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Accuracy of memory is critical in legal and clinical contexts. These contexts are often linked with high levels of emotional distress and social sources that can provide potentially distorting information about stressful events. This study investigated how distress was associated with susceptibility to misinformation about a trauma analogue event. We employed an experimental design whereby in Phase 1, participants (N = 243, aged 20-72, 122 females, 117 males, 4 gender diverse) watched a trauma film (car crash) and heard an audio summary that contained misinformation (misled items), true reminders (consistent items), and no reminders (control items) about the film. Participants rated their total distress, and symptoms of avoidance, intrusions, and hyperarousal, in response to the film. They then completed cued recall, recognition, and source memory tasks. One week later in Phase 2, participants (N = 199) completed the same measures again. Generalised linear mixed models were used. A significant misinformation effect was found, and importantly, participants with higher distress levels showed a smaller misinformation effect, owing to especially poor memory for consistent items compared to their less distressed counterparts. Distress was also associated with improved source memory for misled items. Avoidance of the film's reminders was associated with a smaller misinformation effect during immediate retrieval and a larger misinformation effect during delayed retrieval. Findings suggest that distress is associated with decreased susceptibility to misinformation in some cases, but also associated with poorer memory accuracy in general. Limitations are discussed, and the need for further research is highlighted., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

In adversarial legal systems across the world, witnesses in criminal trials are subjected to cross-examination. The questions that cross-examiners pose to witnesses are often complex and confusing; they might include negatives, double negatives, leading questions, closed questions, either/or questions, or complex syntax and vocabulary. Few psycholegal studies have explored the impact of such questions on the accuracy of adult witnesses' reports. In two experiments, we adapted the standard investigative interview procedure to examine the effect of five types of cross-examination style questions on witness accuracy and confidence. Participants watched a mock crime video and answered simple-style questions about the event. Following a delay, participants answered both cross-examination style questions and simple questions about the event. Negative and Double negative questions sometimes impaired the accuracy of witnesses' responses during cross-examination, whereas Leading and Leading-with-feedback questions did not impair - but sometimes enhanced - the accuracy of witnesses' responses. Participants who were better at discriminating between correct and incorrect responses on the initial memory test were more likely to improve the accuracy of their reports during cross-examination. Our findings suggest that the effect of cross-examination style questions on eyewitness accuracy depends on question type and witnesses' confidence in their responses.

This research aimed to conduct an initial investigation into the relationships between the "misinformation effect" and trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Study 1 was a pilot study developing an online misinformation paradigm that could assess the influence of emotion and arousal on memory distortions. Participants ( n  = 162, M age  = 39.90; SD  = 10.90) were recruited through TurkPrime. In Study 2 community members ( n  = 116, M age  = 28.96; SD  = 10.33) completed this misinformation paradigm and measures of trauma exposure, PTSD, and depression. Study 1 found memory for central details was better for high-arousal than low-arousal and neutral-arousal images. Peripheral memory appeared worse for negative and neutral images than positive images. Study 2 found that, when controlling for age and gender, PTSD symptoms significantly predicted proportion of correct responses on control items. However, there was no evidence to indicate that trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms nor depression symptoms, were associated with proportion of correct responses on misled items. Valence and arousal did not influence these associations. These findings have important implications in clinical and legal contexts where individuals with a history of trauma, or who are experiencing symptoms of PTSD or depression, are often required to recall emotionally-laden events. There is a surprising dearth of research into the misinformation effect in clinical populations and further research is required.

Inaccurate memory reports can have serious consequences within forensic and clinical settings, where emotion and misinformation are two common sources of memory distortion. Many studies have investigated how these factors are related; does emotion protect memory or leave it more vulnerable to the distorting effects of misinformation? The findings remain diffused. Thus, the present review aimed to clarify the relationship between emotion and susceptibility to misinformation. 39 eligible studies were reviewed. Results varied according to the type and dimension of emotion measured. Level of arousal may be unrelated to susceptibility to misinformation when retrieval occurs without delay; studies including delayed retrieval were limited. Stimuli valence may be associated with increased susceptibility to peripheral misinformation but unrelated to other misinformation. The following results were reported by limited studies: short-term distress and moderate levels of stress may decrease susceptibility, while anger and greater cortisol response to stress may increase susceptibility to misinformation. Source memory may also be unaffected by emotion. The results have important potential implications for forensic and clinical practice, for example by highlighting the value of enquiring witnesses' source memory. Methodological recommendations for future studies are made.

