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Background and Study Aim. Despite extensive training, combat athletes often face challenges in optimizing their physical development to enhance performance and work capacity. This study aims to examine the interrelations of key parameters within the physical development (PD) structure of highly skilled combat athletes in the process of ensuring special work capacity. Material and Methods. Between 30 and 83 wrestlers of different weight categories and skill levels, all members of the national teams of Ukraine in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, and judo, participated in various studies. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 31 years. The combat athletes aged 18-24 years old were students of Ukrainian universities. A total of 56 indices of PD, speed-strength fitness, and special work capacity of the combat athletes were registered. The special work capacity of wrestlers was estimated based on the intensity of performing 15 specialized throws of a partner of equal weight in 3 series. Each series of throws was performed 3 times, with a rest interval of 1 minute between the series. Results. The studies revealed that in the morphometric component of combat athlete PD structure, the circumference dimensions of the body are more integrated compared to the longitudinal, transverse, anteroposterior dimensions, and other parameters. The most highly interconnected circumferences are those of the neck, thorax, relaxed and tensed shoulder, forearm, hip, and shin. These parameters show the highest correlation with both the athletes' skill level and the integral parameters of PD, such as body weight, surface area, weight category, and Quetelet index. An increase in wrestlers' skill level is associated with an increase in the neck, chest, shoulder, and hip circumferences. It also correlates with the enhancement of anaerobic work capacity and the formation of the morphofunctional profile of highly skilled combat athletes. Multiple regression models reflecting these dependencies were developed. Conclusions. The thorax, thigh, shoulder, and neck circumferences are key parameters of the morphometric component of combat athlete PD structure. They are the most integrated into the general structure of physical fitness and determine the integral parameters of PD, the level of anaerobic work capacity, and the strength endurance of wrestlers with a high degree of accuracy. The specificity of improving PD structure and special fitness of combat athletes is manifested in the fact that, as the athlete's skill level increases, the volumes of the thorax, neck, shoulder, and thigh increase to the greatest extent. Their interrelations among themselves, with the integral parameters of PD, and with the level of anaerobic work capacity, speed, and speed-strength endurance tend to enhance. The developed models can be used for predicting the PD structure of combat athletes of different skill levels and weight categories. They can also be utilized for assessing special work capacity and designing appropriate normative evaluation scales.

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is concerned with tomoesen, a special method of three-way playoffs in the Japanese sumo world. In the tomoesen, only two wrestlers fight each other, with the third man resting for a while. Then, the winner of the first fight has to fight against the resting man. The former may be either a winner or a loser. This kind of fight will continue until there appears some one who bravely wins the two successive fights. Since the Pacific War ended, while more than 450 fights have been carried out, we have witnessed special tomoesen merely seven times. From a theoretical viewpoint, we can show that each of the men who come up to the ring has the victory probability of 5/14, and the third man, the probability of 4/14. The difference between those two numbers is 1/14 or 7.14286,,, . Although tomoesen is not a fair game in a strict sense, it has nevertheless been accepted by the public as an exciting sport game. It seems that there exists a reasonable balance between fairness and excitement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonialism can be seen as a historical process, or an ideology. As this article demonstrates, for Canadian Doukhobors, it is also a lived experience. Canadian Doukhobors, or Spirit Wrestlers, are a group of pacifist religious dissenters of mixed ethnic origins who immigrated to Canada from the Russian Empire in 1899. The worldview of the Doukhobors was radically different from the principles on which the colonial government was founded. The goal of this article is to describe the colonial policies directed towards the Doukhobors, their anticolonial struggles, and to consider the implications of the Doukhobor history for contemporary anti-colonial thought in Canada and worldwide. The government subjected Doukhobors to a range of discriminatory actions including cancellation of earlier granted land registries in Saskatchewan, incarcerations for refusal of military service (despite an existing legal exemption), taking away children of some Doukhobors and placing them in a juvenile detention center to force the assimilation. While considering the significance of the Doukhobor struggles against colonialism, the article proposes a new term, 'colonial privilege.' This article is reflexive and sheds a new light on the earlier recorded facts. Keywords: Anti-colonialism, anti-racism, colonial privilege, Doukhobors (Spirit Wrestlers), linguicism, pacifism. Le colonialisme peut etre considere comme un processus historique ou une ideologie. Comme le demontre cet article, pour les Doukhobors canadiens, il s'agit egalement d'une experience vecue. Les Doukhobors canadiens, ou lutteurs spirituels, sont un groupe de dissidents religieux pacifistes d'origines ethniques diverses qui ont immigre au Canada en provenance de l'Empire russe en 1899. La vision du monde des Doukhobors etait radicalement differente des principes sur lesquels le gouvernement colonial etait fonde. L'objectif de cet article est de decrire les politiques coloniales menees a l'encontre des Doukhobors, leurs luttes anticoloniales et d'examiner les implications de l'histoire des Doukhobors pour la pensee anticoloniale contemporaine au Canada et dans le monde. Le gouvernement a soumis les Doukhobors a toute une serie d'actions discriminatoires, notamment l'annulation de l'enregistrement des terres octroyees anterieurement en Saskatchewan, l'incarceration pour refus du service militaire (malgre une exemption legale existante), l'enlevement des enfants de certains Doukhobors et leur placement dans un centre de detention pour mineurs afin de les forcer a s'assimiler. Tout en considerant l'importance des luttes des Doukhobors contre le colonialisme, l'article propose un nouveau terme, celui de 'privilege colonial'. Cet article est reflexif et jette une nouvelle lumiere sur les faits precedemment repertories. Mots-cles : Anticolonialisme, antiracisme, privilege colonial, Doukhobors (Lutteurs Spirituels), linguisme, pacifisme., 'We were brought here on a ship that had been transporting cattle, and we were treated like cattle' (from a poem in Russian by a Doukhobor). INTRODUCTION 'The pluralistic diversity' [...]

