germany, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United States and applied probit and Heckman selection models using Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Wave IX and Korean Labor and Income Panel Survey data. Results: Variations between Western countries and East Asian welfare states are highlighted. Married mothers with children in East Asian countries are greatly disadvantaged in employment compared to those in Western countries. Having a child is associated with lower labor income and wages by 2.9% to 4.5% across the countries, but we do not find a significant association in Germany and Korea. Conclusion: Women experience various dimensions of motherhood penalties across countries. East Asian women are more likely to face both marriage and motherhood penalties than others. Implication: Marriage and motherhood in East Asian countries should be understood differently from those in Western contexts. Marriage and motherhood are life events that are associated with women's employment decisions and work opportunities in East Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study assesses the economic well-being of 220 Bangladeshi migrant workers in Malaysia, utilizing a quantitative approach and an economic well-being index. Findings reveal insights into their monthly earnings, savings, remittances, and levels of satisfaction with various aspects, including consumption, expenditures, and leisure time. While there’s contentment with compatible salaries based on skills, concerns exist regarding job security, financial support during illness, and the risk of post-return poverty. These findings offer crucial insights for policymakers, migration activists, and practitioners, guiding future decisions and support measures for migrant workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In realizing equitable development and economic growth, it is necessary to develop special economic zones (SEZs) as a form of commitment of the Indonesian government; and if viewed from the budget perspective applied, it is still limited. This study aims to determine the factors affecting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Indonesia from 2008 2nd quarter to 2021 2nd quarter. Based on that period, the economy in Indonesia experienced a contraction since the Asian monetary crisis in 1998. So that the development of SEZs experienced financial budget constraints and Indonesia can try to find other financing solutions. For developing countries, such initiatives should be taken in order to attract foreign investment. This study uses quantitative research with the analytical method used is the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which is a derivative of the vector autoregressive (VAR) method. The results of this study indicate that for the long-term VECM variable estimates only interest rates have a negative effect on FDI, and trade inhibition, inflation, and GDP variables have a positive effect. While the wage variable has no effect on FDI. In this phenomenon, it is necessary to pay attention first to the influence on FDI, companies in Indonesia, the majority of which are labor-intensive workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological traits have received significant attention in labour market research in recent decades. Unfortunately, empirical evidence remains limited for some psychological traits and their interactions. To address this gap, we conduct a representative survey of employees, assessing competitiveness, persistence, and risk tolerance using single-item scales. This comprehensive study sheds light on the connection between these traits and wages. Our results confirm that individuals possessing these traits tend to earn higher wages, even when we account for indirect factors, such as higher educational attainment and better job positions. It also suggests that competitiveness and risk tolerance are particularly valuable for individuals with middle and high incomes, while persistence is valuable for those with low and middle incomes. These findings support the systematic development of competitiveness, persistence, and risk tolerance through education and sporting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food production and trade have become inseparable from requirements about product quality and safety, as well as social and environmental aspects of production processes. To demonstrate compliance with these requirements, firms adopt voluntary private certifiable management standards (CMS). How these affect trade, organizational performance, and employee outcomes has become an area of active research in the last decade. This paper analyses how standards affect labor productivity and wages using a 3‐year panel of small and medium firms from the food sector in Vietnam covering the period 2010–2014. Even though the prevalence of CMS in the sample is low, the results show that standards improve both labor productivity and wages. However, the difference in the size of the productivity and wage premiums attributable to standards is not significant. This implies that CMS can be a useful management practice for improving firm productivity when combined with a fair compensation of human resources. The findings are important for lower‐income countries facing low rates of adoption of private CMS and the evolving consumer preferences increasingly attuned to the issues of product quality, food safety, and environmental risks. The results are robust to several specification changes and estimation methods, including firm fixed effects, control function, and instrumental variable approach, which take endogeneity of certification into account. [EconLit Citations: L66, D22, J4, J81, O12]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Economics, Politics, Humanities & Social Sciences / Uluslararası Ekonomi Siyaset İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of International Journal of Economics, Politics, Humanities & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mülkiye Dergisi is the property of Mulkiye Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Necmettin Erbakan University School of Law Review is the property of Necmettin Erbakan University School of Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. Education is one of the most important social institutions. At the level of the sphere of education, activities are carried out for the socialization of members of society, the formation of a social worldview, legal awareness, and civic consciousness. Education also plays an important role in ensuring social continuity. All this together speaks of the important place that education occupies in the system of social institutions. The identified questions correlate with the key provisions of sociological knowledge related to the subject of education. The purpose of the study is to form a theoretical model that de-scribes the main social factors of educational activity related to the state of public institu-tions adjacent to the education system and the sociocultural situation. Materials and meth-ods. The article has an analytical character, while the specificity of the subject matter of the study determines the significance of the structural and functional approach. The research uses methods of abstraction, comparison, deduction. The study also uses a systematic ap-proach. Results. The sociological study of the Institute of education requires understanding its relationship with other public institutions, as well as understanding the socio-cultural factors of educational activities and the role of information technology in the transfor-mation of educational relations. At the same time, reducing the characteristics of education-al activity to the structure of the institute of education is a reductionist approach. The key external and institutional factors of education include the state of family institutions, law and economics. These institutions indirectly influence the characteristics of educational relations. The socio-cultural factors of education include the value orientations of members of society, their life strategies, behavioral models, as well as the way of attitude to knowledge in the conditions of intensification of information exchange. At the same time, external institutional and socio-cultural factors of education are closely related to each oth-er, which determines the importance of their systematic consideration. Conclusions. In the context of the need to improve the effectiveness of education, a promising direction of re-search is to compare the institutional characteristics of education and the socio-cultural con-text of educational activity.