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1. Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level

Author

Fabian, ID, Abdallah, E, Abdullahi, SU, Abdulqader, RA, Boubacar, SA, Ademola-Popoola, DS, Adio, A, Afshar, AR, Aggarwal, P, Aghaji, AE, Ahmad, A, Akib, MNR, Al Harby, L, Al Ani, MH, Alakbarova, A, Portabella, SA, Al-Badri, SAF, Alcasabas, APA, Al-Dahmash, SA, Alejos, A, Alemany-Rubio, E, Bio, AIA, Carreras, YA, Al-Haddad, C, Al-Hussaini, HHY, Ali, AM, Alia, DB, Al-Jadiry, MF, Al-Jumaly, U, Alkatan, HM, All-Eriksson, C, Al-Mafrachi, AARM, Almeida, AA, Alsawidi, KM, Al-Shaheen, AASM, Al-Shammary, EH, Amiruddin, PO, Antonino, R, Astbury, NJ, Atalay, HT, Atchaneeyasakul, L-O, Atsiaya, R, Attaseth, T, Aung, TH, Ayala, S, Baizakova, B, Balaguer, J, Balayeva, R, Balwierz, W, Barranco, H, Bascaran, C, Popovic, MB, Benavides, R, Benmiloud, S, Guebessi, NB, Berete, RC, Berry, JL, Bhaduri, A, Bhat, S, Biddulph, SJ, Biewald, EM, Bobrova, N, Boehme, M, Boldt, HC, Bonanomi, MTBC, Bornfeld, N, Bouda, GC, Bouguila, H, Boumedane, A, Brennan, RC, Brichard, BG, Buaboonnam, J, Calderon-Sotelo, P, Calle Jara, DA, Camuglia, JE, Cano, MR, Capra, M, Cassoux, N, Castela, G, Castillo, L, Catala-Mora, J, Chantada, GL, Chaudhry, S, Chaugule, SS, Chauhan, A, Chawla, B, Chernodrinska, VS, Chiwanga, FS, Chuluunbat, T, Cieslik, K, Cockcroft, RL, Comsa, C, Correa, ZM, Correa Llano, MG, Corson, TW, Cowan-Lyn, KE, Csoka, M, Cui, X, Da Gama, I, Dangboon, W, Das, A, Das, S, Davanzo, JM, Davidson, A, De Potter, P, Delgado, KQ, Demirci, H, Desjardins, L, Diaz Coronado, RY, Dimaras, H, Dodgshun, AJ, Donaldson, C, Donato Macedo, CR, Dragomir, MD, Du, Y, Du Bruyn, M, Edison, KS, Sutyawan, IWE, El Kettani, A, Elbahi, AM, Elder, JE, Elgalaly, D, Elhaddad, AM, Elhassan, MMA, Elzembely, MM, Essuman, VA, Evina, TGA, Fadoo, Z, Fandino, AC, Faranoush, M, Fasina, O, Fernandez, DDPG, Fernandez-Teijeiro, A, Foster, A, Frenkel, S, Fu, LD, Fuentes-Alabi, SL, Gallie, BL, Gandiwa, M, Garcia, JL, Garcia Aldana, D, Gassant, PY, Geel, JA, Ghassemi, F, Giron, A, Gizachew, Z, Goenz, MA, Gold, AS, Goldberg-Lavid, M, Gole, GA, Gomel, N, Gonzalez, E, Gonzalez Perez, G, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, L, Garcia Pacheco, HN, Graells, J, Green, L, Gregersen, PA, Grigorovski, NDAK, Guedenon, KM, Gunasekera, DS, Gunduz, AK, Gupta, H, Gupta, S, Hadjistilianou, T, Hamel, P, Hamid, SA, Hamzah, N, Hansen, ED, Harbour, JW, Hartnett, ME, Hasanreisoglu, M, Hassan, S, Hederova, S, Hernandez, J, Carcamo Hernandez, LM, Hessissen, L, Hordofa, DF, Huang, LC, Hubbard, GB, Hummlen, M, Husakova, K, Al-Janabi, ANH, Ida, R, Ilic, VR, Jairaj, V, Jeeva, I, Jenkinson, H, Ji, X, Jo, DH, Johnson, KP, Johnson, WJ, Jones, MM, Kabesha, TBA, Kabore, RL, Kaliki, S, Kalinaki, A, Kantar, M, Kao, L-Y, Kardava, T, Kebudi, R, Kepak, T, Keren-Froim, N, Khan, ZJ, Khaqan, HA, Khauv, P, Kheir, WJ, Khetan, V, Khodabande, A, Khotenashvili, Z, Kim, JW, Kim, JH, Kiratli, H, Kivela, TT, Klett, A, Palet, JEKK, Krivaitiene, D, Kruger, M, Kulvichit, K, Kuntorini, MW, Kyara, A, Lachmann, ES, Lam, CPS, Lam, GC, Larson, SA, Latinovic, S, Laurenti, KD, Le, BHA, Lecuona, K, Leverant, AA, Li, C, Limbu, B, Quah, BL, Lopez, JP, Lukamba, RM, Lumbroso, L, Luna-Fineman, S, Lutfi, D, Lysytsia, L, Magrath, GN, Mahajan, A, Majeed, AR, Maka, E, Makan, M, Makimbetov, EK, Manda, C, Martin Begue, N, Mason, L, Mason, JO, Matende, IO, Materin, M, Mattosinho, CCDS, Matua, M, Mayet, I, Mbumba, FB, McKenzie, JD, Medina-Sanson, A, Mehrvar, A, Mengesha, AA, Menon, V, Mercado, GJVD, Mets, MB, Midena, E, Mishra, DKC, Mndeme, FG, Mohamedani, AA, Mohammad, MT, Moll, AC, Montero, MM, Morales, RA, Moreira, C, Mruthyunjaya, P, Msina, MS, Msukwa, G, Mudaliar, SS, Muma, K, Munier, FL, Murgoi, G, Murray, TG, Musa, KO, Mushtaq, A, Mustak, H, Muyen, OM, Naidu, G, Nair, AG, Naumenko, L, Roth, PAN, Nency, YM, Neroev, V, Ngo, H, Nieves, RM, Nikitovic, M, Nkanga, ED, Nkumbe, H, Nuruddin, M, Nyaywa, M, Obono-Obiang, G, Oguego, NC, Olechowski, A, Oliver, SCN, Osei-Bonsu, P, Ossandon, D, Paez-Escamilla, MA, Pagarra, H, Painter, SL, Paintsil, V, Paiva, L, Pal, BP, Palanivelu, MS, Papyan, R, Parrozzani, R, Parulekar, M, Morales, CRP, Paton, KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska, K, Pe'er, J, Pena, A, Peric, S, Pham, CTM, Philbert, R, Plager, DA, Pochop, P, Polania, RA, Polyakov, VG, Pompe, MT, Pons, JJ, Prat, D, Prom, V, Purwanto, I, Qadir, AO, Qayyum, S, Qian, J, Rahman, A, Rahman, S, Rahmat, J, Rajkarnikar, P, Ramanjulu, R, Ramasubramanian, A, Ramirez-Ortiz, MA, Raobela, L, Rashid, R, Reddy, MA, Reich, E, Renner, LA, Reynders, D, Ribadu, D, Riheia, MM, Ritter-Sovinz, P, Rojanaporn, D, Romero, L, Roy, SR, Saab, RH, Saakyan, S, Sabhan, AH, Sagoo, MS, Said, AMA, Saiju, R, Salas, B, San Roman Pacheco, S, Sanchez, GL, Sayalith, P, Scanlan, TA, Schefler, AC, Schoeman, J, Sedaghat, A, Seregard, S, Seth, R, Shah, AS, Shakoor, SA, Sharma, MK, Sherief, ST, Shetye, NG, Shields, CL, Siddiqui, SN, Cheikh, SS, Silva, S, Singh, AD, Singh, N, Singh, U, Singha, P, Sitorus, RS, Skalet, AH, Soebagjo, HD, Sorochynska, T, Ssali, G, Stacey, AW, Staffieri, SE, Stahl, ED, Stathopoulos, C, Kranjc, BS, Stones, DK, Strahlendorf, C, Suarez, MEC, Sultana, S, Sun, X, Sundy, M, Superstein, R, Supriyadi, E, Surukrattanaskul, S, Suzuki, S, Svojgr, K, Sylla, F, Tamamyan, G, Tan, D, Tandili, A, Tarrillo Leiva, FF, Tashvighi, M, Tateshi, B, Tehuteru, ES, Teixeira, LF, Teh, KH, Theophile, T, Toledano, H, Trang, DL, Traore, F, Trichaiyaporn, S, Tuncer, S, Tyau-Tyau, H, Umar, AB, Unal, E, Uner, OE, Urbak, SF, Ushakova, TL, Usmanov, RH, Valeina, S, Wijsard, MVH, Varadisai, A, Vasquez, L, Vaughan, LO, Veleva-Krasteva, NV, Verma, N, Victor, AA, Viksnins, M, Villacos Chafla, EG, Vishnevskia-Dai, V, Vora, T, Wachtel, AE, Wackernagel, W, Waddell, K, Wade, PD, Wali, AH, Wang, Y-Z, Weiss, A, Wilson, MW, Wime, ADC, Wiwatwongwana, A, Wiwatwongwana, D, Dod, CW, Wongwai, P, Xiang, D, Xiao, Y, Yam, JC, Yang, H, Yanga, JM, Yaqub, MA, Yarovaya, VA, Yarovoy, AA, Ye, H, Yousef, YA, Yuliawati, P, Zapata