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Günümüzde fiziksel model, dijital çağdaşlarıyla birlikte mimarlık pratiğinin kullandığı etkin tasarım araçlarından biri olmayı sürdürür. Özellikle, müdahale edilebilir yapıları ile tasarım fikirlerinin deneysel bir düzlemde incelenebilmesini sağlayan çalışma maketleri, mekânsal olasılıkların fark edilmesine ve belgelenmesine olanak verir. Makalenin amacı, çalışma maketlerinin potansiyellerini, maketi oluşturan parçaların fiziksel dönüşümünün arketip kavramı ile çerçevelendiği kuramsal bir yöntemle ele almaktır. Makalede kullanılan arketip kavramı, maketin parçalarının temsil ettiği mimari elemanları mekânsal deneyimler üzerinden tanımlayarak birden fazla fizikselliğin bu tanımı karşılayabildiği bir çokluğa işaret etmektedir. Bu çokluğun mimari tasarım açısından önemini keşfedebilmek üzere, mimarlık pratiği içinde yer alan tasarım süreçlerinde üretilen çalışma maketleri, maketlerin biçim ve ölçek bilgilerine odaklanan bir yöntem ile biçimsel olarak analiz edilmektedir. Eisenman’a ait Karton Mimarlığı ile, OMA’nın Y2K Evi ve Casa de Musica yapısını olarak belirlenen iki vaka bünyesinde üretilmiş çalışma maketlerinin kullanıldığı bu analizlerde, arketipik yapıdaki çalışma maketlerinin tasarım sürecinde üretilen mekansal olasılıkların çeşitlendirilmesindeki rolü belirlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Arketipik yapının, çalışma maketinin dönüşümü ile ortaya çıkan mekansal olasılıkları, akrabalıkları izlenebilen tasarım türevleri haline getirdiği ve bu türevler arasında biçimsel benzerlikler üzerinden tanımlanabilen bir ilişkisellik kurulmasını sağladığı görülmektedir.

Copyright of PLANARCH - Design & Planning Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the personal and relationship costs associated with attachment anxiety, there has been substantial interest in identifying factors that reduce attachment anxiety over time and buffer attachment anxiety in the moment. We integrated the Attachment Security Enhancement Model (ASEM) and the dependency paradox based in attachment theory to derive novel predictions about how perceived partner support predicts attachment anxiety prospectively (one year later) and concurrently. Newlyweds (N = 326) reported their perceptions that their partners support their personal goals (i.e., perceived support for independence needs) and their perceptions that their partners provide reassurance/responsiveness (i.e., perceived support for dependence needs). We found that greater perceived support for personal goals predicted decreases in attachment anxiety over one year only among people who also perceived high partner reassurance/responsiveness, consistent with the idea that support for independence is most effective when partners also support dependence needs. We also observed evidence that this pattern was most pronounced among people with higher attachment anxiety. Regarding concurrent links, we found that perceiving greater partner reassurance/responsiveness predicted lower concurrent attachment anxiety, whereas perceived support for independent goals did not. Together, these findings extend the ASEM by highlighting that attachment anxiety declines over time when partners are perceived to support one's needs for independence and dependence simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Unfallchirurgie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The advocacy work carried out by human rights organizations, mainly in Latin America, was and is constantly being challenged by an external context of global crisis related to the Covid pandemic and its impacts that still affect us, but also and very importantly, by internal situations related to organizational structure, capacity and health. In this brief institutional reflection from Conectas, we shore the challenges, the lessons learned and, most importantly, the concrete actions that have been implemented in recent years within the organization to strengthen it institutionally and ensure the safety and well-being of the people who are part of the team. To this end, it was and still is necessary to assume the mistakes along the way, recognize the priority of care ond health of the team and finally evaluate the implications of this process in relations with both partners and funders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Silvicultură şi Cinegetică is the property of Societatea Progresul Silvic / Forest Progress Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to investigate the individual effects and institutional reflections different organizational work models have in terms of employees and to contribute to the field of application and the related literature by explaining their results and effects on work life. The study is based on the phenomenological research design and focuses on the participants’ experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was carried out using the interview method on a volunteer basis with 16 managers. The data were analyzed using MAXQDA 2020 and evaluated by collecting two main categorical themes and 13 sub-themes. The study observed negative aspects such as the ineffectiveness of face-to-face communication, prolonged communication times, experience transfer and socialization problems, and the intertwining of professional life and social life. Positive results were determined such as a reduction in time and money spent on commuting, work flexibility, having the opportunity to spare more time for oneself and family, and reduced office expenses. The following determinations were made: organizations offer different levels of employee support, practices have no standardization, the problems employees experience are preventable with sufficient organizational support, and legal regulations are needed. The results revealed deficiencies to be present in crisis management, the organizations to be unprepared for the crisis, and all organizations to need to review their processes regarding fringe benefits. The study has aimed to contribute to the literature by focusing on the results of the work models that have been applied