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to investigate the connection of pre-competition anxiety with gut microbiota and metabolites in wrestlers with different sports performances. Methods One week prior to a national competition, 12 wrestlers completed anxiety questionnaires. Faecal and urine samples were collected for the analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites through the high-throughput sequencing of the 16 S rRNA gene in conjunction with untargeted metabolomics technology. The subjects were divided into two groups, namely, achievement (CP) and no-achievement (CnP) wrestlers, on the basis of whether or not their performances placed them in the top 16 at the competition. The relationship amongst the variations in gut microbiota, metabolites, and anxiety indicators was analyzed. Results (1) The CP group exhibited significantly higher levels of “state self-confidence,” “self-confidence,” and “somatic state anxiety” than the CnP group. Conversely, the CP group displayed lower levels of “individual failure anxiety” and “sports competition anxiety” than the CnP group. (2) The gut microbiota in the CP group was more diverse and abundant than that in the CnP group. Pre-competition anxiety was linked to Oscillospiraceae UCG_005, Paraprevotella, Ruminococcaceae and TM7x. (3) The functions of differential metabolites in faeces and urine of the CP/CnP group were mainly enriched in caffeine metabolism, lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and VEGF and mTOR signaling pathways. Common differential metabolites in feces and urine were significantly associated with multiple anxiety indicators. Conclusions Wrestlers with different sports performance have different pre-competition anxiety states, gut microbiota distribution and abundance and differential metabolites in faeces and urine. A certain correlation exists between these psychological and physiological indicators.

Anaerobic power, agility and owned physical characteristics are the most important characteristics that determine sportive success and performance in wrestling. In this study, these characteristics of Turkish Elite Greco-Roman Style Young Wrestlers were determined. Because better preparation of the training programs to increase the performance of the athlete depends on determining the athlete profile in the best way in advance and creating it based on a scientific method. Determining the anaerobic power and agility characteristics of wrestlers will be one of the most important data in predicting their sports performance. 37 elite Greco-Roman style young wrestlers who have achieved success at national and international level participated in the research. The findings obtained because of this study will also contribute to the revision of the wrestlers' training programs. Average age of the athletes is 18.6±1 Years, their body weight is 76±16.1 Kg., their height is 175±1 cm., their body fat percentage is 10.8±4.6, and their body mass index is 24.8±3.8 kg/m2. In the made Wingate Test, the highest anaerobic power for the arm was 9.95±2.51 w/kg, and the average was 4.68±0.7 w/kg. The same measurements were determined as 14.68±2.52 w/kg at the highest and 7.17±0.8 w/kg on average for the leg. Illinois agility test result was found 15.9±0.8 sec. With these results, it has been observed that the measured performance values of Turkish elite Greco-Roman style young wrestlers are above the average and are consistent with the studies found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the relationship between phase angle (PhA), an indicator of cellular health, and metabolic health parameters among junior sumo wrestlers in Japan. Given the demanding lifestyle and high‐energy diets of sumo wrestlers that predispose them to metabolic syndrome post‐retirement, this study focuses on a younger cohort. The primary aim is to evaluate if PhA could serve as an early indicator of metabolic health issues within this unique demographic. A total of 14 sumo wrestlers aged 9–17 years were assessed to determine the relationship between PhA and various metabolic markers, including glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), using a TANITA MC‐780A‐N body composition analyzer and standard blood tests. Bivariate regression analysis and Pearson's correlation revealed a negative relationship between PhA and HbA1c even after adjusting for age and weight (ß = −0.496, r2 = 0.776, r = −0.756, p = 0.004). The results indicate a significant negative relationship between PhA and HbA1c levels, suggesting that lower PhA values, which indicate poorer cellular integrity, are associated with higher HbA1c levels, signifying impaired glycemic control. These findings underscore the potential of PhA as a valuable biomarker for monitoring metabolic health in young sumo wrestlers, with implications for early intervention and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate whether wrestlers of different competitive qualities (i.e., medalists vs. non-medallists) would differ in terms of specific test performance and cardiac and metabolic responses after a demanding testing protocol. The research included 29 wrestlers aged 17.62 ± 1.86 years divided into two performance categories: successful (medallists at the National Championships; n = 13) and less successful (non-medallists; n = 16). The variables included anthropometric indices and specific wrestling fitness test (SWFT) parameters, including the number of throws, heart rate, lactate concentration and calculated cardiac and metabolic indexes. To show differences between quality categories, Student's t-test and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were calculated. Two-way ANOVA for repeated measurements was used to evaluate the differences in performance, cardiac, and metabolic characteristics between the test trials and quality categories. Wrestlers differed in the total number of throws (p < 0.01, AUC = 0.82), cardiac indices (p < 0.03, AUC = 0.73), and metabolic indices (p < 0.04, AUC = 0.75) after the second SWFT trial, with successful wrestlers reaching better results. There were no differences in the first testing trial. The findings of this study indicate that wrestlers exhibit differences