Manipulated images can have serious and persistent ramifications across many domains: They have undermined trust in political campaigns, incited fear and violence, and fostered dangerous global movements. Despite growing concern about the power of manipulated images to influence people's beliefs and behavior, few studies have examined whether people can detect manipulations and the psychological processes underpinning this task. We asked 5,291 older adults, 5,291 middle-aged adults, and 5,291 young adults to detect and locate manipulations within images of real-world scenes. To determine whether a simple intervention could improve people's ability to detect manipulations, some participants viewed a short video which described the five common manipulation techniques used in the present study. Overall, participants demonstrated a limited ability to distinguish between original and manipulated images. Older adults were less accurate in detecting and locating manipulations than younger and middle-aged adults, and the effect of age varied by manipulation type. The video intervention improved performance marginally. Participants were often overconfident in their decisions, despite having limited ability to detect manipulations. Older adults were more likely than younger and middle-aged adults to report checking for shadow/lighting inconsistencies, a strategy that was not associated with improved discriminability, and less likely to report using other strategies (e.g., photometric inconsistencies) that were associated with improved discriminability. Differences in strategy use might help to account for the age differences in accuracy. Further research is needed to advance our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying image manipulation detection and the myriad factors that may enhance or impair performance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Objectives: To analyze the main causes and risk factors of death in intensive care., Patients and Method: Prospective observational study in the intensive care units in Hospital Principal of Dakar from July to December 2018 including all patients who died 24 hours after admission. Demographic, clinical, severity (IGSII, APACHE II, MPM) and organ failure (SOFA, LODS) scores were collected. A multiparametric comparison was made between deceased and surviving patients., Results: The overall mortality was 25.86% correlated with the probability of death (MPM): 26.4%. The mean age was 50.98 [8-94 years] with a sex ratio of 1.15. The majority of deaths (79.26%) occurred outside of duty hours and 70.7% had at least one medical history. The mean severity scores were for IGSII 40.12 +/- 17.25 and for APACHE II 18.31 +/- 8.49. The mean visceral failure scores were for SOFA 7.02 +/- 4.44 and for LODS 5.73 +/- 3.35. Complications were dominated by nosocomial infections (48.78%) and are responsible for 37.8% of deaths. The mean length of stay was 7.30 days +/- 7.46. Age, the existence of organ failure, the use of vasopressors, the occurrence of nosocomial infections and the absence of a senior doctor were correlated with mortality., Conclusion: The intensive care unit mortality rate is 25.86%. Advanced age, the existence of organ failures and the occurrence of a nosocomial infection are factors in the occurrence of death., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

Passive wearable exoskeletons are desirable as they can provide assistance during user movements while still maintaining a simple and low-profile design. These can be useful in industrial tasks where an ergonomic device could aid in load lifting without inconveniencing them and reducing fatigue and stress in the lower limbs. The SpringExo is a coil-spring design that aids in knee extension. In this paper, we describe the muscle activation of the knee flexors and extensors from seven healthy participants during repeated squats. The outcome measures are the timings of the key events during squat, flexion angle, muscle activation of rectus femoris and bicep femoris, and foot pressure characteristics of the participants. These outcome measures assess the possible effects of the device during lifting operations where reduced effort in the muscles is desired during ascent phase of the squat, without changing the knee and foot kinematics. The results show that the SpringExo significantly decreased rectus femoris activation during ascent (-2%) without significantly affecting either the bicep femoris or rectus femoris muscle activations in descent. This implies that the user could perform a descent without added effort and ascent with reduced effort. The exoskeleton showed other effects on the biomechanics of the user, increasing average squat time (+0.02 s) and maximum squat time (+0.1 s), and decreasing average knee flexion angle (-4°). The exoskeleton has no effect on foot loading or placement, that is, the user did not have to revise their stance while using the device., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing interests exist., (© The Author(s) 2021.)

Due to resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, treatment for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria switched to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in 2006 in Senegal. Several mutations in the gene encoding the kelch13 helix (pfk13-propeller) have been identified as associated with in vitro and in vivo artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia. Additionally, three mutations in the pfcoronin gene (G50E, R100K and E107V) have been identified in two culture-adapted Senegalese field isolates that became resistant in vitro to artemisinin after 4 years of intermittent selection with dihydroartemisinin. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of pfcoronin and pfk13 mutations in Senegalese field isolates from Dakar and to investigate their association with artemisinin derivative clinical failures. A total of 348 samples of P. falciparum from 327 patients, collected from 2015-2019 in Dakar, were successfully analysed. All sequences had wild-type pfk13 allele. The three mutations (G50E, R100K and E107V), previously identified in parasites with reduced susceptibility to artemisinin, were not found in this study, but a new mutation (P76S) was detected (mean prevalence 16.2%). The P76S mutation was identified in 5 (31.3%) of 16 isolates collected from patients still parasitaemic on Day 3 after ACT treatment and in 31 samples (15.3%) among 203 patients considered successfully cured. There was no significant association between in vivo reduced efficacy to artemisinin derivatives and the P76S mutation (P = 0.151, Fisher's exact test). These data suggest that polymorphisms in pfk13 and pfcoronin are not the best predictive markers for artemisinin resistance in Senegal., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Scientists working at the intersection of cognitive psychology and education have developed theoretically-grounded methods to help people learn. One important yet counterintuitive finding is that making information harder to learn - that is, creating desirable difficulties - benefits learners. Some studies suggest that simply presenting information in a difficult-to-read font could serve as a desirable difficulty and therefore promote learning. To address this possibility, we examined the extent to which Sans Forgetica, a newly developed font, improves memory performance - as the creators of the font claim. Across four experiments, we set out to replicate unpublished findings by the font's creators. Subjects read information in Sans Forgetica or Arial, and rated how difficult the information was to read (Experiment 1) or attempted to recall the information (Experiments 2-4). Although subjects rated Sans Forgetica as being more difficult to read than Arial, Sans Forgetica led to equivalent memory performance, and sometimes even impaired it. These findings suggest that although Sans Forgetica promotes a feeling of disfluency, it does not create a desirable difficulty or benefit memory.