during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies & Work of the Collegium of Management & Finance / Studia i Prace Kolegium Zarzadzania i Finansów is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Jayanti Pant,1 Mahendra K Pant,2 Prashant M Patil1 1Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India; 2Department of Anatomy, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, IndiaCorrespondence: Prashant M PatilDepartment of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 249203, IndiaTel +91 84 75 000 299Email prashantpatil1411@gmail.comBackground: Physiology is a foundation for studying medicine. Student-centred learning methods are needed for a better understanding of the subject. Preparation of working models by students in Physiology is expected to provide better understanding of the subject since they learn by doing these themselves. The present study was designed to understand the effectiveness of a working model making activity for first-year undergraduate medical students.Methods: The participants were 97 first-year medical undergraduate students. These students were divided into teams. The topics to prepare working models were chosen by the students according to their interests. The models were prepared by using clay, thermocol, batteries, motors, etc. by the students. These models were displayed in an exhibition organized by the department and marks were awarded to the students according to their performance. A feedback questionnaire form was provided to the students, which they had to complete individually. The questionnaires were analyzed to understand the perception of students regarding the activity.Results: Of the students, 35% strongly agreed and 52% agreed that model making was a useful exercise and helped them in understanding Physiology. Of the students, 27% strongly agreed and 50% agreed that their understanding improved with this assignment and 32% of students strongly agreed and 58% agreed that this activity allowed them to analyze the topic and think logically. Of the students, 36% strongly agreed and 50% agreed that they gained confidence in the topic while they were preparing the model and seeing it functioning. Of the students, 37% strongly agreed and 46% agreed that they had the opportunity to work in a team. Of the students, 39% strongly agreed and 47% agreed that faculty had supported them appropriately. Most of the students agreed that they would recommend such activities to their friends studying in medical colleges elsewhere.Conclusion: The students found the activity not only interesting but useful and would encourage their friends studying elsewhere to participate in such activities.Keywords: working models, learning by doing, concept developing, bloom’s taxonomy, team activity

Mothers' representations reflect how they experience their child and their relationship, and can guide parenting behavior. While studies of representations typically focus on infancy, this study examines associations between mothers' representations and behavior with their preschoolers using two samples: young mothers (n = 201; 42% African American, 42% Latina, 8% European‐American, 8% multi‐ethnic; Mage = 32 months) and mothers in treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD; n = 150; 100% African American; Mage = 49 months). This study aims to identify the distribution of representations within these populations, differences in parenting between mothers classified with balanced and non‐balanced representations, and distinct parenting behaviors associated with distorted and disengaged representations. The Working Model of the Child Interview was conducted to assess representations, and mother–child interactions were video‐recorded. The distribution of balanced, distorted, and disengaged representations was 59%, 25%, and 15% among young mothers, and 21%, 39%, and 40% among mothers with OUD. Balanced representations (coherent, rich, engaged, respectful) were associated with positive parenting, including sensitivity, autonomy support, cognitive support and less negative regard among young mothers, and sensitivity and encouragement in the OUD sample. Mothers with disengaged representations (emotionally distant, lacking detail, indifferent) demonstrated less support for learning compared to mothers with distorted representations (involved but inconsistent, negative, or bizarre descriptions of child). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The personality movement in the narrative is organized in three quarters. The first is a contract between the hero and himself, or between him and his community, in order to achieve an aims that he wishes or to make up for an individual or social loss . The second is to pursue this goal, the third is the movement of the hero between communicating with his world and separating from him during his or her quest, which ends with success, failure or open prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's objective was to update, according to the applied technologies, the working time and production norms for the forest management practice regarding the project drafting phase. Observations were conducted in multiple working setups focusing on the differences related to technologies, infrastructure, the working method during the forest management plan's (FMP's) development to analyze and optimize the whole process. At first, layouts/working models of the process were developed for each of the eight distinct identified operations within the frame of project drafting phase for the FMP: a) graphical representation (to the scale of the cartographic base) of the topographic surveys, b) calculation of volumes, c) transposing of forest compartments and sub-compartments/ forest management units (FMUs) boundaries and indicatives onto Topographic Base Plans (TBSs) – within a process of change and/or create a cartographic base, d) assembling the graphical representations derived from the topographic surveys and updating planimetric details onto the topographic base, e) automatic data processing, f) preparation of the Second Forest Planning Conference (SFPC), g) Drafting