in specific performance variables after undergoing an exhaustive testing protocol. Therefore, this study suggests that future research on sport-specific performance in wrestlers should include exhaustive exercise or testing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 1921, catch wrestlers Ad Santel and Henry Weber traveled to Japan to engage in several public bouts against fighters from the Kōdōkan judo school. The matches were held in a sumo ring at Tokyo's Yasukuni shrine and became a mega-event, attracting between 20,000 and 25,000 spectators. The Kōdōkan judo headquarters and the center's founder Kanō Jigorō positioned themselves in opposition to the bouts to protect the Kōdōkan brand. What became known as the 'Santel Incident' (Santeru jiken) caused major controversy in Japan's judo community. To understand the significance of the Santel Incident in the history of Kōdōkan judo, this article focusses on the aspects of medialization, commercialization, and eventization of sports, thus placing the bouts within the larger context of contemporary Japanese and global sport history. We demonstrate that the challenge by the American professional wrestlers brought to the surface generational tensions as well as divergent visions concerning the definition of judo between sports and martial art, and professionalism and amateurism. Our analysis is based on close readings of contemporary primary sources, including Japanese newspaper articles, research essays in judo magazines, and (auto)biographical writings, some of which are analyzed and discussed for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology is the property of Idokan Poland Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fighting effectiveness of combat sports athletes depends, among other factors, on response time. Athletes must react swiftly to various actions of their opponents during the combat. Understanding the determinants of response time can provide valuable insights and optimize the sports training process. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of Led Lighting Training (LLT) on response time of athletes representing extremely different combat sports. Introduction. Elite taekwon-do athletes aged 26.67 ± 7.79 years with training experience of 13.67 ± 6.75 years, and elite wrestlers aged 26.0 ± 3.74 years with training experience of 13.0 ± 3.74 years, participated in the study. Each participant performed a 6-minute physical exertion requiring concentration and proper decision-making as part of LLT. It consisted of three two-minute motor tasks performed on Batak Lite. Response time was recorded during the exercise, with one-minute breaks between motor tasks.Material and Methods. Among taekwon-do athletes, the lowest level of response was noted during the first LLT task, whereas the highest was observed in the third task. Response time significantly improved with time of exertion among taekwon-do athletes, while it remained similar among wrestlers after 2, 4, and 6 minutes of the test. Only in the first round did taekwon-do athletes and wrestlers significantly differ in response time (p = 0.0025). Response time and training experience did not reveal a significant correlation.Results. The specificity of training, which is determined by the specificity of combat, does not differentiate elite taekwon-do athletes and wrestlers based on their response abilities. Taekwon-do athletes should control the type and duration of warm-up exercises before combat.Conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In traditional professional wrestling, kayfabe involves the performance of fictional characters and matches as authentic. Such performances may involve a presentation of self that does not reflect a wrestler's beliefs and identity, but circumstances may compel such celebrities to act in accordance with their authentic self. This article explores the circumstances involving the Black Lives Matter (#BLM) protests after the murder of George Floyd in 2020. This context is used to consider how professional wrestlers negotiate their presentation of self on social media. Various World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Superstars' Twitter accounts during this period contained tweets in support of #BLM, along with content promoting their upcoming shows. This article's analysis attempts to understand the wrestlers' rhetoric of authenticity versus their rhetoric of kayfabe as they, like other United States citizens, wrestled with the social, cultural, political and personal ramifications of this event. While various aspects of the tweets suggest an authentic presentation in response to the circumstances, the extent to which these Superstars are just performing in accordance with the WWE's brand remains a possibility, suggesting an extension of the kayfabe concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a new generation of independent professional wrestlers, the combat art of wrestling is no longer confined to the ring (where wrestling matches take place), it spills out across the digital spaces of social media, such as Twitter. Back breakers, piledrivers and sharpshooters (wresting attacks) may be what gets a wrestler over with the crowd during a live performance, but razor barbed tweets and engaging video promos (short, recorded messages), can be just as effective at gaining popularity. Independent professional wrestlers are using social media and digital technology to redefine what it means to be a professional wrestler and earn a living from this often-misunderstood popular entertainment. Unlike global stars like Dwayne 'The Rock' Johnson, independent wrestlers are often famous only to small but dedicated enclaves of fans. Using the theory of micro-celebrity, together with data gained through interview, this article explores developments in on- and offline performance and celebrity. It develops understanding of independent wrestling as a distinct sub-genre which has largely been overlooked in scholarship. It then explores the concept of micro-celebrity, which is the idea of a fame attached to online performance. Finally, it explores these ideas in relation to one contemporary wrestling persona – Charles