Lopez, AM, Zein, E, Zhang, C, Zhang, Y, Zhao, J, Zheng, X, Zhilyaeva, K, Zia, N, Ziko, OAO, Zondervan, M, Bowman, R, Fabian, ID, Abdallah, E, Abdullahi, SU, Abdulqader, RA, Boubacar, SA, Ademola-Popoola, DS, Adio, A, Afshar, AR, Aggarwal, P, Aghaji, AE, Ahmad, A, Akib, MNR, Al Harby, L, Al Ani, MH, Alakbarova, A, Portabella, SA, Al-Badri, SAF, Alcasabas, APA, Al-Dahmash, SA, Alejos, A, Alemany-Rubio, E, Bio, AIA, Carreras, YA, Al-Haddad, C, Al-Hussaini, HHY, Ali, AM, Alia, DB, Al-Jadiry, MF, Al-Jumaly, U, Alkatan, HM, All-Eriksson, C, Al-Mafrachi, AARM, Almeida, AA, Alsawidi, KM, Al-Shaheen, AASM, Al-Shammary, EH, Amiruddin, PO, Antonino, R, Astbury, NJ, Atalay, HT, Atchaneeyasakul, L-O, Atsiaya, R, Attaseth, T, Aung, TH, Ayala, S, Baizakova, B, Balaguer, J, Balayeva, R, Balwierz, W, Barranco, H, Bascaran, C, Popovic, MB, Benavides, R, Benmiloud, S, Guebessi, NB, Berete, RC, Berry, JL, Bhaduri, A, Bhat, S, Biddulph, SJ, Biewald, EM, Bobrova, N, Boehme, M, Boldt, HC, Bonanomi, MTBC, Bornfeld, N, Bouda, GC, Bouguila, H, Boumedane, A, Brennan, RC, Brichard, BG, Buaboonnam, J, Calderon-Sotelo, P, Calle Jara, DA, Camuglia, JE, Cano, MR, Capra, M, Cassoux, N, Castela, G, Castillo, L, Catala-Mora, J, Chantada, GL, Chaudhry, S, Chaugule, SS, Chauhan, A, Chawla, B, Chernodrinska, VS, Chiwanga, FS, Chuluunbat, T, Cieslik, K, Cockcroft, RL, Comsa, C, Correa, ZM, Correa Llano, MG, Corson, TW, Cowan-Lyn, KE, Csoka, M, Cui, X, Da Gama, I, Dangboon, W, Das, A, Das, S, Davanzo, JM, Davidson, A, De Potter, P, Delgado, KQ, Demirci, H, Desjardins, L, Diaz Coronado, RY, Dimaras, H, Dodgshun, AJ, Donaldson, C, Donato Macedo, CR, Dragomir, MD, Du, Y, Du Bruyn, M, Edison, KS, Sutyawan, IWE, El Kettani, A, Elbahi, AM, Elder, JE, Elgalaly, D, Elhaddad, AM, Elhassan, MMA, Elzembely, MM, Essuman, VA, Evina, TGA, Fadoo, Z, Fandino, AC, Faranoush, M, Fasina, O, Fernandez, DDPG, Fernandez-Teijeiro, A, Foster, A, Frenkel, S, Fu, LD, Fuentes-Alabi, SL, Gallie, BL, Gandiwa, M, Garcia, JL, Garcia Aldana, D, Gassant, PY, Geel, JA, Ghassemi, F, Giron, A, Gizachew, Z, Goenz, MA, Gold, AS, Goldberg-Lavid, M, Gole, GA, Gomel, N, Gonzalez, E, Gonzalez Perez, G, Gonzalez-Rodriguez, L, Garcia Pacheco, HN, Graells, J, Green, L, Gregersen, PA, Grigorovski, NDAK, Guedenon, KM, Gunasekera, DS, Gunduz, AK, Gupta, H, Gupta, S, Hadjistilianou, T, Hamel, P, Hamid, SA, Hamzah, N, Hansen, ED, Harbour, JW, Hartnett, ME, Hasanreisoglu, M, Hassan, S, Hederova, S, Hernandez, J, Carcamo Hernandez, LM, Hessissen, L, Hordofa, DF, Huang, LC, Hubbard, GB, Hummlen, M, Husakova, K, Al-Janabi, ANH, Ida, R, Ilic, VR, Jairaj, V, Jeeva, I, Jenkinson, H, Ji, X, Jo, DH, Johnson, KP, Johnson, WJ, Jones, MM, Kabesha, TBA, Kabore, RL, Kaliki, S, Kalinaki, A, Kantar, M, Kao, L-Y, Kardava, T, Kebudi, R, Kepak, T, Keren-Froim, N, Khan, ZJ, Khaqan, HA, Khauv, P, Kheir, WJ, Khetan, V, Khodabande, A, Khotenashvili, Z, Kim, JW, Kim, JH, Kiratli, H, Kivela, TT, Klett, A, Palet, JEKK, Krivaitiene, D, Kruger, M, Kulvichit, K, Kuntorini, MW, Kyara, A, Lachmann, ES, Lam, CPS, Lam, GC, Larson, SA, Latinovic, S, Laurenti, KD, Le, BHA, Lecuona, K, Leverant, AA, Li, C, Limbu, B, Quah, BL, Lopez, JP, Lukamba, RM, Lumbroso, L, Luna-Fineman, S, Lutfi, D, Lysytsia, L, Magrath, GN, Mahajan, A, Majeed, AR, Maka, E, Makan, M, Makimbetov, EK, Manda, C, Martin Begue, N, Mason, L, Mason, JO, Matende, IO, Materin, M, Mattosinho, CCDS, Matua, M, Mayet, I, Mbumba, FB, McKenzie, JD, Medina-Sanson, A, Mehrvar, A, Mengesha, AA, Menon, V, Mercado, GJVD, Mets, MB, Midena, E, Mishra, DKC, Mndeme, FG, Mohamedani, AA, Mohammad, MT, Moll, AC, Montero, MM, Morales, RA, Moreira, C, Mruthyunjaya, P, Msina, MS, Msukwa, G, Mudaliar, SS, Muma, K, Munier, FL, Murgoi, G, Murray, TG, Musa, KO, Mushtaq, A, Mustak, H, Muyen, OM, Naidu, G, Nair, AG, Naumenko, L, Roth, PAN, Nency, YM, Neroev, V, Ngo, H, Nieves, RM, Nikitovic, M, Nkanga, ED, Nkumbe, H, Nuruddin, M, Nyaywa, M, Obono-Obiang, G, Oguego, NC, Olechowski, A, Oliver, SCN, Osei-Bonsu, P, Ossandon, D, Paez-Escamilla, MA, Pagarra, H, Painter, SL, Paintsil, V, Paiva, L, Pal, BP, Palanivelu, MS, Papyan, R, Parrozzani, R, Parulekar, M, Morales, CRP, Paton, KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska, K, Pe'er, J, Pena, A, Peric, S, Pham, CTM, Philbert, R, Plager, DA, Pochop, P, Polania, RA, Polyakov, VG, Pompe, MT, Pons, JJ, Prat, D, Prom, V, Purwanto, I, Qadir, AO, Qayyum, S, Qian, J, Rahman, A, Rahman, S, Rahmat, J, Rajkarnikar, P, Ramanjulu, R, Ramasubramanian, A, Ramirez-Ortiz, MA, Raobela, L, Rashid, R, Reddy, MA, Reich, E, Renner, LA, Reynders, D, Ribadu, D, Riheia, MM, Ritter-Sovinz, P, Rojanaporn, D, Romero, L, Roy, SR, Saab, RH, Saakyan, S, Sabhan, AH, Sagoo, MS, Said, AMA, Saiju, R, Salas, B, San Roman Pacheco, S, Sanchez, GL, Sayalith, P, Scanlan, TA, Schefler, AC, Schoeman, J, Sedaghat, A, Seregard, S, Seth, R, Shah, AS, Shakoor, SA, Sharma, MK, Sherief, ST, Shetye, NG, Shields, CL, Siddiqui, SN, Cheikh, SS, Silva, S, Singh, AD, Singh, N, Singh, U, Singha, P, Sitorus, RS, Skalet, AH, Soebagjo, HD, Sorochynska, T, Ssali, G, Stacey, AW, Staffieri, SE, Stahl, ED, Stathopoulos, C, Kranjc, BS, Stones, DK, Strahlendorf, C, Suarez, MEC, Sultana, S, Sun, X, Sundy, M, Superstein, R, Supriyadi, E, Surukrattanaskul, S, Suzuki, S, Svojgr, K, Sylla, F, Tamamyan, G, Tan, D, Tandili, A, Tarrillo Leiva, FF, Tashvighi, M, Tateshi, B, Tehuteru, ES, Teixeira, LF, Teh, KH, Theophile, T, Toledano, H, Trang, DL, Traore, F, Trichaiyaporn, S, Tuncer, S, Tyau-Tyau, H, Umar, AB, Unal, E, Uner, OE, Urbak, SF, Ushakova, TL, Usmanov, RH, Valeina, S, Wijsard, MVH, Varadisai, A, Vasquez, L, Vaughan, LO, Veleva-Krasteva, NV, Verma, N, Victor, AA, Viksnins, M, Villacos Chafla, EG, Vishnevskia-Dai, V, Vora, T, Wachtel, AE, Wackernagel, W, Waddell, K, Wade, PD, Wali, AH, Wang, Y-Z, Weiss, A, Wilson, MW, Wime, ADC, Wiwatwongwana, A, Wiwatwongwana, D, Dod, CW, Wongwai, P, Xiang, D, Xiao, Y, Yam, JC, Yang, H, Yanga, JM, Yaqub, MA, Yarovaya, VA, Yarovoy, AA, Ye, H, Yousef, YA, Yuliawati, P, Zapata Lopez, AM, Zein, E, Zhang, C, Zhang, Y, Zhao, J, Zheng, X, Zhilyaeva, K, Zia, N, Ziko, OAO, Zondervan, M, and Bowman, R