the Forest Management Plan (FMP) at Yield Management Unit (YMU) level, h) guidance and control of the workflow during the phase of drafting the FMPs. Also, working time norms were obtained for the management/leading positions, considering all the tasks within its responsibility area. Observations were made on a set of 19 Forest Districts (FDs), which were comprised of 21 YMUs geomorphologically distributed to categories: plains, wetlands areas, hilly areas, mountainous areas. The data set included multiple elements of variation to consider the diversity of influence factors on the output (the norms of time and production). All mentioned working setups confer unitary character at the state level to the obtained time and production norms for the FMP's drafting. Data analysis, data processing and statistical analysis were conducted with the SPSS software package (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The study includes relevant result-based conclusions and recommendations to continue the recordings for all identified operations referring to FMP development leading to new norms of time and production for all the forest management workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of pathology is in contrast to a shortage of qualified staff. The aims of the present study are to compile basic information on the numbers of German physicians in pathology and to compare it with the situation in Europe and overseas. In addition, model calculations will shed light on the effects of part-time working models. Various publicly accessible databases (EuroStat) as well as publications of medical associations and professional associations of European countries and the USA/Canada were examined. In addition, a survey was carried out among the institutes of German universities. Figures from 24 European countries and the USA/Canada were evaluated. With one pathologist per 47,989 inhabitants, the density of pathologists in Germany in relation to the population is the second-lowest in Europe (average: 32,018). Moreover, the proportion of pathologists among the physicians working in Germany is the lowest in Europe and at the same time lower than in the USA and Canada (Germany: 1:200, USA: 1:70, Canada: 1:49). The ratio of pathologists to medical specialists is shifted in the same direction. The survey among university pathologists revealed a relevant increase in the workload over the last 10 years. The majority of institutes can manage this workload only with considerable difficulties. With a ratio between specialists and residents of 1:1, the university institutes show a high commitment in the area of training. The results of this study indicate a shortage of pathologists in Germany that could lead to a bottleneck in large parts of the health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to update, according to the actual applied technologies, the working time and production norms for the forest management practice. Observations were conducted in multiple working setups with special focus on the differences related to technologies, infrastructure, working method during the forest management plan's (FMP's) development with the aim to analyse and optimize the whole process. At first, layouts/ working models of the process were developed for each of the five distinct identified operations within the frame of developing the final form for the FMP: » development of the FMP at forest district level; » editing/writing the FMP; » editing the cartographic content (forestry maps); » preparing the final product and delivery to the client/beneficiary; » guidance and supervision of the work flow during the stage of developing the final form of the FMP. Also, the working flow was documented and the following data sheets were obtained: » working conditions data sheet for each identified operation within the framework of developing the final form of FMP; » data recorded here relate to: observation method, working setup and methods, infrastructure (equipment, tools, etc.); » working time log data sheet which measures and includes observations referring to all time categories: normed or not normed with regard to identified workflow elements. Data Analysis, data processing and statistical analysis of the results were conducted with the SPSS software package (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). The study includes relevant result-based conclusions and recommendations to continue the recordings for all identified operations referring to FMP developing leading to new norms of time and production for all the forest management workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the (re)construction and use of an Early modern instrument, better known as Herman Boerhaave's (1668–1738) little furnace. We investigate the origins, history and materiality of this furnace, and examine the dynamic relationship between historical study and reconstructing and handling an object. We argue that combining textual analysis with performative methods allows us to gain a better understanding of both the role of lost material culture in historical chemical practice, pedagogy, and knowledge production, and provide a deeper understanding of the embodied experiences and knowledge of historical actors. Having made and used two versions of Boerhaave's furnace, we provide insight in what present‐day working models can tell us about historical materials and practices approximately three centuries ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The main goal of these studies is to provide an experimental test of a core hypothesis based on attachment theory: Working models of mother are active in adults' minds and can bias their views of self and romantic partners.Method: In two studies, we conducted clinical interviews to identify positive and negative core traits that participants used to describe their mothers. We then implicitly primed either positive or negative traits extracted from the interviews and compared this priming condition to control conditions in which we primed either positive or negative control traits (traits that described the mother of another