Crowley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Athletes, who engage in wrestling, perform weight adjustment before the competitions like all weight loss category sports. For this reason, weight management is a very important factor prior to matches. When the studies on weight loss are examined, it is seen that athletes lose weight in a short time close to the competition. This study aimed to investigate the effects of shortterm body weight loss in elite wrestlers on anaerobic performance and reaction time during tournament conditions. Ten experienced international level male wrestlers participated as a volunteer in this study. Participants lost 5% of their body weight within 48 hours, in 72 hours; 1 kg tolerance was given over 5% of body weight. During this process, body composition measurement, Wingate anaerobic performance test (WAnT), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), and visual and auditory reaction tests were conducted. In this study, a randomized crossover design was used and applications lasted four days. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis. Due to short-term body weight loss in body composition, total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) were significantly reduced. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in body fat percentage (BF %), visual and auditory reaction time, CMJ and average power (AP). However, there was a significant increase was seen in Peak power (PP) and fatigue index (FI). The results indicate that 5% loss of body weight within 48 hours caused significant changes in body composition and negatively affected the fatigue index. For this reason, athletes who lose weight should avoid rapid weight-loss practices that will cause sudden changes in body composition in order to maintain their athletic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concussion may affect sport performance capabilities related to the visual perception of environmental events, rapid decision-making, and the generation of effective movement responses. Immersive virtual reality (VR) offers a means to quantify, and potentially enhance, the speed, accuracy, and consistency of responses generated by integrated neural processes. A cohort of 24 NCAA Division I male wrestlers completed VR assessments before and after a 3-week VR training program designed to improve their perceptual-motor performance. Prior to training, the intra-individual variability (IIV) among 40 successive task trials for perceptual latency (i.e., time elapsed between visual stimulus presentation and the initiation of movement response) demonstrated strong discrimination between 10 wrestlers who self-reported a history of concussion from 14 wrestlers who denied ever having sustained a concussion (Area Under Curve ≥ 0.750 for neck, arm, and step movements). Natural log transformation improved the distribution normality of the IIV values for both perceptual latency and response time (i.e., time elapsed between visual stimulus presentation and the completion of movement response). The repeated measures ANOVA results demonstrated statistically significant (p < 0.05) pre- and post-training differences between groups for the IIV in perceptual latency and the IIV in response time for neck, arm, and step movements. Five of the six IIV metrics demonstrated a statistically significant magnitude of change for both groups, with large effect sizes. We conclude that a VR assessment can detect impairments in perceptual-motor performance among college wrestlers with a history of concussion. Although significant post-training group differences were evident, VR training can yield significant performance improvements in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the impact of sexual maturation on the anaerobic performance of male adolescent wrestlers. Methods: We included a sample of 29 freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestlers from various clubs in Barinas, Venezuela. Their physical characteristics were as follows (mean ± SD): age, 14.99 ± 1.83 years; body mass, 54.68 ± 16.80 kg; height, 161.06 ± 12.78 cm; body fat, 12.09 ± 4.11%; body mass index (BMI), 20.58 ± 3.79 kg/m²; and training experience, 3.66 ± 2.27 years. Sexual maturation was evaluated using Tanner's criteria, while anaerobic performance was assessed with the 30-second Wingate test for both lower and upper body. Results: There were moderate to strong significant correlations between maturation development and both peak power (PP) and average power (AP) — for both absolute and relative measures — for the lower and upper body. The fatigue index (%FI) for the lower body did not show any correlation with maturation development or with the pubescent and postpubescent maturation categories. Conversely, the %FI for the upper body demonstrated a significant moderate correlation with maturation development and with the postpubescent maturation category. Additionally, a strong significant correlation was observed between the pubescent maturation category and both PP and AP (absolute and relative) for the lower body. A moderate correlation was found between the postpubescent category and PP (absolute) for the upper body. PP (absolute) and AP (relative) for the upper body had a moderate correlation with the pubescent maturation category, while the postpubescent category showed a strong correlation with PP (absolute), AP (absolute), and AP (relative). Conclusion: The stages of sexual maturation significantly influence the anaerobic capacity of adolescent wrestlers, potentially affecting their training adaptations for peak performance. Future research should explore the physiological responses to training protocols tailored to specific stages of maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maintaining an optimal weight is essential for wrestlers, given their competition in weight-classified categories. However, many wrestlers resort to unhealthy methods of rapid weight loss, such as drastic caloric restriction and dehydration, which can adversely affect their overall wellbeing. Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of a two-week increase in exercise volume on weight loss, serum oxidative stress, and inflammation in young wrestlers. Methods and Materials: Twenty wrestlers (aged 15-19, weight 63.47 kg) participated in a 2-week exercise intervention in addition to their regular weekly wrestling drills. The intervention consisted of resistance training, high-intensity interval training, and speed training. Wrestlers weighed daily over 2-week span. The participants' superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured both before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test conducted through SPSS software, with a significant level set at p < 0.05. Results: The 2-week intervention resulted in significant weight loss (p<0.001). Within group comparisons found serum levels of IL-6, SOD, and TAC significantly increased from pre-to-post testing, but MDA did not change significantly. Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that a two-week increase in exercise volume can be an effective strategy for promoting weight loss and reducing oxidative stress in young wrestlers. The findings suggest that the improvement in antioxidant status is likely a result of the body's response to increased inflammation, as indicated by changes in inflammatory markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study: Spectacle plays a key role in sports wrestling in attracting viewers' attention, creating emotional involvement, and making the sport an integral part of culture. Aim: To identify the most significant indicators of wrestlers' competitive activity based on the analysis of the 2021 Olympic Games, which influence the spectacle in sports wrestling. Material and Methods: The study involved 289 wrestlers. An analysis of protocols and video recordings of 340 matches at the 2021 Olympic Games in three types of sports wrestling was conducted: in women's wrestling - 113 matches (n=96 female wrestlers), in Greco-Roman wrestling - 113 matches (n=97 wrestlers), and in freestyle wrestling - 114 matches (n=96 wrestlers). Expert assessment method was used to evaluate the indicators of competitive activity. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using licensed Excel spreadsheet packages. Results: For Greco-Roman wrestling and women's wrestling, the ratio of actions performed in par terre and standing is about 70 to 30. Whereas, for freestyle wrestlers, almost 80% of actions are performed in standing. The efficiency coefficient of wrestling in standing for Greco-Roman style wrestlers averaged 1.43 points per action; for freestyle wrestlers, it was 1.78 points per action, and for female wrestlers - 2.01 points per action. The highest number of one-point actions was performed in Greco-Roman wrestling, which significantly and statistically significantly (p<0.05) exceeds the indicators in freestyle and women's wrestling. Meanwhile, female wrestlers and freestyle wrestlers statistically significantly (p<0.05) executed more two-point actions. The average number of actions per match does not significantly differ (p>0.05): 4.23 actions for Greco-Roman wrestling; 4.47 actions for freestyle wrestling, and 4.08 actions for women's wrestling. However, when considering the average number of points scored per match, statistically significant differences were found. Thus, Greco-Roman style wrestlers score an average of 6.95 points, this indicator is statistically significantly lower (p<0.05) than in freestyle (8.12 points) and in women's wrestling (8.07 points). Conclusions: The analysis of matches at the 2021 Olympic Games made it possible to identify competitive activity indicators that influence the spectacle in sports wrestling. Positive indicators include: a large number of technical-tactical actions performed in standing; execution of throws in par terre by Greco-Roman style wrestlers; a high percentage of early victories in matches. Negative indicators: execution of simple one-point and two-point technical-tactical actions; in Greco-Roman wrestling, a large number of matches that ended with a score of 1:1; interruptions in matches (Challenge, Negative Wrestling, Caution), lack of dynamism in the match, and the inability to score too many points. The obtained results will help provide recommendations for changing competition rules and enhancing the spectacle of sports wrestling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study aim: Wrestling involves a high risk of transmission in terms of Covid-19 as it is performed using close one-to-one physical contact. This field research study examined wrestlers' approach to and awareness levels of the pandemic. Method: The study sample consists of 214 male wrestlers aged 19.15 ±1.78 years who participated in the U-23 Turkish National Freestyle Wrestling Championship. The data was collected using a personal information form and the Pandemic Awareness Scale. The statistical analysis consisted of an independent sample t-test, descriptive statistics, and a One-Way ANOVA test for multi-group comparison. Results: Non-smokers and the wrestlers who complied with the precautions had statistically higher awareness score averages (p < 0.05). A statistically significant relationship between awareness scores and variables, including education level, being a national athlete, being diagnosed with Covid-19, losing a first-degree relative to Covid-19, having been vaccinated, and the number of vaccine doses was not found (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study findings indicate that the level of awareness of the pandemic is high among non-smokers and wrestlers who complied with the necessary precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of PODIUM- Revista de Ciencia y Tecnologia en la Cultura Física is the property of Universidad de Pinar del Rio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Firefly Funhouse Match is a professional wrestling match between WWE wrestlers John Cena and (the late) “The Fiend” Bray Wyatt at WWE’s Wrestlemania 36 (2020). The present paper attempts to critically analyze the “Firefly Funhouse Match” from a variety of theoretical angles. The match is in essence a dive into the unconscious. Mikhail Bakhtin used the term “carnivalesque” to characterize writing that aims to destabilize the hierarchical status quo. In this sense the Firefly Funhouse Match is carnivalesque because it