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. OBJECTIVES: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. RESULTS: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis

Published
2020

5. Prevalence and Causes of Ocular Morbidity among Commercial Intercity Vehicle Drivers in Jos, Nigeria

Author

Wade, PD, Odugbo, OP, Velle, LD, and Kyari, F

Abstract

Background: To determine the prevalence and causes of ocular morbidity among commercial intercity vehicle drivers in Jos, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of registered commercial intercity vehicle drivers at the Bauchi Road Motor Park Jos. The study instrument was a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Information obtained included demographic data, operational route, and ocular history. Each participant had a detailed ocular examination. The principal cause of visual loss for each eye and for the person was documented in accordance with WHO guidelines. Results: Two hundred and sixty eight 268 drivers were recruited and assessed (survey coverage: 82.5%). Their age ranged from 20-90 years (mean: 44.2, SD 9.2). Most 158 (71.5%) respondents had ocular symptoms, the most common were difficulty in reading small prints 78 (35.3%), itching 56 (25.3%), and poor distant vision 17 (7.7%). Eight (3.6%) drivers complained of glare. Ten (4.5%) drivers had a visual acuity of

Published
2014

7. Outcome of Cataract Surgery in Lafia

Author

Adenuga, OO, Wade, PD, Ogbuagu, MN, and Ewuga, RO

Subjects
Extracapsular cataract extraction, manual small incision cataract surgery, posterior chamber intraocular lens
Abstract

