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Caffeine is considered the most widely consumed pharmacologically active drug. It is probably found in popular beverages (coffee, tea, soft drinks), as well as cocoa or chocolates-based goods. However, it has received a lot of attention there is still much to be learned with respect to its toxicology in animals. Terrestrial isopods are considered one of the most investigated invertebrate groups in soil ecotoxicology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of coffee on feeding parameters and the growth of terrestrial isopod Porcellio laevis. Feeding parameters and growth efficiency were calculated and compared among treated isopod groups. The results revealed decreasing in food parameters such as consumption ratio, assimilation ratio, and egestion ratio in P. laevis treated with different concentrations of coffee. Also, decreasing growth efficiency for this isopod was noticed after exposure to different concentrations of coffee. These results indicate that high levels of caffeine may have toxic effects on P. laevis after a long period of exposure. Further research about the toxic effect of caffeine on isopods is needed.

Foodborne parasitic diseases cause human morbidity and mortality especially in the low- & middle-income countries. This study identified the parasitic contaminated Eruca sativa & Raphanussativus cultivated in El-Kharga Oasis, Upper Egypt, as to seasonal variation and the vendors hygienepractices. A total of 270 samples of the two vegetables were purchased from public markets.Parasitic contamination was evaluated by sedimentation and flotation techniques with modifiedZiehl-Neelsen stain. The results showed that 219(81%) samples were contaminated with 13different parasites. Ascaris lumbricoides 123(25.5%) and Cryptosporidium parvum (14.9%) werethe commonest ones and the highest contamination rate was in autumn (87%) for E. sativa and inwinter (87%) for R. sativus. The contamination level was significant with the gender and washingpractices of vendors. The current data gave evidence of the seasonal dynamics of acquiring parasiticinfection due to consumption of raw vegetables, interaction, and its relevance with vendor'shygiene.

In riverine systems, zooplankton communities are usually thought to be driven by abiotic forces. This study was designed to assess the effect of ecological factors on the distribution of zooplankton community in the River Nile at Esna barrages which located 1.2 km downstream the old barrages. Monthly samples were collected during a period of one year from six sites situated in the River Nile, (upstream and downstream) of Esna Barrages. Seven physic-chemical parameters were measured during sampling using electronic portable instruments: air and water temperature, hydrogen ion concentration, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids and turbidity. The collected zooplankton groups were Cladocera, Copepoda and Ostracoda where Cladocera exhibited the highest peak of density. The highest value of total abundance of zooplankton was recorded during winter 40% and the lowest value was recorded during summer 11%. The results indicated that Turbidity, pH and conductivity were the most affecting factors on abundance of all zooplankton groups during the study. Cladocera group correlated significantly with dissolved oxygen (p>0.01) and pH (p

Background Chemicals have deleterious effect on the environment. The wide use of nanomaterials as products for plant protection, fertilizers, and also in water purification leads to the release of these materials to the environment. Terrestrial gastropods including snails and slugs have the ability to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies. The present study evaluates the toxic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the terrestrial slug Lehmannia nyctelia. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were prepared by thermal decomposition method. ZnO NPs are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV). Slugs were treated with three different concentrations of ZnO NPs. Results A total of three animals died by the end of the experiment. Many histological alterations were detected after exposure to different concentration of ZnO NPs. Conclusions The obtained histological alterations prove the toxic effect of ZnO NPs on the animal under study.

This investigation was carried out at ،Kaffr Al-Hmam Experimental Station Sharkia Governorate during 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to evaluate the performance of seasons eight wheat genotypes namley Sakha 93, Sakha 94, Sids1, Gemmeza 7, Gemmeza 9, Gemmeza 10, Sids10 and Giza 168. The treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks design with three replications, in order to investigate the relationship between seed yield / plant and its factors using multivariate techniques namley; correlation, stepwise, multiple liner regression ; path –coefficient and factor analysis. Data showed that cultivar Sakha94 recorded the highest seed / plant, and number of spikes / plant. Moreover cultivar Giza 168 recrded the lowest grain yield plant. Factor analysis grouped the studied variables in two major factors which altogether accounted for 81.00 of the total variation. The first factor include number of spike / plant, number of grains /spike, spike grain weight, and 1000-grain weight. The second factor included the remeaining variables. Multiple linear regression, stepwise and path analysis agreed upon the number of spike / plant, number of grains /spike, spike grain weight, 1000-grain weight as major contribution to seed yield variations. Factor analysis technique was more efficient than other techniques. It provides more information about cluster of intercorrelated variables. Results indicated no significant between the full model regression and stepwise for coefficient determination (R2) and standard error of stimated value, however, the efficiency expressed is due, in fact, to the reduction in variables number in the equation from all raniables in full model regression to four variables in stepwise.

The working of the some designer was recognize by the Production and introduction of the design which have special stemp and style determind by the experience and the Knowledge ability for the Designer which change the ordinaries shape to the develops shaps bening ideas and new meanings un known to the viewen make the design at high level of creative and the designer acquest experiennce and new skill in his way for the designs and the art march-out which clearly demonstrate on all the graphical work so the high research conserned on the knowledge and detect about the methods constructing of the ability and expernence for the graphic designer become it is decisive worker in effective or net effective the designers work and any consist which has renderingintel .Wher by the research consist four chapters, the first chapter select the research problem, which come in this question: what is the experience and the knowledge ability which must found in the graphic design throuy his graphic designer its clearly appear the important of the research through its sharing in difintion of the knowledge experience from the graphic designer and the develope of the visions and the skill powers of the worker in the field of the graphic designer.With mark the goals of the research in identihy about the ability of the graphic designer and his knowledge and skill experience through his graphic designer and detection about the designer skill and glamor ability and the innovation through the graphic design and the terminology found in it as the researcher developed the locative border represent by anumber from the graphic designer worker which were known and famous ,and the researcher developed the time border between (1996-2013)and developed the thene border which represent in (knowledge experience and the skill of graphic designer while the second section chapter which consist the theoretical frame which interest in three researcher ,the first research turning to(knowledge experience to the graphic designer while the the second research interest in (the experience and the skill ability of the graphic designer and the third research turning into about the(graphic designer and his specification )And emerge from the theoretical frame indicators as ascientific material helped the researcher in his measures and his way for research in analysis for consistency of four samples which searched in the third chapter which called (measures chapter )based on the analysis from which made by the researcher which taken from the theoretical frame the indicators ,and extracted it after showing it to the experience for evaluation and make sure from it is believable and fixed of important resulte help the research, while the fourth chapter consist of the showing of the resulte which resulte by resercher and the analysis resulte, the recommendations and suggestions

The present research deals with the influencing factors which depends on the way perceptual of the graphic designer which enters in the design logos of the loco European health, where the search include four chapters, the researcher reviewed in the chapter 0ne the methodical frame of the research ,as reviewed in the second chapter the theoretical frame, and the previous studies which included three sections, the first section included the perceptual understandable and types of it, and the second section included the influencing factors in the designer perceptual ways and its division . While the third section included the perceptual in graphic designer through the percepted shapes and the relation with ground and colors for express the idea and the content of the art work and determine the formal organization which control in the perceptual field for the designer to embody, the designer idea and emerged from the theoretical from the indicators as scientific material which helped the researcher in her steps and her method for the research to analyzed five samples researchable content in chapter three which called steps chapter while the four chapter which the researcher arrived to it included the showing for the results recommendations and suggestions