study participant). Following this manipulation, we assessed participants' self-appraisals (Study 1) and explanations of their romantic partner's hurtful behaviors (Study 2).Results: Priming with one's mother's positive traits led to more positive views of self and romantic partner (compared with the effects of priming with positive control traits). In contrast, as compared to negative control traits, the priming of one's mother's negative traits led to less positive views of self and romantic partner.Conclusions: Findings support the hypothesis that working models of mother play a causal role in shaping adults' representations of self and romantic partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing is a rapidly developing technology in dentistry that works using CAD/CAM to create a shape of polymer vat using a laser. Stereolithography is a 3D printing technology developed in early 1980s. Over the last 10 years, 3D printing technology has become more attainable for clinicians and allowed to deliver more accurate and costeffective and time-efficient treatment to patients. It is the most widely used and oldest 3D printing technique in dentistry and can be concluded into four generations. Uses of stereolithography in dentistry are immense. This helps in creating working models, to fabricate clear aligners, in surgical planning, fabrication of customized stents. Advantages include high resolution, low cost to other 3D printer types, and construct intricate designs. However, this technique is highly sensitive. The aim of this work is to provide an overview of stereolithography, its generations, applications, processing, advantages, and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrative story stem measures are increasingly popular for the assessment of attachment representations among early school-age children. Given their clinical and theoretical importance, disorganized representations are typically a focus of assessment procedures. The Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST) is one such measure. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the documented reliability and validity of the MCAST with a focus on assessing disorganized representations. Twenty-five studies were included in the review encompassing 1,876 children from nine countries. Results suggest that inter-rater reliability for the MCAST is acceptable and the prevalence of disorganization identified on the MCAST among various subgroups (e.g. community, clinical, adopted/maltreated) is comparable to prevalence estimates from other developmental periods using other assessment methods. In addition, prevalence of disorganization on the MCAST differed in hypothesized ways between the various subgroups. However, MCAST disorganization did not correlate in predictable ways with many constructs when relationships were examined within samples. Few studies examined the relationship of disorganization on the MCAST with parenting variables, aspects of adoption and maltreatment, and emotion regulation skills. Recommendations for further study of the MCAST and for how the tool might be integrated into clinical and developmental research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of attachment between intimate partners is important for women to maintain healthy relationships. Yet, the quality of attachment style and relationship can be marred and disrupted in women exposed to trauma due to intimate partner violence (IPV). Research suggests that the impact of trauma on women can be transmitted over generations due to the inability to regulate emotions, specifically in dealing with their children. The aim of this study was to explore the disruption of adult attachment patterns by comparing a group of women in Indonesia who have been affected by IPV, and a group of women who have not been affected by IPV but who have been separated from their partner during military duty. A cross‐sectional study comparing two groups: women exposed to IPV (n = 35) and women not exposed to IPV (n = 35) was carried out. The adult attachment scale before and after marriage was obtained using Experiences in Close Relationships‐Revised scales. The results revealed a significant shift of attachment style on the Avoidant dimension of the non‐IPV group separated by partner military duty and a slight change on the overall attachment of the IPV group, but relative stability on the Anxiety dimensions. The study interpreted the findings as being more supportive of the prototype perspective rather than the revisionist perspective. Family therapists may reduce the attachment Avoidant dimension as a therapeutic goal of intervention to change the insecure to a more secure working model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose the Attachment Security Enhancement Model (ASEM) to suggest how romantic relationships can promote chronic attachment security. One part of the ASEM examines partner responses that protect relationships from the erosive effects of immediate insecurity, but such responses may not necessarily address underlying insecurities in a person’s mental models. Therefore, a second part of the ASEM examines relationship situations that foster more secure mental models. Both parts may work in tandem. We posit that attachment anxiety should decline most in situations that foster greater personal confidence and more secure mental models of the self. In contrast, attachment avoidance should decline most in situations that involve positive dependence and foster more secure models of close others. The ASEM integrates research and theory, suggests novel directions for future research, and has practical implications, all of which center on the idea that adult attachment orientations are an emergent property of close relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of student school engagement has attracted a growing interest from researchers and practitioners in the field of education sciences. In recent decades, many undesirable phenomena have been observed in many countries, such as decreased school motivation, underachievement, school failure or premature abandonment