mocks the dominant/traditional forms of professional wrestling. In a conventional wrestling match, there will be a fixed ring, a referee, a dedicated time-slot, a certain geographical location, and so on. But all these notions are subverted in the Firefly Funhouse match: there is no referee, no linear temporal progression, no fixed ring, no concrete geographical location, and we have frequent changes of time-space. The match turns the hierarchical scale on its head. We also find interconnected chronotopes in the match. The wrestling match explores the differences between grandiose epic heroism and the fragmented postmodern man. The match parodies established character archetypes in professional wrestling, urging us to question the face value of scripted roles. It also contains many postmodern elements, such as intertextuality, magic realism, unpredictability, nonlinear storytelling, deconstruction of a fixed identity, fragmentation and irony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the study: to evaluate the “lipid peroxidation-antioxidant protection” system in freestyle wrestlers under the influence of intense physical activity in order to identify the nature of oxidative processes and the antioxidant status of the athletes’ body.Materials and methods: the study involved athletes — freestyle wrestlers, boys 18–22 years old, with sports qualifications: candidate master of sports or master of sports, regularly involved in freestyle wrestling. The control group consisted of students who did not have a sports category and were not involved in sports activities, comparable in gender, age, weight category with the comparison group. The material for the study was plasma and red blood cells. Blood sampling from athletes was carried out twice, at the end of the preparatory and competitive periods, in the morning, on an empty stomach from the ulnar vein, in accordance with generally accepted requirements. Components of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense were determined using spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods.Results: it was found that in athletes after intense physical activity (competitive period), there is a significantly significant decrease in substrates with double bonds by 61 %, primary products by 59 % and intermediate products by 44 %, an increase in the final products of lipid peroxidation by 25 % against the background of inhibition activity of antioxidant protection components: retinol by 40 %, superoxide dismutase by 7 % and reduced glutathione by 11 %.Conclusion: The level of free radical processes increases during physical activity due to the accumulation of oxygen in organs and tissues, and depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise. In the course of the study, it was established that the preparatory and competitive periods, in comparison with the control group, among freestyle wrestlers, depending on the previous level of physical activity, are characterized by activation of lipid peroxidation processes and inhibition of enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of antioxidant protection. The established changes are recommended to be taken into account when conducting comprehensive rehabilitation of athletes, when developing recommendations for improving the training process, as well as when using antioxidant complexes for athletes aimed at restoring various parts of the body’s antioxidant defense.

Objective Wrestling is one of the sports that have a high percentage of injuries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review physiological and biomechanical injuries in the field of wrestling. Methods The present study was a library-based and systematic review. The search for articles in Persian and Latin was conducted from 2010 to 2022. This search was performed across different databases, including WOS, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar. Fifty-five relevant articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 12 articles related to the review of physiological and biomechanical injuries in the field of wrestling were analyzed. Results The findings showed that the average injuries in the lower area were about 34%, and in the upper area, it was 33%. In the lower part, most of the injuries were reported in the knee and ankle joints, and in the upper part, they were reported in the shoulder, elbow, and waist joints. Conclusion It seems that excessive weight loss, along with non-observance of the principles of warming up and cooling down in the field of wrestling, is of great importance in the occurrence of injuries in this field.

This study aimed to examine the effects of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on the physiological variables of young wrestlers. The significance of this study lies in its potential to identify effective training strategies to enhance the physiological capabilities of wrestlers, which are crucial for optimal performance. Despite the potential benefits of HIIT, research on its effects on young wrestlers is limited. The study utilized a pre- and post-test experimental design involving 14 young wrestlers from the Zakho Sports Club who were divided into control and experimental groups, each comprising seven wrestlers. The experimental group underwent a 9-week HIIT program, whereas the control group underwent a traditional training program. The physiological variables assessed included blood pressure, heart rate, lactic acid concentration, and anaerobic and aerobic powers. The results indicated significant improvements in the experimental group in terms of resting heart rate, heart rate after effort, lactic acid concentration, and aerobic power but not in blood pressure or anaerobic power. These findings confirm that HIIT can effectively enhance the physiological efficiency of young athletes and provide valuable methodological contributions to training programs for young wrestlers. This research demonstrates that HIIT effectively enhances athletes' physiological capacity and technical performance. This conclusion validates the idea that customized high-intensity and interval-based training can lead to substantial and advantageous physiological improvements in young wrestlers.