Purpose: To report on the outcome of cataract surgery and compare the two main techniques of cataract extraction employed at the Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia between March 2008 and February 2009.Methodology: Retrospective studyResults: Two hundred and twenty six eyes of 212 patients were reviewed. Mean age of the patients was 66.2yrs (range 22-88yrs). One hundred and twelve were males (53%) while 100 were females (47%). Ninety six eyes had extracapsular cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation and 130 eyes had manual small incision cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation. Postoperative best corrected visual acuity of 6/18 or better was achieved in 49% of all eyes, in 46% of eyes that had extracapsular cataract extraction and in 51% of eyes that had manual small incision cataract surgery. Posterior capsule rupture was the commonest intraoperative complication while corneal oedema was the commonest postoperative complication for both surgical modalities.Conclusion: Manual small incision cataract surgery gave a slightly higher proportion of eyes with a good outcome after correction. Routine monitoring of visual outcome of cataract surgery as well as provision of biometry equipment by the hospital is recommended. These will help in achieving better visual outcomes in the center.Key Words: Extracapsular cataract extraction, manual small incision cataract surgery, posterior chamber intraocular lens

Published
2013

8. Prevalence of Presbyopia, Refractive Errors and Usage of Spectacles among Commercial Intercity Vehicle Drivers in Jos, Nigeria

Author

Odugbo, OP, Wade, PD, Velle, LD, and Kyari, F

Subjects
Drivers, Vision, Spectacles
Abstract

Aim: To determine the prevalence of presbyopia, refractive errors and usage of spectacles among Commercial Intercity Vehicle Drivers in Jos-Nigeria.Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of commercial intercity vehicle drivers at the Bauchi Road Motor Park, Jos, was undertaken in November 2006. The study instrument was a semi-structured questionnaire. Information obtained included demographic data, operational route, history of involvement in road traffic accident (RTA), cause of RTA and ocular history, type and usage of corrective spectacles if any. Each participant had a detailed ocular examination.Result: Up to 221 of 268 drivers were recruited (coverage: 82.5%). Their age ranged from 20-90 years (mean: 44.2 years, SD 9.2). 78 (35.3%) persons complained of difficulty in reading small prints while 17(7.7%) persons complained of poor distant vision. Ten (4.5%) drivers had a visual acuity of

Published
2012

9. Management and visual outcome of endophthalmitis in Pakistan

Author

Wade, PD, Khan, S, and Khan, MD

Subjects
Endophthalmitis, magnitude, visual outcome
Abstract

Background Many cases of post-operative and posttraumatic endophthalmitis are being managed at the Khyber Institute of Ophthalmic Medical Sciences, Peshawar in Pakistan but no study has been doneto ascertain the magnitude of the disease and to also evaluate the visual outcome after management. Methods The case notes of 39 patients diagnosed with posttraumatic and postoperative endophthalmitis between May 2006 and April 2007 were analyzed and clinical characteristics obtainedwere documented and tabulated Results During the study period, 2474 patients were admitted in both the male and female wards. Ofthese, 39 (1.6%) had endophthalmitis due to surgical and traumatic complications. In all, 6 (12.4%) patients had evisceration, while 21 (53.8%) patients who had topical antibiotics consisting of ofloxacin,0.1% corticosteroids, fortified cetazoline and 1% atropine along with intravitreal antibiotics, a combination of 0.1mg vancomycin and 0.4mg amikacin, were discharged home with a visual acuity of counting fingers to light perception. Conclusion Endophthalmitis is a serious ocular complication of open globe injury and intraocular surgery. The frequency in this center has been noted to be very high as compared to other places. Its management is very challenging and often leads to devastating structural and functional damage to the eye; causing severe frustration to both the patient and the attending physician. Efforts must be made toprevent the condition.

Published
2009

10. The problems of eye care delivery in Lafia, Nasarawa State North central Nigeria

Author

Wade, PD and Achi, BN

Abstract

Background: Lafia, the state capital of Nasarawa State has a specialist hospital that serves the entire state and beyond. It is a referral centre for the primary health care centres and cottage hospitals, but is short of man-power to meet the health needs of the populace. There have never been any ophthalmologists employed to work in the Specialist Hospital, as such all eye problems were managed by either ophthalmic nurses or optometrists. Difficult cases were referred.Aim: To assess the problems of eye care delivery in Lafia. Method: Records of patients seen between 1999 to 2003 were retrieved; Information on Sex, Age, and History, physical and eye examinations, investigation, diagnosis and treatment given were reviewed. Results: A total of 5, 376 cases reviewed, 3,721 (69. 21%) were diagnosed with diseases of the anterior segment, while 273 (5.1%) were diagnosed with various diseases of the posterior segment. 1, 382 (25.71%) had other eye diseases that were not specific. Four thousand, one hundred and seventeen (78.58%) patients had treatment with traditional eye medicine before or after visiting the hospital. Conclusion: The absence of an ophthalmologist in this study has shown that due to inadequate knowledge of the diseases, proper management of cases was not done. Patients had to travel long distances to get adequate treatment even if it was an emergency. The problem of lack of ophthalmologist will remain with us for a long time. This might create a big vacuum that is filled in by other eye care providers who are not knowledgeable in providing eye care. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol. 4(1) 2006: 89-96

Published
2006

11. Bilateral primary anophthamos: a report of 2 cases

Author

Wade, PD, Mpyet, CD, Ramyil, A, and Kyari, F

Abstract

Primary anophthalmos is a rare condition, characterized by complete absence of ocular tissues within the orbit. In this report two cases of bilateral anophthalmos seen within four weeks interval at the Jos UniversityTeaching Hospital are discussed. Keywords: primary anophthalmos, facial defects, prosthesesAfrican Journal of Paediatric Surgery Vol. 2(1) 2005: 27-29

Published
2006

19. Travel burden and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma: analysis of 1024 patients from 43 African countries and 518 patients from 40 European countries.