The increasing sophistication of photo-editing software means that even amateurs can create compelling doctored images. Yet recent research suggests that people's ability to detect image manipulations is limited. Given the prevalence of manipulated images in the media, on social networking sites, and in other domains, the implications of mistaking a fake image as real, or vice versa, can be serious. In seven experiments, we tested whether people can make use of errors in shadows and reflections to determine whether or not an image has been manipulated. Our results revealed that people's ability to identify authentic and manipulated scenes based on shadow and reflection information increased with the size of the manipulation, but overall, detection rates remained poor. Consistent with theories of incomplete visual representation, one possible reason for these findings could be that people rarely encode the details of scenes that provide useful cues as to the authenticity of images. Overall, our findings indicate that people do not readily make use of shadow and reflection cues to help determine the authenticity of images-yet it remains possible that people could make use of these cues, but they are simply unaware of how to do so.

High-voltage lithium-ion cathode materials exhibit exceptional energy densities; however, rapid capacity fade during cell cycling prohibits their widespread utilization. Surface modification of cathode-active materials by organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has emerged as an approach to improve the longevity of high-voltage electrodes; however, the surface chemistry at the electrode/electrolyte interphase and its dependence on monolayer structure remains unclear. Herein, we investigate the interplay between monolayer structure, electrochemical performance, and surface chemistry of high-voltage LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 (LMNO) electrodes by the application of silane-based SAMs of variable length and chemical composition. We demonstrate that the application of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic monolayers results in improved galvanostatic capacity retention relative to unmodified LMNO. The extent of this improvement is tied to the structure of the monolayer with fluorinated alkyl-silanes exhibiting the greatest overall capacity retention, above 96% after 100 charge/discharge cycles. Postmortem surface analysis reveals that the presence of the monolayer enhances the deposition of LiF at the electrode surface during cell cycling and that the total surface concentration correlates with the overall improvements in capacity retention. We propose that the enhanced deposition of highly insulating LiF increases the anodic stability of the interphase, contributing to the improved galvanostatic performance of modified electrodes. Moreover, this work demonstrates that the modification of the electrode surface by the selection of an appropriate monolayer is an effective approach to tune the properties and behavior of the electrode/electrolyte interphase formed during battery operation.

The emergence of resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT) was described in Southeast Asia. In this context, the identification of molecular markers of ACT resistance partner drugs is urgently needed for monitoring the emergence and spread of resistance. Polymorphisms in transporter genes, especially of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, have been involved in anti-malarial drug resistance. In this study, the association between the mutations in the P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 gene (pfmdr1, N86Y, Y184 F, S1034C, N1042D and D1246Y) or repetitive amino acid motifs in pfmdr5 and the ex vivo susceptibility to anti-malarial drugs was evaluated. Susceptibility to chloroquine, quinine, monodesethylamodiaquine, lumefantrine, piperaquine, pyronaridine, mefloquine and dihydroartemisinin was assessed in 67 Senegalese isolates. The shorter DNNN motif ranged from to 2 to 11 copy repeats, and the longer DHHNDHNNDNNN motif ranged from 0 to 2 in pfmdr5. The present study showed the association between repetitive amino acid motifs (DNNN-DHHNDDHNNDNNN) in pfmdr5 and in vitro susceptibility to 4-aminoquinoline-based antimalarial drugs. The parasites with 8 and more copy repeats of DNNN in pfmdr5 were significantly more susceptible to piperaquine. There was a significant association between parasites whose DHHNDHNNDNNN motif was absent and replaced by DHHNDNNN, DHHNDHNNDHNNDNNN or DHHNDHNNDHNNDHNNDNNN and increased susceptibility to chloroquine, monodesethylamodiaquine and pyronaridine. A significant association between both the wild-type allele N86 in pfmdr1 and the N86-184 F haplotype and reduced susceptibility to lumefantrine was confirmed. Further studies with a large number of samples are required to validate the association between these pfmdr5 alleles and the modulation of 4-aminoquinoline-based antimalarial drug susceptibility., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, which was registered in 2017 in Senegal, is not currently used as the first-line treatment against uncomplicated malaria. A total of 6.6% to 17.1% of P. falciparum isolates collected in Dakar in 2013 to 2015 showed ex vivo -reduced susceptibility to piperaquine. Neither the exonuclease E415G mutation nor the copy number variation of the plasmepsin II gene ( Pfpm2 ), associated with piperaquine resistance in Cambodia, was detected in Senegalese parasites., (Copyright © 2019 American Society for Microbiology.)