of the educational path. Constant engagement is one of the individual psychological characteristics that contextually influence students' performance in school work and their adjustment to school tasks. Deepening the study of this dimension is necessary for practical, educational, economic and social reasons. Although in international literature the conceptualization of engagement in school activity varies, there is a relatively broad agreement on its multidimensional nature. Four dimensions of engagement have been delimited, described and empirically validated: cognitive, affective, behavioural, and agentic. Several standardized measures have been built and validated to operationalize indicators of school engagement. They are based on different conceptual perspectives. Also, a consistent body of empirical evidence supports the fact that engagement is a psychological process that mediates the effects that a number of individual and contextual factors (e.g. the instructive educational and social-relational climate in school) have in the students' activity at different ages. Our work provides a review of literature that has been concerned with indicators, working models and measurement of school engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The shortage of residents in orthopedic and trauma surgery cannot be denied. To identify the background and possible solutions, a survey was conducted among physicians at all levels of expertise., Objective: What are the current expectations towards the professional life, particularly of resident doctors? What are the possibilities to realize them in traumatology and orthopedic surgery?, Material and Methods: An evaluation of the annual survey 2022 of the Young Forum of the Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery Association (Junges Forum O und U) was carried out, including an analysis of the questions and research relevant to the topic on further ways to achieve a balance in the medical profession., Results: Of the resident doctor respondents 76% were open to working part-time and 85% rated the possibility of working remotely as easing the burden. Over half of the respondents spent some time during a residency abroad or would be open to doing so., Conclusion: The vast majority of young residents expect a promising future for modern working models, where working part-time and working remotely play a role, as do stays abroad. By taking these wishes seriously and pursuing them, it would be possible to recruit new personnel or at least retain those who are already present., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

This research work was conducted over a two year period. The independent variable was experiential learning methodology and the dependent variables were students' academic performance, students' attendance and its impact on employability skills/attributes based on students' feedback. 144 undergraduate mechanical engineering students formed the sample and were divided into control and experimental groups. In this work, low-budget working models were developed and used to teach an undergraduate course within a mechanical engineering degree. Two different teaching strategies, one with traditional lecturing methodology for control group and the other with experiential learning methodology for experimental group were adopted. The statistical analysis showed that the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group with respect to 'class pass percentage' and 'grade score'. On comparing the 'class attendance', significantly higher class attendance was achieved in the experimental group compared to the control group. Based on the end-of-semester students feedback, it was established that the present experiential learning methodology had provided positive influence on students' employability skills/attributes. This study demonstrates the efficacy of experiential learning methodology in enhancing students' learning outcomes. The significance of providing multisensory approach to teaching through hands-on learning experiences is highlighted in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doubly robust estimators have now been proposed for a variety of target parameters in the causal inference and missing data literature. These consistently estimate the parameter of interest under a semiparametric model when one of two nuisance working models is correctly specified, regardless of which. The recently proposed bias-reduced doubly robust estimation procedure aims to partially retain this robustness in more realistic settings where both working models are misspecified. These so-called bias-reduced doubly robust estimators make use of special (finite-dimensional) nuisance parameter estimators that are designed to locally minimize the squared asymptotic bias of the doubly robust estimator in certain directions of these finite-dimensional nuisance parameters under misspecification of both parametric working models. In this article, we extend this idea to incorporate the use of data-adaptive estimators (infinite-dimensional nuisance parameters), by exploiting the bias reduction estimation principle in the direction of only one nuisance parameter. We additionally provide an asymptotic linearity theorem which gives the influence function of the proposed doubly robust estimator under correct specification of a parametric nuisance working model for the missingness mechanism/propensity score but a possibly misspecified (finite- or infinite-dimensional) outcome working model. Simulation studies confirm the desirable finite-sample performance of the proposed estimators relative to a variety of other doubly robust estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes the use of attachment theory in clinical social work practice. This theory is very appropriate in this context because of its fit with social work concepts of person-in-situation, the significance of developmental history in the emergence of psycho-social problems, and the content of human behavior in the social environment. A literature review supports the significance of the theory. Included are ideas