Author

Fabian ID, Stacey AW, Foster A, Kivelä TT, Munier FL, Keren-Froim N, Gomel N, Cassoux N, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA, Harby LA, Zondervan M, Bascaran C, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Boubacar SA, Ademola-Popoola DS, Adio A, Aghaji AE, Portabella SA, Alfa Bio AI, Ali AM, Alia DB, All-Eriksson C, Almeida AA, Alsawidi KM, Antonino R, Astbury NJ, Atsiaya R, Balaguer J, Balwierz W, Barranco H, Popovic MB, Benmiloud S, Guebessi NB, Berete RC, Biddulph SJ, Biewald EM, Blum S, Bobrova N, Boehme M, Bornfeld N, Bouda GC, Bouguila H, Boumedane A, Brichard BG, L MC, Castela G, Català-Mora J, Chantada GL, Chernodrinska VS, Chiwanga FS, Cieslik K, Comsa C, Correa Llano MG, Csóka M, Da Gama IV, Davidson A, Potter P, Desjardins L, Dragomir MD, Bruyn MD, Kettani AE, Elbahi AM, Elgalaly D, Elhaddad AM, Ali Elhassan MM, Elzembely MM, Essuman VA, Evina TGA, Fasina O, Fernández-Teijeiro A, Gandiwa M, Aldana DG, Geel JA, Gizachew Z, Gregersen PA, Guedenon KM, Hadjistilianou T, Hassan S, Hederova S, Hessissen L, Hordofa DF, Hummlen M, Husakova K, Ida R, Ilic VR, Jenkinson H, Amani Kabesha TB, Kabore RL, Kalinaki A, Kapelushnik N, Kardava T, Kemilev PK, Kepak T, Khotenashvili Z, Klett A, Kosh Komba Palet JE, Krivaitiene D, Kruger M, Kyara A, Lachmann ES, Latinović S, Lecuona K, Lukamba RM, Lumbroso L, Lysytsia L, Maka E, Makan M, Manda C, Begue NM, Matende IO, Matua M, Mayet I, Mbumba FB, Mengesha AA, Midena E, Mndeme FG, Mohamedani AA, Moll AC, Moreira C, Msina MS, Msukwa G, Muma KI, Murgoi G, Musa KO, Mustak H, Muyen OM, Naidu G, Naumenko L, Ndoye Roth PA, Neroev V, Nikitovic M, Nkanga ED, Nkumbe H, Nyaywa M, Obono-Obiang G, Oguego NC, Olechowski A, Oscar AH, Osei-Bonsu P, Painter SL, Paintsil V, Paiva L, Papyan R, Parrozzani R, Parulekar M, Pawinska-Wasikowska K, Perić S, Philbert R, Pochop P, Polyakov VG, Pompe MT, Pons JJ, Raobela L, Renner LA, Reynders D, Ribadu D, Riheia MM, Ritter-Sovinz P, Saakyan S, Said AM, Román Pacheco SS, Scanlan TA, Schoeman J, Seregard S, Sherief ST, Cheikh SS, Silva S, Sorochynska T, Ssali G, Stathopoulos C, Kranjc BS, Stones DK, Svojgr K, Sylla F, Tamamyan G, Tandili A, Tateshi B, Theophile T, Traoré F, Tyau-Tyau H, Umar AB, Urbak SF, Ushakova TL, Valeina S, Hoefen Wijsard MV, Veleva-Krasteva NV, Viksnins M, Wackernagel W, Waddell K, Wade PD, Wali Nigeria AH, Wime AD, Dod CW, Yanga JM, Yarovaya VA, Yarovoy AA, Zein E, Sharabi S, Zhilyaeva K, Ziko OA, and Bowman R

Subjects
Africa epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Risk Factors, Retinal Neoplasms diagnosis, Retinal Neoplasms epidemiology, Retinoblastoma diagnosis, Retinoblastoma epidemiology
Abstract

Background: The travel distance from home to a treatment centre, which may impact the stage at diagnosis, has not been investigated for retinoblastoma, the most common childhood eye cancer. We aimed to investigate the travel burden and its impact on clinical presentation in a large sample of patients with retinoblastoma from Africa and Europe., Methods: A cross-sectional analysis including 518 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 40 European countries and 1024 treatment-naïve patients with retinoblastoma residing in 43 African countries., Results: Capture rate was 42.2% of expected patients from Africa and 108.8% from Europe. African patients were older (95% CI -12.4 to -5.4, p<0.001), had fewer cases of familial retinoblastoma (95% CI 2.0 to 5.3, p<0.001) and presented with more advanced disease (95% CI 6.0 to 9.8, p<0.001); 43.4% and 15.4% of Africans had extraocular retinoblastoma and distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, respectively, compared to 2.9% and 1.0% of the Europeans. To reach a retinoblastoma centre, European patients travelled 421.8 km compared to Africans who travelled 185.7 km (p<0.001). On regression analysis, lower-national income level, African residence and older age (p<0.001), but not travel distance (p=0.19), were risk factors for advanced disease., Conclusions: Fewer than half the expected number of patients with retinoblastoma presented to African referral centres in 2017, suggesting poor awareness or other barriers to access. Despite the relatively shorter distance travelled by African patients, they presented with later-stage disease. Health education about retinoblastoma is needed for carers and health workers in Africa in order to increase capture rate and promote early referral., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Published
2021
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20. Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Author