Our reliance on face photos for identity verification is at odds with extensive research which shows that matching pairs of unfamiliar faces is highly prone to error. This process can therefore be exploited by identity fraudsters seeking to deceive ID checkers (e.g., using a stolen passport which contains an image of a similar looking individual to deceive border control officials). In this study we build on previous work which sought to quantify the threat posed by a relatively new type of fraud: morphed passport photos. Participants were initially unaware of the presence of morphs in a series of face photo arrays and were simply asked to detect which images they thought had been digitally manipulated (i.e., "images that didn't look quite right"). All participants then received basic information on morph fraud and rudimentary guidance on how to detect such images, followed by a morph detection training task (Training Group, n  = 40), or a non-face control task (Guidance Group, n  = 40). Participants also completed a post-guidance/training morph detection task and the Models Face Matching Test (MFMT). Our findings show that baseline morph detection rates were poor, that morph detection training significantly improved the identification of these images over and above basic guidance, and that accuracy in the mismatch condition of the MFMT correlated with morph detection ability. The results are discussed in relation to potential countermeasures for morph-based identity fraud., Competing Interests: This study was approved by the ethics committee of the School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde. All participants provided written informed consent.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher (this issue) take issue with the common trope that eyewitness memory is inherently unreliable. They draw on a large body of mock-crime research and a small number of field studies, which indicate that high-confidence eyewitness reports are usually accurate, at least when memory is uncontaminated and suitable interviewing procedures are used. We agree with the thrust of Wixted et al.'s argument and welcome their invitation to confront the mass underselling of eyewitnesses' potential reliability. Nevertheless, we argue that there is a comparable risk of overselling eyewitnesses' reliability. Wixted et al.'s reasoning implies that near-pristine conditions or uncontaminated memories are normative, but there are at least two good reasons to doubt this. First, psychological science does not yet offer a good understanding of how often and when eyewitness interviews might deviate from best practice in ways that compromise the accuracy of witnesses' reports. Second, witnesses may frequently be exposed to preinterview influences that could corrupt reports obtained in best-practice interviews.

When deceptive suspects are unaware of the evidence the police hold against them, they contradict that evidence more than truthful suspects do-a useful cue to deception. But given that, over time, truthful suspects might forget the past and also contradict the evidence, how effective are lie detection techniques that rely on such inconsistencies when suspects are questioned months after a crime? In Experiment 1, people committed a theft (liars) or a benign activity (truth-tellers) in a university bookshop. Shortly after or 2 months later, we questioned them about their bookshop visit without informing them of the evidence implicating them in the theft. Though truth-tellers contradicted some evidence after both time delays, liars always contradicted the evidence more than did truth-tellers. In Experiment 2, we presented the mock suspects' responses to an independent group of laypeople and asked them to rate how deceptive the suspects were. Laypeople rated liars as more deceptive than truth-tellers after both time delays, but also rated truth-tellers questioned 2 months after the crime as more deceptive than truth-tellers questioned shortly after the crime. These findings suggest that liars' tendency to distance themselves from a crime might outweigh any memory decay that truth-tellers experience in the 2 months following a crime. As a result, the extent of a suspect's contradictions with the evidence could still be diagnostic of deception even after an extended time delay. (PsycINFO Database Record, ((c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).)

Overloaded emergency departments are common around the world. This prospective, descriptive, and analytical study evaluates the reasons for emergency room use and describes the severity of the patients' conditions and how they reach the emergency department. It took place at the emergency department of the principal hospital of Dakar (the Armed Forces Teaching Hospital) over a one-week period (from August 23 to August 30, 2016) and included a sample of 219 patients of both sexes aged 15 years and older. Data were collected about social and demographic characteristics, reasons for choosing the emergency department rather than other care, time of day, day of the week, accessibility, means of transport, diagnosis, and severity. More than half of patients (55 %) were men, with a mean age of 42 +/- 18. Only 10 % of patients lived within 5 km of the hospital. Most (84.5 %) came from the Dakar region and lived between 5 and 35 km from the hospital. Most patients reached the hospital by their own means (83 %). Only 2 % were transported by the public emergency ambulance service. The reasons for choosing the emergency unit were the opportunity for additional tests in 41.1 % of cases ; the desire to be hospitalized in 26.9 % ; fear of death in 26.5 %, no waiting list in 14.2 %, and lack of money in 11 % of cases. Patients in truly serious condition accounted for only 5 % of cases. Most (88 %) returned home after stabilization, 12 % were hospitalized, and 0.5 % died. Good practices, good organization, and improved complementarity between public, private, and emergency services are needed to reduce the use of the latter.

People depend on various sources of information when trying to verify their autobiographical memories. Yet recent research shows that people prefer to use cheap-and-easy verification strategies, even when these strategies are not reliable. We examined the robustness of this cheap strategy bias, with scenarios designed to encourage greater emphasis on source reliability. In three experiments, subjects described real (Experiments 1 and 2) or hypothetical (Experiment 3) autobiographical events, and proposed strategies they might use to verify their memories of those events. Subjects also rated the reliability, cost, and the likelihood that they would use each strategy. In line with previous work, we found that the preference for cheap information held when people described how they would verify childhood or recent memories (Experiment 1), personally important or trivial memories (Experiment 2), and even when the consequences of relying on incorrect information could be significant (Experiment 3). Taken together, our findings fit with an account of source monitoring in which the tendency to trust one's own autobiographical memories can discourage people from systematically testing or accepting strong disconfirmatory evidence.