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In elite wrestling, achieving the best results in major competitions is the primary goal of all activities, and the secondary goal is to provide a recreational, compensatory, or therapeutic approach. In this regard, one of the current concerns in establishing the competition system focuses on children's competitions. For this reason, specialists in this field are turning their attention to getting as many children as possible involved in sports competitions. They will later represent the base of the secondary selection that will deliver juniors aspiring to important titles. This paper aims to improve the takedown technique's performance in the training process through effective means developed after video analysis of the elemental mechanisms that constitute the action studied. The research was carried out between 19 February and 9 September 2022 within the Greco-Roman Wrestling Section of the School Sports Club no. 5 in Bucharest. The participants were advanced junior athletes aged between 15 and 17 years, competing in the Individual National Greco-Roman Championships. For the study scope, they were divided into two groups (a control group of 9 athletes and an experimental group of 9 athletes). Although both groups obtained similar results in the initial test, the experimental group achieved clearly better results in the final test compared to the control group, which demonstrates the difference between the types of training performed by the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of an 8-week training program applied during the preparatory period of elite-level wrestlers on blood parameters and body composition. This study involved the voluntary participation of 10 Greco-Roman wrestlers competing at the national team level and achieving rankings in international tournaments. The participants had an average age of 22.00 ± 3.2 years, an average height of 172.00 ± 8.4 cm, and an average weight of 80.50 ± 11.9 kg. These wrestlers had approximately 12 years of wrestling experience. An 8-week preparatory training program, prepared by experts and coaches, was implemented for participant wrestlers. This training program was applied at the national team level and in the adult category. It was carried out following a 20-day active rest period during the offseason. The following tests and measurements were conducted at the beginning and end of the training program. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 10.0. The mean values and standard deviations of the measured parameters for all participants were calculated. The paired-sample t-test was applied to identify differences between pre and post 8-week preparatory training program. When the participants' blood lipid values were examined, no significant difference was observed in HGB and HCT values between the pre-test and post-test, while RBC and WBC values showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05). When the participants' body composition values were examined, a significant decrease was observed in body fat percentage (BFP) and body fat mass (BFM), while there was a significant increase in lean body mass (LBM) (p<0.05). In conclusion, it has been determined that the 8-week preparatory training program has positive effects on weight, body fat percentage, lean body mass, MaxVo2, strength, and immune health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freestyle wrestling requires precise and coordinated movement execution, with the Double-Leg Attack technique playing a crucial role in gaining an advantage. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and effects of specialized wrestling training is essential for optimizing performance. Muscle synergy or modular movement control involves coordinated patterns of muscle activation and the organization of muscles into functional units or modules. Exploring these concepts in freestyle wrestling can provide insights into optimizing movement coordination and performance outcomes by studying the synergistic interaction of different muscles. This study investigates the effect of consistent and specialized Freestyle wrestling training on upper limb muscle synergy during the Double-Leg Attack maneuver, specifically comparing elite and sub-elite wrestlers. Thirty-eight junior Iranian male freestyle wrestlers were categorized based on their skill level. Elite group (n = 19) who participated in national or international-level competitions and achieved notable success and sub-elite group (n = 19) actively engaged in training but have not yet reached the same competitive level. We recorded EMG activity from five unilateral upper limb muscles and employed a non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithm to extract the muscle synergy composition and temporal activation patterns during the Double-Leg Attack maneuver. In both the elite and sub-elite groups, three distinct muscle synergies (Syn1, Syn2, and Syn3) were identified and extracted. Notably, both groups showed impressive coherence within their respective groups in terms of spatial structures and temporal activation patterns of muscle synergies during the Double-Leg Attack technique. However, it was observed that elite wrestlers exhibited significantly higher values in temporal activation patterns compared to their sub-elite counterparts (P=0.000). The findings of this study highlight the importance of consistent and specialized Freestyle wrestling training in optimizing muscle synergy during the Double-Leg Attack technique. Significant differences observed in the temporal activation patterns suggest that elite wrestlers possess a higher level of temporal precision and coordination, which may contribute to their competitive advantage. These findings provide valuable insights for wrestlers and coaches to guide training strategies focused on enhancing muscle synergy and temporal coordination for improved performance in Freestyle wrestling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study purpose. Determination of the peculiarities of the manifestation of strength in competitive exercises of highly qualified armwrestlers with different strength abilities. Materials and methods. The study involved the 4 best armwrestlers in the world weighing from 80 to 100 kg (m = 87.50 ± 2.47 kg) in 2017-2020. Four power test exercises have been identified that ensure the performance of a competitive action in armwrestling: flexion of the fingers, stretch with a hammer, hook and bending the hand. Strength indicators in all test exercises were measured with an FL1K 0.5N, 1000N electric strain gauge dynamometer, Kern & Sohn GmbH (China), fixed on the armwrestling table using an author's block device. Results. The results of the correlation analysis of the relationships between the studied indicators confirm the presence of a difference in the direction and strength of the relationships between the strength and time characteristics of the efforts of athletes with different strength and speed-strength abilities. Thus, out of 36 correlation indicators, the data of armwrestlers 1 and 2 have 11 modules with very high connection strength (r = 0.926-0.999), of which 7 modules are with time and 4 modules are with force characteristics of efforts. Athletes 3 and 4 also have 3 modules with very strong connections (r = 0.916-0.948) and 8 modules with strong connections (r = 0.739-0.886), of which 7 modules are with strength indicators and 4 modules are related to time characteristics. But the other correlation indicators have very weak (r < 0.29) and weak (r = 0.3-0.5) levels of relationships. Conclusions. Analysis of the time and force characteristics of the manifestation of force in the process of achieving boundary resistance allows us to clearly establish the genetically determined speed and strength abilities of the explosive, fast and slow force of armwrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides an overview of the challenges faced by professional wrestlers in the WWE and the need for a wrestlers' union to address these issues. Wrestlers are classified as independent contractors, which means they lack health insurance, benefits, and control over their appearances and activities. The document discusses the low compensation and lack of benefits compared to athletes in other professional sports. It also explores the potential for unionization among WWE wrestlers and the recent court decision that may extend the statutory labor dispute exemption to independent contractors. The document concludes by suggesting that the formation of a union in the WWE is possible, given the competitive market for wrestlers' labor and potential support from organizations like SAG-AFTRA. [Extracted from the article]