Fabian ID, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Abdulqader RA, Adamou Boubacar S, Ademola-Popoola DS, Adio A, Afshar AR, Aggarwal P, Aghaji AE, Ahmad A, Akib MNR, Al Harby L, Al Ani MH, Alakbarova A, Portabella SA, Al-Badri SAF, Alcasabas APA, Al-Dahmash SA, Alejos A, Alemany-Rubio E, Alfa Bio AI, Alfonso Carreras Y, Al-Haddad C, Al-Hussaini HHY, Ali AM, Alia DB, Al-Jadiry MF, Al-Jumaily U, Alkatan HM, All-Eriksson C, Al-Mafrachi AARM, Almeida AA, Alsawidi KM, Al-Shaheen AASM, Al-Shammary EH, Amiruddin PO, Antonino R, Astbury NJ, Atalay HT, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Atsiaya R, Attaseth T, Aung TH, Ayala S, Baizakova B, Balaguer J, Balayeva R, Balwierz W, Barranco H, Bascaran C, Beck Popovic M, Benavides R, Benmiloud S, Bennani Guebessi N, Berete RC, Berry JL, Bhaduri A, Bhat S, Biddulph SJ, Biewald EM, Bobrova N, Boehme M, Boldt HC, Bonanomi MTBC, Bornfeld N, Bouda GC, Bouguila H, Boumedane A, Brennan RC, Brichard BG, Buaboonnam J, Calderón-Sotelo P, Calle Jara DA, Camuglia JE, Cano MR, Capra M, Cassoux N, Castela G, Castillo L, Català-Mora J, Chantada GL, Chaudhry S, Chaugule SS, Chauhan A, Chawla B, Chernodrinska VS, Chiwanga FS, Chuluunbat T, Cieslik K, Cockcroft RL, Comsa C, Correa ZM, Correa Llano MG, Corson TW, Cowan-Lyn KE, Csóka M, Cui X, Da Gama IV, Dangboon W, Das A, Das S, Davanzo JM, Davidson A, De Potter P, Delgado KQ, Demirci H, Desjardins L, Diaz Coronado RY, Dimaras H, Dodgshun AJ, Donaldson C, Donato Macedo CR, Dragomir MD, Du Y, Du Bruyn M, Edison KS, Eka Sutyawan IW, El Kettani A, Elbahi AM, Elder JE, Elgalaly D, Elhaddad AM, Elhassan MMA, Elzembely MM, Essuman VA, Evina TGA, Fadoo Z, Fandiño AC, Faranoush M, Fasina O, Fernández DDPG, Fernández-Teijeiro A, Foster A, Frenkel S, Fu LD, Fuentes-Alabi SL, Gallie BL, Gandiwa M, Garcia JL, García Aldana D, Gassant PY, Geel JA, Ghassemi F, Girón AV, Gizachew Z, Goenz MA, Gold AS, Goldberg-Lavid M, Gole GA, Gomel N, Gonzalez E, Gonzalez Perez G, González-Rodríguez L, Garcia Pacheco HN, Graells J, Green L, Gregersen PA, Grigorovski NDAK, Guedenon KM, Gunasekera DS, Gündüz AK, Gupta H, Gupta S, Hadjistilianou T, Hamel P, Hamid SA, Hamzah N, Hansen ED, Harbour JW, Hartnett ME, Hasanreisoglu M, Hassan S, Hassan S, Hederova S, Hernandez J, Hernandez LMC, Hessissen L, Hordofa DF, Huang LC, Hubbard GB, Hummlen M, Husakova K, Hussein Al-Janabi AN, Ida R, Ilic VR, Jairaj V, Jeeva I, Jenkinson H, Ji X, Jo DH, Johnson KP, Johnson WJ, Jones MM, Kabesha TBA, Kabore RL, Kaliki S, Kalinaki A, Kantar M, Kao LY, Kardava T, Kebudi R, Kepak T, Keren-Froim N, Khan ZJ, Khaqan HA, Khauv P, Kheir WJ, Khetan V, Khodabande A, Khotenashvili Z, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kiratli H, Kivelä TT, Klett A, Komba Palet JEK, Krivaitiene D, Kruger M, Kulvichit K, Kuntorini MW, Kyara A, Lachmann ES, Lam CPS, Lam GC, Larson SA, Latinovic S, Laurenti KD, Le BHA, Lecuona K, Leverant AA, Li C, Limbu B, Long QB, López JP, Lukamba RM, Lumbroso L, Luna-Fineman S, Lutfi D, Lysytsia L, Magrath GN, Mahajan A, Majeed AR, Maka E, Makan M, Makimbetov EK, Manda C, Martín Begue N, Mason L, Mason JO 3rd, Matende IO, Materin M, Mattosinho CCDS, Matua M, Mayet I, Mbumba FB, McKenzie JD, Medina-Sanson A, Mehrvar A, Mengesha AA, Menon V, Mercado GJVD, Mets MB, Midena E, Mishra DKC, Mndeme FG, Mohamedani AA, Mohammad MT, Moll AC, Montero MM, Morales RA, Moreira C, Mruthyunjaya P, Msina MS, Msukwa G, Mudaliar SS, Muma KI, Munier FL, Murgoi G, Murray TG, Musa KO, Mushtaq A, Mustak H, Muyen OM, Naidu G, Nair AG, Naumenko L, Ndoye Roth PA, Nency YM, Neroev V, Ngo H, Nieves RM, Nikitovic M, Nkanga ED, Nkumbe H, Nuruddin M, Nyaywa M, Obono-Obiang G, Oguego NC, Olechowski A, Oliver SCN, Osei-Bonsu P, Ossandon D, Paez-Escamilla MA, Pagarra H, Painter SL, Paintsil V, Paiva L, Pal BP, Palanivelu MS, Papyan R, Parrozzani R, Parulekar M, Pascual Morales CR, Paton KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska K, Pe'er J, Peña A, Peric S, Pham CTM, Philbert R, Plager DA, Pochop P, Polania RA, Polyakov VG, Pompe MT, Pons JJ, Prat D, Prom V, Purwanto I, Qadir AO, Qayyum S, Qian J, Rahman A, Rahman S, Rahmat J, Rajkarnikar P, Ramanjulu R, Ramasubramanian A, Ramirez-Ortiz MA, Raobela L, Rashid R, Reddy MA, Reich E, Renner LA, Reynders D, Ribadu D, Riheia MM, Ritter-Sovinz P, Rojanaporn D, Romero L, Roy SR, Saab RH, Saakyan S, Sabhan AH, Sagoo MS, Said AMA, Saiju R, Salas B, San Román Pacheco S, Sánchez GL, Sayalith P, Scanlan TA, Schefler AC, Schoeman J, Sedaghat A, Seregard S, Seth R, Shah AS, Shakoor SA, Sharma MK, Sherief ST, Shetye NG, Shields CL, Siddiqui SN, Sidi Cheikh S, Silva S, Singh AD, Singh N, Singh U, Singha P, Sitorus RS, Skalet AH, Soebagjo HD, Sorochynska T, Ssali G, Stacey AW, Staffieri SE, Stahl ED, Stathopoulos C, Stirn Kranjc B, Stones DK, Strahlendorf C, Suarez MEC, Sultana S, Sun X, Sundy M, Superstein R, Supriyadi E, Surukrattanaskul S, Suzuki S, Svojgr K, Sylla F, Tamamyan G, Tan D, Tandili A, Tarrillo Leiva FF, Tashvighi M, Tateshi B, Tehuteru ES, Teixeira LF, Teh KH, Theophile T, Toledano H, Trang DL, Traoré F, Trichaiyaporn S, Tuncer S, Tyau-Tyau H, Umar AB, Unal E, Uner OE, Urbak SF, Ushakova TL, Usmanov RH, Valeina S, van Hoefen Wijsard M, Varadisai A, Vasquez L, Vaughan LO, Veleva-Krasteva NV, Verma N, Victor AA, Viksnins M, Villacís Chafla EG, Vishnevskia-Dai V, Vora T, Wachtel AE, Wackernagel W, Waddell K, Wade PD, Wali AH, Wang YZ, Weiss A, Wilson MW, Wime ADC, Wiwatwongwana A, Wiwatwongwana D, Wolley Dod C, Wongwai P, Xiang D, Xiao Y, Yam JC, Yang H, Yanga JM, Yaqub MA, Yarovaya VA, Yarovoy AA, Ye H, Yousef YA, Yuliawati P, Zapata López AM, Zein E, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zheng X, Zhilyaeva K, Zia N, Ziko OAO, Zondervan M, and Bowman R

Subjects
Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Retinoblastoma economics, Retinoblastoma epidemiology
Abstract

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale., Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis., Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017., Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis., Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68])., Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs.

Published
2020
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21. The Effect of a Reminder Short Message Service on the Uptake of Glaucoma Screening by First-Degree Relatives of Glaucoma Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Author

Salihu DK, Adenuga OO, and Wade PD

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Appointments and Schedules, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nigeria, Glaucoma, Open-Angle diagnosis, Mass Screening statistics & numerical data, Patient Acceptance of Health Care statistics & numerical data, Reminder Systems, Text Messaging
Abstract

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the role of a reminder short message service (SMS) on the uptake of glaucoma screening by first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in North-central Nigeria following a telephone invitation for screening., Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the eye clinic of a tertiary hospital in Jos, North-central Nigeria. Two hundred FDRs of patients with POAG were invited through phone for free glaucoma screening and randomly allocated into two groups. The intervention group received a reminder SMS, whereas the control group did not receive a reminder. Those who failed to turn up for screening were contacted through phone to determine the reasons for their nonattendance. Chi-square test and bivariate analysis were used to compare attendance rate between the two groups., Results: Sending a reminder SMS following a telephone invitation had no effect on the uptake of glaucoma screening. The response rate was lower in the phone call plus reminder SMS group (43.0% vs. 53.0%) though the difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.157). Competing needs such as work and lack of transport fare were the most common reasons given for not attending the screening., Conclusion: A reminder text message is not an effective tool for increasing the uptake of glaucoma screening in at-risk individuals in North-central Nigeria. Existing barriers to health care in the country need to be addressed before mobile phone technology can be effectively used in increasing the utilization of any free eye screening service., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Published
2020
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22. Indications for destructive eye surgeries among adults in a tertiary eye care center in North CENTRAL Nigeria.