Resistance to most antimalarial drugs has spread from Southeast Asia to Africa. Accordingly, new therapies to use with artemisinin-based combination therapy (triple ACT) are urgently needed. Proveblue, a methylene blue preparation, was found to exhibit antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum strains in vitro. Proveblue has synergistic effects when used in combination with dihydroartemisinin, and has been shown to significantly reduce or prevent cerebral malaria in mice. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the in vitro baseline susceptibility of clinical field isolates to Proveblue, compare its activity with that of other standard antimalarial drugs and define the patterns of cross-susceptibility between Proveblue and conventional antimalarial drugs. The Proveblue IC 50 of 76 P. falciparum isolates ranged from 0.5 nM to 135.1 nM, with a mean of 8.1 nM [95% confidence interval, 6.4-10.3]. Proveblue was found to be more active against P. falciparum parasites than chloroquine, quinine, monodesethylamodiaquine, mefloquine, piperaquine, doxycycline (P <0.001) and lumefantrine (P = 0.014). Proveblue was as active as pyronaridine (P = 0.927), but was less active than dihydroartemisinin and artesunate (P <0.001). The only significant cross-susceptibilities found were between Proveblue and dihydroartemisinin (r 2  = 0.195, P = 0.0001), artesunate (r 2  = 0.187, P = 0.0002) and piperaquine (r 2  = 0.063, P = 0.029). The present study clearly demonstrates the potential of Proveblue as an effective therapeutic agent against P. falciparum. In this context, the use of Proveblue as part of the triple ACT treatment for multidrug-resistant malaria warrants further investigation., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.)

In 2006, the Senegalese National Malaria Control Programme recommended artemisinin-based combination therapy as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria. In addition, intravenous (i.v.) injection of artesunate and artemether has gradually replaced quinine for the treatment of severe malaria. Mutations in the propeller domain of the Kelch 13 gene (K13-propeller, PF3D71343700), such as Y493H, R539T, I543T and C580Y, were recently associated with in vivo and in vitro resistance to artemisinin in Southeast Asia. However, these mutations were not identified in Africa. In total, 181 isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from 161 patients from Dakar, Senegal, were collected between August 2015 and January 2016. The K13-propeller gene of the isolates was sequenced. A search for non-synonymous mutations in the propeller region of K13 was performed in the 181 isolates collected from Dakar from 2015 to 2016. Three synonymous mutations were detected (D464D, C469C and R471R). Of 119 patients treated with i.v. artesunate or intramuscular artemether followed by artemether/lumefantrine, 9 patients were still parasitaemic on Day 3. Parasites from these nine patients were wild-type for K13-propeller. None of the polymorphisms known to be involved in artemisinin resistance in Asia were detected. These results suggest that K13 is not the best predictive marker for artemisinin resistance in Africa. More isolates from clinical failure cases or patients with delayed parasite clearance after treatment with artemisinin derivatives are necessary to identify new molecular markers., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.)

Middle-aged and older adults are frequently victims and witnesses of crime, but knowledge of how identification performance changes over the adult life span is sparse. The authors asked young (18-30 years), middle-aged (31-59 years), and older (60-95 years) adults (N = 2,670) to watch a video of a mock crime and to attempt to identify the culprit from a fair lineup (in which all of the lineup members matched the appearance of the suspect) or an unfair lineup (in which the suspect stood out). They also asked subjects to provide confidence ratings for their identification decisions. To examine identification performance, the authors used a standard response-type analysis, receiver operating characteristic analysis, and signal-detection process modeling. The results revealed that, in fair lineups, aging was associated with a genuine decline in recognition ability-discriminability-and not an increased willingness to choose. Perhaps most strikingly, middle-aged and older adults were generally effective at regulating their confidence judgments to reflect the likely accuracy of their suspect identification decisions. Model-fitting confirmed that the older adults spread their decision criteria such that identifications made with high confidence were likely to be highly accurate, despite the substantial decline in discriminability with age. In unfair lineups, ability to discriminate between innocent and guilty suspects was poor in all age groups. The research enhances theoretical understanding of the ways in which identification behavior changes with age, and has important practical implications for how legal decision-makers should interpret identifications made by middle-aged and older eyewitnesses. (PsycINFO Database Record, ((c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved).)