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of the training process on the parameters of the immune system in wrestlers at various stages of training. It was established that in the preparatory and competitive periods of the training macrocycle, under the effect of physical loads in athletes, the total content of CD3+ -, CD4+ -, CD8+ -- lymphocytes decreases in the peripheral blood with the formation of a relative hyper suppressive variant of the immunodeficiency state. There is no complete normalization of the parameters of the subpopulation composition of lymphocytes in the transition period. The inclusion of an additional transitional period in the training macrocycle contributes to a more complete recovery of the studied indicators. The use of restorative agents in the transitional period of the training process not only contributes to the optimization of several immune indicators of wrestlers, but also significantly reduces the impact of the seasonal factor on those wrestlers. The biggest effect of recovery measures happens in the spring, the optimization of the immune status of moderate severity took place in the winter and summer periods of the year. It should be mentioned that in the transition period of the training cycle of a significant reduction in intense physical and mental stress in wrestlers, the correction of the immune status with the help of a complex of rehabilitation measures was effective, regardless of the season with a maximum effect in the autumn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study on thigh muscles in freestyle wrestlers, examining the relationship between muscle size, testosterone levels, and strength. The study found that wrestlers with a thigh circumference of 55-59 cm had greater muscle strength compared to those with a circumference of 60-65 cm. The article highlights the importance of muscle size and testosterone in improving strength for wrestlers. It also mentions the impact of factors like muscle fibers, nerve activation, muscle contraction speed, and testosterone levels on strength. The study concludes that muscle size alone does not determine strength and suggests further research on other variables like electrical signals, cholesterol ratio, skin fat, and muscle length. Physical training is considered the most effective way to improve strength and testosterone levels. [Extracted from the article]

To date, there are conflicting opinions about the effectiveness of the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies in sports. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to develop and integrate an intellectual program for predicting competitive success into the process of selecting wrestlers to increase its effectiveness. The authors developed a program for predicting the sports performance of wrestlers on the basis of artificial intelligence technology. To implement the study, the individual data of Greco-Roman wrestlers (n = 72) were collected and processed on 36 comparison traits, ranked into categories according to three key areas: sports space, hereditary data and individual achievements. As a result of data processing through means of deep neural networks and machine learning algorithms, two prediction categories were identified: athletes who performed at the sport rank or the highest standard and athletes who did not achieve this standard. Control testing of the created program showed only 11% of error probability in predicting a given wrestler's competitive performance. As for the functionality of the program in the area of classification of the features by category, the authors' artificial intelligence program with 100% probability identified key categories of traits that reliably affect the results of the future sports performance of a young wrestler. Thus, the use of neural networks and machine learning algorithms, according to the results of the study, improves the quality of sports selection, which will allow further timely individualization and improvement of the training process of young wrestlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wrestling is the national sport of the Turks and has maintained its importance from Central Asia to modern times. When the Turks came to Anatolia, they brought wrestling with them. Here, the Central Asian Turkish wrestling tradition took a new form by being influenced by the Persian wrestling tradition. In this way, the Turkish wrestling lodge culture came into being. As a result, wrestling huts were opened in the period of the Anatolian Seljuks and Principalities. The tradition of wrestling huts continued with the establishment of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans established wrestling lodges in Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul, Manisa and throughout the Ottoman territory. Professional wrestlers were trained in these lodges for centuries. Edirne Sheikh Cemaleddin Wrestlers Lodge is one of these institutions. According to Evliya Çelebi Seyehatnamesi and Ottoman archival documents, the lodge, which was an important institution for wrestling in Edirne, was still in operation for a long time. There are many official records of the lodge from the period in question. Detailed information about the lodge can be obtained from these records. In light of the analyzed primary philological sources, the importance of the lodge in the background of Edirne wrestling becomes understandable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effects of an 8-week plyometric training program on certain physical parameters in wrestlers. Nineteen athletes, who have been involved in wrestling and have not experienced neurological, auditory-visual disorders, or severe injuries to the upper or lower extremities within the last year, participated in the study. The athletes were divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=9). The experimental group underwent approximately 60 minutes of plyometric training, including warm-up exercises, three times a week for eight weeks, guided by their coach. Measurements taken in the study include the athletes' height, body weight, and body composition, Wingate anaerobic power test, and back strength measurements. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical package. The Wilcoxon Test was used for intra-group pre-test and post-test comparisons, and the significance level was set at p<0.05. In the VKK values, a significant decrease was observed between the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group, while the control group saw a significant increase (p<0.05). Similarly, in the VYY values, the experimental group displayed a significant decrease between the pre-test and post-test, while the control group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test in both groups (p<0.05) for the PPW and AP values. In the right and left claw strength values, a statistically significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group but not in the control group (p<0.05). In back strength values, no significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in both groups. The lack of a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test in both groups indicates a focus on lower extremity exercises. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that plyometric training improves physical attributes, especially strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]