Author

Odugbo OP, Wade PD, Samuel OJ, and Mpyet CD

Abstract

Background: Destructive eye surgery is a management option offered patients when further retention of the globe is likely to affect ocular and general health or jeopardize survival. Indications for this procedure vary and could reflect the pattern of severe or end stage ocular morbidities in a given environment., Aim: To assess the indications for destructive eye surgeries and to ascertain the proportion avoidable., Setting: Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria., Methodology: The ophthalmic surgical database of our facility was retrospectively reviewed to obtain information on patients who had destructive eye surgery from January 2008 - December 2015. These included demographics, clinical features, preoperative diagnosis, indication for surgery and type of destructive eye surgeries. The total number of ophthalmic surgeries within the study period was also computed. The data was entered into Epi Info statistical software, version3.4 (Epi InfoTM, Atlanta, Georgia,USA) and analyzed after validation by double entry., Results: Eighty five destructive eye surgeries consisting of 2.5% of all surgical operations were performed on adults (aged ≥18years). There were 51(60%) males with a male: female ratio of 1.5:1 (p<0.005), mean age of 46.4 ± 19years. A sustained decline in the proportion of surgeries attributable to destructive eye surgeries was observed from the year 2012. A total of 75(88.2%) patients had evisceration, 3(3.5%) had enucleation and 7(8.2%) had exenteration. The main indications for destructive eye surgeries included trauma to the eyes in 39(45.9%), intractable infections in 32(37.6%), tumours in 7(8.2%) and painful blind eye in 3(3.5%); anterior staphyloma and phthisis bulbi each accounted for 2(2.4%). We observed that an adult male was four times more likely to lose an eye from trauma than a female (p<0.05). An individual was less likely to lose an eye to trauma with increasing age (p<0.05) but more likely to lose an eye to intractable infection with increasing age (p<0.001)., Conclusion: There is a downtrend in the frequency of destructive eye surgeries in our center with males more likely to lose an eye to trauma and the elderly more likely to lose an eye to infection. Most of the indications for eye removal are avoidable., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2015

23. AN AUDIT OF MINOR OPHTHALMIC SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN A TERTIARY EYE CARE FACILITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA.

Author

Odugbo OP, Mpyet CD, Wade PD, Adenuga OO, and Adejoh MO

Abstract

Background: An estimated 285 million persons are visually impaired globally, and 39 million of them are blind. Majority of the blind population reside in developing countries. Over 60% of blindness is attributable to surgical causes of blindness. A surgical audit reveals areas of performance that require improvement., Aim: To assess the output and pattern of minor ophthalmic surgeries over a seven year period., Method: The minor ophthalmic surgical records of Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria were retrospectively reviewed to obtain information on the patients'demographics, diagnosis, indication, type of surgery, type of anaesthesia administered, outcome of management, histology report and the rank of surgeon. The data obtained were analyzed using Epi Info Statistical version 3.4, Atlanta, Georgia USA., Results: A total of 536 patients had minor ophthalmic operations at the Jos University Teaching Hospital between January 2008 and December 2014. There were 281(52.4%) males and 255(47.6%) females (χ(2)=9.4, p>0.1) with a mean age of 37.2 years (SD:24). Furthermore, 41(7.6%) patients had surgery in both eyes. The main anatomical sites of ocular morbidity were eyelid/lashes, conjunctiva and anterior segment observed in 237 (41.1%), 166(28.8%) and 94(16.3%) eyes respectively. Posterior segment lesions as indication for minor surgery was observed in 11(1.9%) eyes in the year 2013 and increased to 38(6.6%) eyes in 2014. Most (75%) minor surgical procedures were performed by resident doctors under supervision (χ(2)=13.7, p<0.05). A total of 584 procedures were performed comprising over 33 different types of minor surgeries. The main surgical procedures included pterygium excision in 104(17.8%) cases, eyelid repair in 74(12.7%) cases and incision and curettage for chalazion in 65(11.1%) cases (χ2=23.9, p<0.001). A recurrence rate of 31.6% and 6.1% was observed in eyes that had pterygium excision and incision and curretage for chalazion respectively; 83.8% of eyelids repaired had no postoperative sequelae while notching of the eyelid margin was observed in 9.4% of eyelids repaired., Conclusion: Minor ophthalmic surgeries constitute an important aspect of comprehensive eye care delivery with significant impact on control of blindness programmes. Most minor ophthalmic surgeries are performed on the ocular adnexa, hence the need for strengthening of the orbito-oculoplastic sub-specialty in the hospital.

Published
2014

24. Allergic conjunctivitis at sheikh zayed regional eye care center, gambia.

Author

Wade PD, Iwuora AN, Lopez L, and Muhammad MA

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of allergic conjunctivitis in Gambia and to determine its epidemiologic features, seasonal variations and associated ocular and systemic conditions., Methods: Records of patients clinically diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis between April 2007 and March 2008 were reviewed. Variables including age, sex, date of presentation, and systemic and ocular findings were recorded., Results: A total of 7,912 patients were visited within the study period, out of which 624 (7.9%) were diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis. The disease was equally distributed in male and female subjects, with high preponderance in children (54.5%). Most patients (60.7%) presented during the dry season as compared to the rainy season. Refractive error was the most common ocular condition associated with the condition present in 7.4% of patients while the most common systemic association was asthma, reported in 1.4% of cases., Conclusion: Allergic conjunctivitis in Gambia is more common in children than in adults and has seasonal variation with more patients presenting during dry seasons. Refractive errors are the most common ocular problem associated with the disease and asthma is a systemic association.

Published
2012

25. A review of 50 cases of aphakic detachment in Peshawar, North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.

Author

Zaman M, Hussain M, Babar TF, Wade PD, Shah AA, and Khan MD

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aphakia, Postcataract epidemiology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Pakistan epidemiology, Postoperative Complications, Prospective Studies, Treatment Outcome, Vitreous Detachment epidemiology, Aphakia, Postcataract complications, Cataract Extraction adverse effects, Retinal Detachment epidemiology, Retinal Detachment etiology, Retinal Detachment surgery, Vitreous Detachment complications
Abstract

Background: This prospective study was conducted at Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan over the period of 16 months. It was to assess the demographic pattern, mode of presentation, treatment modalities and postoperative result of aphakic retinal detachment. This study also compared the incidence of aphakic retinal detachment in intracapsular versus extracapsular cataract extraction as well as the duration between cataract surgery and retinal detachment., Patients and Method: A total of 50 patients were recruited in this prospective study. A Proforma was specially designed for this purpose. Detailed history with reference to age, sex, presenting complaints, spectacle wear, previous ocular surgery, duration of surgery/laser treatment, systemic and family history was taken. All patients had detailed ophthalmic examination, underwent conventional retinal reattachment surgery, and were followed up for 6 months., Results: Of the total number studied, 86% of the patients were males; only 14% were females, with a mean age of 58 years. The overall anatomical success was achieved in 40 (80%) eyes. The visual acuity of 6/12 and better was achieved in 8 (16%) eyes. 20 (40%) eyes attained a vision of 6/18 to 6/36. 12 (24%) eyes had a vision between 6/60 to CF 3m. The vision could not be improved beyond CF 3m in 10 (20%) eyes., Conclusion: Vitreous loss during cataract surgery is the most common cause of aphakic retinal detachment. The risk is maximal in the first and second year. The overall anatomical attachment achieved through conventional retinal detachment surgery is 80%.