Background: In response to increasing resistance to anti-malarial drugs, Senegal adopted artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in 2006. However, resistance of Plasmodium falciparum parasites to artemisinin derivatives, characterized by delayed parasite clearance after treatment with ACT or artesunate monotherapy, has recently emerged and rapidly spread in Southeast Asia. After 10 years of stability with rates ranging from 5.6 to 11.8%, the prevalence of parasites with reduced susceptibility in vitro to monodesethylamodiaquine, the active metabolite of an ACT partner drug, increased to 30.6% in 2014 in Dakar. Additionally, after a decrease of the in vitro chloroquine resistance in Dakar in 2009-2011, the prevalence of parasites that showed in vitro chloroquine resistance increased again to approximately 50% in Dakar since 2013. The aim of this study was to follow the evolution of the susceptibility to ACT partners and other anti-malarial drugs in 2015 in Dakar. An in vitro test is the only method currently available to provide an early indication of resistance to ACT partners., Results: Thirty-two P. falciparum isolates collected in 2015 in Dakar were analysed using a standard ex vivo assay based on an HRP2 ELISA. The prevalence of P. falciparum parasites with reduced susceptibility in vitro to monodesethylamodiaquine, chloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline and quinine was 28.1, 46.9, 45.2, 31.2 and 9.7%, respectively. None of the parasites were resistant to lumefantrine, piperaquine, pyronaridine, dihydroartemisinin and artesunate. These results confirm an increase in the reduced susceptibility to monodesethylamodiaquine observed in 2014 in Dakar and the chloroquine resistance observed in 2013. The in vitro resistance seems to be established in Dakar. Additionally, the prevalence of parasites with reduced susceptibility to doxycycline has increased two-fold compared to 2014., Conclusions: The establishment of a reduced susceptibility to monodesethylamodiaquine as well as chloroquine resistance, and the emergence of a reduced susceptibility to doxycycline are disturbing. The in vitro and in vivo surveillance of anti-malarial drugs must be implemented in Senegal.

Background: In the UK, the closure of 'long-stay' hospitals was accompanied by the development of community teams (CTs) to support people with intellectual disabilities (IDs) to live in community settings. The self-reported experiences of staff working in such teams have been neglected., Methods: Focusing on a single county-wide service, comprising five multi-disciplinary and inter-agency CTs, we measured perceptions among the health care and care management Team members of (1) their personal well-being; (2) the functioning of their team; and (3) the organisation's commitment to quality, and culture., Results: Almost three-quarters of the questionnaires were returned (73/101; 72%). The scores of health care practitioners and care managers were very similar: (1) the MBI scores of more than half the respondents were 'of concern'; (2) similarly, almost four in ten respondents' scores on the Vision scale of the TCI were 'of concern'; (3) the perceived commitment to quality (QIIS-II Part 2) was uncertain; and (4) the organisational culture (QIIS-II, Part 1) was viewed as primarily hierarchical., Discussion: The perceived absence of a vision for the service, combined with a dominant culture viewed by its members as strongly focussed on bureaucracy and process, potentially compromises the ability of these CTs to respond proactively to the needs of people with IDs. Given the changes in legislation, policy and practice that have taken place since CTs were established, it would be timely to revisit their role and purpose., (© 2016 MENCAP and International Association of the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Polymorphisms and the overexpression of transporter genes, especially of the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, have been involved in antimalarial drug resistance. The objective of this study was to use 77 Senegalese Plasmodium falciparum isolates to evaluate the association between the number of Asn residues in the polymorphic microsatellite region of the Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 6 gene (Pf mdr6 ) and the ex vivo susceptibility to antimalarials. A significant association was observed between the presence of 7 or 9 Asn repeats and reduced susceptibility to quinine., (Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.)

Understanding that suggestive practices can promote false beliefs and false memories for childhood events is important in many settings (e.g., psychotherapeutic, medical, and legal). The generalisability of findings from memory implantation studies has been questioned due to variability in estimates across studies. Such variability is partly due to false memories having been operationalised differently across studies and to differences in memory induction techniques. We explored ways of defining false memory based on memory science and developed a reliable coding system that we applied to reports from eight published implantation studies (N = 423). Independent raters coded transcripts using seven criteria: accepting the suggestion, elaboration beyond the suggestion, imagery, coherence, emotion, memory statements, and not rejecting the suggestion. Using this scheme, 30.4% of cases were classified as false memories and another 23% were classified as having accepted the event to some degree. When the suggestion included self-relevant information, an imagination procedure, and was not accompanied by a photo depicting the event, the memory formation rate was 46.1%. Our research demonstrates a useful procedure for systematically combining data that are not amenable to meta-analysis, and provides the most valid estimate of false memory formation and associated moderating factors within the implantation literature to date.

Advances in digital technology mean that the creation of visually compelling photographic fakes is growing at an incredible speed. The prevalence of manipulated photos in our everyday lives invites an important, yet largely unanswered, question: Can people detect photo forgeries? Previous research using simple computer-generated stimuli suggests people are poor at detecting geometrical inconsistencies within a scene. We do not know, however, whether such limitations also apply to real-world scenes that contain common properties that the human visual system is attuned to processing. In two experiments we asked people to detect and locate manipulations within images of real-world scenes. Subjects demonstrated a limited ability to detect original and manipulated images. Furthermore, across both experiments, even when subjects correctly detected manipulated images, they were often unable to locate the manipulation. People's ability to detect manipulated images was positively correlated with the extent of disruption to the underlying structure of the pixels in the photo. We also explored whether manipulation type and individual differences were associated with people's ability to identify manipulations. Taken together, our findings show, for the first time, that people have poor ability to identify whether a real-world image is original or has been manipulated. The results have implications for professionals working with digital images in legal, media, and other domains.

Brewin and Andrews (2016) propose that just 15% of people, or even fewer, are susceptible to false childhood memories. If this figure were true, then false memories would still be a serious problem. But the figure is higher than 15%. False memories occur even after a few short and low-pressure interviews, and with each successive interview, they become richer, more compelling, and more likely to occur. It is therefore dangerously misleading to claim that the scientific data provide an "upper bound" on susceptibility to memory errors. We also raise concerns about the peer review process., (© 2016 The Authors Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Eyewitness-identification studies have focused on the idea that unfair lineups (i.e., ones in which the police suspect stands out) make witnesses more willing to identify the police suspect. We examined whether unfair lineups also influence subjects' ability to distinguish between innocent and guilty suspects and their ability to judge the accuracy of their identification. In a single experiment (N = 8,925), we compared three fair-lineup techniques used by the police with unfair lineups in which we did nothing to prevent distinctive suspects from standing out. Compared with the fair lineups, doing nothing not only increased subjects' willingness to identify the suspect but also markedly impaired subjects' ability to distinguish between innocent and guilty suspects. Accuracy was also reduced at every level of confidence. These results advance theory on witnesses' identification performance and have important practical implications for how police should construct lineups when suspects have distinctive features., (© The Author(s) 2016.)

The RING E3 ubiquitin protein ligase is crucial for facilitating the transfer of ubiquitin. The only polymorphism identified in the E3 ubiquitin protein ligase gene was the D113N mutation (62.5%) but was not significantly associated with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of conventional antimalarial drugs. However, some mutated isolates (D113N) present a trend of reduced susceptibility to piperaquine (P = 0.0938). To evaluate the association of D113N polymorphism with susceptibility to antimalarials, more isolates are necessary., (Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.)

Background: To determine the impact of the introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) on parasite susceptibility, a molecular surveillance for antimalarial drug resistance was conducted on local isolates from the Hôpital Principal de Dakar between November 2013 and January 2014 and between August 2014 and December 2014., Methods: The prevalence of genetic polymorphisms in antimalarial resistance genes (pfcrt, pfmdr1, pfdhfr and pfdhps) was evaluated in 103 isolates., Results: The chloroquine-resistant haplotypes CVIET and CVMET were identified in 31.4 and 3.9 % of the isolates, respectively. The frequency of the pfcrt K76T mutation was increased from 29.3 % in 2013-2014 to 43.2 % in 2014. The pfmdr1 N86Y and Y184F mutations were identified in 6.1 and 53.5 % of the isolates, respectively. The pfdhfr triple mutant (S108N, N51I and C59R) was detected in the majority of the isolates (82.3 %). The prevalence of quadruple mutants (pfdhfr S108N, N51I, C59R and pfdhps A437G) was 40.4 %. One isolate (1.1 %) harboured the pfdhps mutations A437G and K540E and the pfdhfr mutations S108N, N51I and C59R., Conclusions: Despite a decline in the prevalence of chloroquine resistance due to the official withdrawal of the drug and to the introduction of ACT, the spread of resistance to chloroquine has continued. Furthermore, susceptibility to amodiaquine may be decreased as a result of cross-resistance. The frequency of the pfmdr1 mutation N86Y declined while the Y184F mutation increased in prevalence, suggesting that selective pressure is acting on pfmdr1, leading to a high prevalence of mutations in these isolates and the lack of specific mutations. The 50.5 % prevalence of the pfmdr1 polymorphisms N86Y and Y184F suggests a decrease in lumefantrine susceptibility. Based on these results, intensive surveillance of ACT partner drugs must be conducted regularly in Senegal.

Trying to remember something now typically improves your ability to remember it later. However, after watching a video of a simulated bank robbery, participants who verbally described the robber were 25% worse at identifying the robber in a lineup than were participants who instead listed U.S. states and capitals-this has been termed the "verbal overshadowing" effect (Schooler & Engstler-Schooler, 1990). More recent studies suggested that this effect might be substantially smaller than first reported. Given uncertainty about the effect size, the influence of this finding in the memory literature, and its practical importance for police procedures, we conducted two collections of preregistered direct replications (RRR1 and RRR2) that differed only in the order of the description task and a filler task. In RRR1, when the description task immediately followed the robbery, participants who provided a description were 4% less likely to select the robber than were those in the control condition. In RRR2, when the description was delayed by 20 min, they were 16% less likely to select the robber. These findings reveal a robust verbal overshadowing effect that is strongly influenced by the relative timing of the tasks. The discussion considers further implications of these replications for our understanding of verbal overshadowing., (© The Author(s) 2014.)