Published
2009
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27. A regional study of the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in the brain of developing and adult rats.

Author

Wade PD and Timiras PS

Subjects
Animals, Brain Stem enzymology, Caudate Nucleus enzymology, Cerebellum enzymology, Cerebral Cortex enzymology, Hippocampus enzymology, Rats, Superior Colliculi enzymology, Acetylcholinesterase metabolism, Aging, Brain enzymology, Isoenzymes metabolism
Abstract

This study of the molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase in several rat brain regions using sucrose gradient centrifugation has revealed only two major forms throughout postnatal development: the 4S and 10S. In all regions studied (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, pons-medulla and superior colliculi), enzyme activity progresses from high 4S/low 10S activity at birth to the converse in the adult. The 10S, the major form in mature brain, is not proportionally greater at birth in areas which are phylogenetically older. Study of cerebral cortex and cerebellum at 1, 13, 19-20 postnatal days and in the adult shows a nonlinear shift from the 4S form to the 10S form with a decrease or leveling off of 10S (in specific activity and total amount) prior to attaining the high adult levels. We suggest a possible relation of our findings to certain histogenic events in the brain.

Published
1980
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28. Mammalian cerebral cortical tissue responds to low-intensity visible light.

Author

Wade PD, Taylor J, and Siekevitz P

Subjects
Animals, Cerebral Cortex drug effects, Cerebral Cortex metabolism, In Vitro Techniques, Kinetics, Lighting, Male, Potassium pharmacology, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Reference Values, Cerebral Cortex radiation effects, Light, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid metabolism
Abstract

Low levels of visible light directed onto slices of rat cerebral cortical tissue enhanced net potassium-induced release of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from these brain slices. At higher light intensity, net potassium-induced release was suppressed. These effects were apparently not from increased temperature. The amount of light enhancing this neurotransmitter release is approximately equal to the amount of light that can penetrate the head and reach the brain at the intensities of sunlight; this was determined by measuring the light entering the rat head through fur, scalp, skull, and dura mater and considering several natural lighting conditions. These results suggest that ambient light may be sufficient to alter the release of transmitters from mammalian cerebral cortex in vivo.

Published
1988
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29. Characterization of transmitter release as a response of vertebrate neural tissue to erythrosin B.

Author

Wade PD, Marder E, and Siekevitz P

Subjects
Adenosine Triphosphatases antagonists & inhibitors, Animals, Ca(2+) Mg(2+)-ATPase, In Vitro Techniques, Microscopy, Electron, Neuromuscular Junction ultrastructure, Rana pipiens, Rats, Rats, Inbred Strains, Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase antagonists & inhibitors, Cerebral Cortex metabolism, Erythrosine pharmacology, Fluoresceins pharmacology, Neuromuscular Junction drug effects, Neurotransmitter Agents metabolism, Synaptic Transmission drug effects
Abstract

A rat cerebral cortical slice preparation was used to study the response of transmitter release to the application of the food dye, Erythrosin B, a tetraiodinated derivative of fluorescein. Erythrosin B (100 microM) stimulated net release of previously taken up [3H]norepinephrine and [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The Erythrosin-induced release of GABA (the only transmitter studied) occurred in the absence of added Ca2+, and in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Ultrastructural analysis of the vesicle content of frog neuromuscular junctions treated with Erythrosin B revealed a diminution in the number of synaptic vesicles present in the nerve terminal. By using fluorescein and some halogen-substituted derivatives including Erythrosin B, it was found that incubation with the unhalogenated compound caused no net release, whereas incubation with the iodine-, chlorine- or bromine-substituted compound did cause release. It was also found that somewhat greater release induced by Erythrosin B (at 100 microM) occurred in the light than in the dark. That Erythrosin B inhibits the Na+,K+,Mg2+-ATPase was confirmed in this preparation; it did so in both light and dark. The discrepancy between release and Na+,K+,Mg2+-ATPase blockade in the dark suggests that release either occurs by some other mechanism than by Na+,K+,Mg2+-ATPase blockade, or that an additional light-dependent process contributes to the release. We conclude that Erythrosin B can presumably induce net release of transmitters generally, that release does not occur via the TTX-sensitive Na+ channel, that release via vesicles does occur, and that light somewhat enhances the release.

Published
1984
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30. The effect of diamide on transmitter release and on synaptic vesicle population at vertebrate synapses.

Author

Wade PD, Fritz LC, and Siekevitz P

Subjects
Acetylcholine metabolism, Animals, Calcium pharmacology, Cerebral Cortex drug effects, Dopamine metabolism, Kinetics, Membrane Potentials, Muscles innervation, Norepinephrine metabolism, Rana pipiens, Rats, Synaptic Vesicles drug effects, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid metabolism, Azo Compounds pharmacology, Cerebral Cortex physiology, Diamide pharmacology, Neurotransmitter Agents metabolism, Synapses physiology, Synaptic Vesicles physiology
Abstract

Diamide, a sulfhydryl-oxidizing agent, has previously been shown to cause acetylcholine release in two preparations in the absence of added Ca2+. Similarities in action between diamide and alpha-latrotoxin, a component of black widow spider venom which causes transmitter release with no added Ca2+, and which seems to require a disulfide bond for its action, led us to study further the transmitter-releasing properties of diamide. In rat cerebral cortical slices we show that diamide, like alpha-latrotoxin, released all transmitters studied; GABA, acetylcholine, norepinephrine and dopamine. The response reached a peak after a delay (5-15 min), in contrast to the much faster release evoked by high K+ (within 3 min). Diamide-induced GABA release was found to occur equally well in the absence of added Ca2+, and was blocked when diamide was reduced prior to addition. Our ultrastructural studies of the frog neuromuscular junction showed that whereas alpha-latrotoxin caused the elimination of synaptic vesicles, diamide did not. Dithiothreitol, a disulfide-reducing agent, also caused GABA release, but this effect was Ca2+-dependent, blocked by high Mg2+, and occurred without delay. These observations comparing the 3 transmitter-releasing agents have further delineated the sulfhydryl/disulfide-group involvement in transmitter release and have demonstrated that dithiothreitol is operating at a different site from either alpha-latrotoxin or diamide.

Published
1981
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