Because memories are not always accurate, people rely on a variety of strategies to verify whether the events that they remember really did occur. Several studies have examined which strategies people tend to use, but none to date has asked why people opt for certain strategies over others. Here we examined the extent to which people's beliefs about the reliability and the cost of different strategies would determine their strategy selection. Subjects described a childhood memory and then suggested strategies they might use to verify the accuracy of that memory. Next, they rated the reliability and cost of each strategy, and the likelihood that they might use it. Reliability and cost each predicted strategy selection, but a combination of the two ratings provided even greater predictive value. Cost was significantly more influential than reliability, which suggests that a tendency to seek and to value "cheap" information more than reliable information could underlie many real-world memory errors., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

False images and videos can induce people to believe in and remember events that never happened. Using a novel method, we examined whether the timing of false evidence would influence its effect (Experiment 1) and determined the relationship between timing and repetition (Experiment 2). Subjects completed a hazard perception driving test and were falsely accused of cheating. Some subjects were shown a fake video or photograph of the cheating either after a 9-min delay (Experiment 1) or more than once with or without a delay (Experiment 2). Subjects were more likely to falsely believe that they had cheated and to provide details about how the cheating happened when the false evidence was delayed or repeated-especially when repeated over time-relative to controls. The results show that even a strikingly short delay between an event and when false evidence is disclosed can distort people's beliefs and that repeating false evidence over a brief delay fosters false beliefs more so than without a delay. These findings have theoretical implications for metacognitive models of autobiographical memory and practical implications for police interrogations.

Criminal suspects with distinctive facial features, such as tattoos or bruising, may stand out in a police lineup. To prevent suspects from being unfairly identified on the basis of their distinctive feature, the police often manipulate lineup images to ensure that all of the members appear similar. Recent research shows that replicating a distinctive feature across lineup members enhances eyewitness identification performance, relative to removing that feature on the target. In line with this finding, the present study demonstrated that with young adults (n = 60; mean age = 20), replication resulted in more target identifications than did removal in target-present lineups and that replication did not impair performance, relative to removal, in target-absent lineups. Older adults (n = 90; mean age = 74) performed significantly worse than young adults, identifying fewer targets and more foils; moreover, older adults showed a minimal benefit from replication over removal. This pattern is consistent with the associative deficit hypothesis of aging, such that older adults form weaker links between faces and their distinctive features. Although replication did not produce much benefit over removal for older adults, it was not detrimental to their performance. Therefore, the results suggest that replication may not be as beneficial to older adults as it is to young adults and demonstrate a new practical implication of age-related associative deficits in memory.

We report the results of a retrospective study in the medical intensive care unit of the Principal Military Teaching Hospital of Dakar. The objectives were to determine the epidemiological and clinical aspects of severe malaria and to evaluate the prognostic values of the failure of different organs. Eighty-seven patients were admitted for severe malaria. Their average age was 35 ± 18.53 with a sex-ratio of 1.71 for men. Mortality was 33.3% and concerned mainly young adults. Neurological failure was the most frequent (79.3%). Hemodynamic failure was the most relevant prognostic factor for mortality, followed by hypoglycemia, respiratory and renal failure. The Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) was reliable in predicting mortality. The mean SAPS II was 44.85, with an expected mortality of 32.6%.

Introduction: Myocardial infarction is a major emergency involving life-threatening in the absence of appropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the problem of management of myocardial infarction in a second reference hospital in Mali., Patients and Methods: This was a prospective descriptive study over a period of six months from January to June 2010. It concerned all patients admitted for myocardial infarction in intensive care.The diagnosis was suspected in chest pain or the occurrence of complications (PAO, cardiogenic shock) and electrocardiogram signs on at least two precordial leads. The parameters studied were: age,reason for admission, risk factors, hemodynamic parameters, the deadline for completion of the ECG, the topography of lesions and electrical changes within 15 days., Results: A male was found with a mean age of 54.62 years. Chest pain was the main reason for admission (6 cases) followed by cardiogenic shock (1 case) and acute pulmonary edema (1 case). The electrocardiogram was performed in 7 patients more than 24 hours after admission. The anterior territory was the most affected. On admission three patients had a systolic pressure below 90 mmHg.The evolution was marked by occurred heart failure (3 cases) and death (2 cases)., Conclusion: The lack of diagnostic and therapeutic method in our heath facility helps to increase morbidity and mortality associated with myocardial infarction.

Introduction: Myocardial infarction is a major emergency involving life-threatening in the absence of appropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the problem of management of myocardial infarction in a second reference hospital in Mali. PATIENTS AND METHODS : This was a prospective descriptive study over a period of six months from January to June 2010. It concerned all patients admitted for myocardial infarction in intensive care.The diagnosis was suspected in chest pain or the occurrence of complications (PAO, cardiogenic shock) and electrocardiogram signs on at least two precordial leads. The parameters studied were: age,reason for admission, risk factors, hemodynamic parameters, the deadline for completion of the ECG, the topography of lesions and electrical changes within 15 days., Results: A male was found with a mean age of 54.62 years. Chest pain was the main reason for admission (6 cases) followed by cardiogenic shock (1 case) and acute pulmonary edema (1 case). The electrocardiogram was performed in 7 patients more than 24 hours after admission. The anterior territory was the most affected. On admission three patients had a systolic pressure below 90 mmHg.The evolution was marked by occurred heart failure (3 cases) and death (2 cases)., Conclusion: The lack of diagnostic and therapeutic method in our heath facility helps to increase morbidity and mortality associated with myocardial infarction.