about how attachment styles and working models may be used in assessment and treatment to help clients achieve a secure attachment style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background It has been suggested that interpersonal sensitivity, a personality trait associated with depression and anxiety disorders, is linked with attachment insecurity. To confirm this link, we studied the correlations of interpersonal sensitivity with working models of the self and other. Methods The subjects were 301 healthy Japanese. Interpersonal sensitivity and working models of the self and other were assessed by the Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure (IPSM) and the Relationship Scales Questionnaire, respectively. The correlations of the IPSM total scores with the self-model or other-model scores were analyzed by the multiple regression analysis. Results The IPSM total scores were correlated negatively with the self-model scores (β = -0.48, p < 0.001) and to a lesser extent with the other-model scores (β = -0.15, p < 0.01). Conclusions The present study suggests that interpersonal sensitivity is correlated with negative working models of the self and other, providing evidence for its link with attachment insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt to understand the cognitive mechanisms by which parental attachments predict depression among African American college students, the authors examined a mediational path model containing parental attachment, cognitive working models, and depression. The model demonstrated a close fit to the data, and several significant paths emerged. The authors provide recommendations for counselors practicing in college counseling centers and suggest directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-reported individual differences in attachment insecurities (anxiety and avoidance) are sometimes assumed to tap only conscious mental processes, although many studies have found correlations between such measures and responses to the Thematic Apperception Test, the Rorschach Inkblot Test, and diverse laboratory measures of unconscious mental processes. Dreams offer another route into the unconscious, as Freud famously claimed: a route found useful in psychotherapy. In this study, approximately 1000 dreams reported by 68 young adults who kept dream diaries for a month were analyzed using the Core Conflictual Relationships Theme method, and the themes were examined in relation to (a) scores on the Experiences in Close Relationships measure of attachment anxiety and avoidance and (b) stress experienced the day before each dream. In line with attachment theory and previous research, attachment-related avoidance predicted avoidant wishes and negative representations of other people in dreams. Attachment anxiety predicted wishes for interpersonal closeness, especially in dreams following stressful days, and negative representations of self and both positive and negative representations of others, with negative representations being more common in dreams following stressful days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relation of attachment states of mind and self reported attachment relationship styles to romantic partner aggression was examined in a community sample of 93 adolescents. Higher levels of insecure-preoccupied and insecure-dismissing states of mind, as assessed by the Adolescent Attachment Interview at age 14, were predictive, respectively, of perpetration and victimization of psychological aggression in romantic relationships four years later. Partners' romantic attachment anxiety was linked to both psychological and physical aggression perpetration in romantic relationships. Results are interpreted as suggesting the value of assessing aggression in adolescent romantic relationships in the context of broader patterns of regulation of affect and behavior via the attachment system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information that people remember about their relationships should be affected by their attachment orientations. This study investigated changes in individuals’ memories of their own behavior during conflict-resolution discussions with their romantic partners. One week after each couple engaged in two videotaped conflict discussions, each partner’s memory of the discussions was assessed. Memory biases were systematically related to attachment orientations. More avoidant individuals, for example, remembered being less supportive than they reported initially if they were relatively distressed during the discussions, whereas the opposite was true of less avoidant persons. More anxious individuals remembered being less emotionally distant than they reported initially if they were relatively distressed during the discussions, whereas the opposite was true of less anxious persons. We discuss the implications of these memory changes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present study explored the antecedents and correlates of metaparenting, defined as mental plans for parenting across five subscales: responding, preventing, monitoring, mentoring, and modeling. Cross sectional data on a diverse sample of 74 fathers were drawn from a larger longitudinal project that interviewed men four times over the first two years of their children's lives. A structural equation model revealed that fathers' reports of positive parenting role models and intelligence were found to be related to working models of parenting as measured by the five components of metaparenting. Most importantly, higher levels of metaparenting were associated with authoritative parenting and less abuse potential. Results provided preliminary evidence for the importance of a mental model of parenting among fathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This research examined the hierarchical structure of attachment representations by directly measuring both global attachment orientations within distinct relationship domains (romantic, familial, and friendship), and attachment within a comprehensive range of specific relationships within each of these domains (e.g., current romantic partner, mother, best friend). In two independent samples, Hierarchical Linear Modeling analyses demonstrated that domain-specific representations were strongly associated with attachment ratings of specific relationships within that same domain (domain-relationship congruent associations) but were not (in general) associated with ratings of relationship-specific attachment in other domains (domain-relationship incongruent associations). These results provide evidence for the domain differentiation of multiple attachment representations – a defining feature of a hierarchically organized attachment representational network. Directions for future research integrating representations of attachment-related domains with the higher-order personality-esque component of the attachment representational hierarchy are briefly discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This research examined the associations between measures of sociotropic and autonomous personality, romantic attachment anxiety and avoidance, and corresponding attachment ratings across a range of different specific relationships with people whom participants regularly interacted (including romantic partners, friends, family members, and colleagues). Analyses using hierarchical linear modeling showed that sociotropy and autonomy were directly associated with respective ratings of relationship-specific anxiety and avoidance within non-romantic relationships. In contrast, domain-specific romantic attachment predicted relationship-specific attachment with romantic (but not non-romantic) partners, and, as hypothesized, mediated the associations between sociotropy and autonomy and relationship-specific attachment within this domain. Implications for the operationalization of sociotropy and autonomy as broad-bandwidth (personality-level) measures that assess more global summaries of regularities in the same dual dimensions identified in the attachment literature (i.e., attachment anxiety and avoidance) are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Having a baby is a powerful experience that, according to attachment theory, should activate the attachment system and elicit attachment needs and motives. The current study investigated first-time parents' perceptions of and responses to events surrounding labor and delivery and early parenthood. Couples expecting their first child completed measures of attachment orientations and questionnaires assessing key aspects of the experience of labor, delivery, and early parenthood. Attachment anxiety and avoidance significantly predicted individuals' perceptions of themselves and their partners, reactions to their partners' behavior, and emotional responses to their infants. Jealousy of the infant, perceptions of support given to or received from partners, and feelings of closeness to the infant were all associated with attachment orientations in theoretically meaningful ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testing predictions derived from attachment theory, this research investigated how adult attachment orientations are associated with selective exposure to information about the self, one's partner, and one's relationship. The results of two studies revealed that (a) more avoidantly attached individuals have limited interest in knowing their partner's intimate thoughts and feelings, (b) more anxiously attached individuals selectively prefer in formation on intimate topics pertaining to their partner and relationship and focus on information that highlights their own as well as their partner's shortcomings, and (c) regardless of attachment orientation, individuals express interest in learning about the negative relationship behaviors and characteristics of their insecurely attached partners. These findings suggest that selective information seeking may have important effects on relationships and may help explain how attachment orientations affect important relationship outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A theoretical framework is presented which outlines the association between relational models of romantic relationships (romantic attachment anxiety and avoidance) and the conceptually similar dual dimensions of autonomy and sociotropy identified in the literature on personality diatheses of depression. Two studies, along with a meta-analysis of previous research, lend support to the notion that autonomy and avoidance share a common element reflecting variation in the degree to which people seek out or avoid closeness with others, whereas sociotropy and anxiety share a common element reflecting variation in the degree to which people worry about or are content in their social relations. The measures differ in relational specificity, however, as attachment anxiety and avoidance assess models of close and romantic relationships, whereas sociotropy and autonomy reflect more abstracted representations that encompass broader categories of social relation. The proposed framework offers a variety of avenues for research operationalizing and elaborating upon the function of global relational models in the attachment system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mental representations are of central importance in attachment theory. Most often conceptualized in terms of working models, ideas about mental representation have helped guide both attachment theory and research. At the same time, the working models concept has been criticized as overly extensible, explaining too much and therefore too little. Once unavoidable, such openness is increasingly unnecessary and a threat to the coherence of attachment theory. Cognitive and developmental understanding of mental representation has advanced markedly since Bowlby's day, allowing us to become increasingly specific about how attachment-related representations evolve, interact, and influence affect, cognition, and behavior. This makes it possible to be increasingly specific about mental representations of attachment and secure base experience. Focusing on script-like representations of secure base experience is a useful first step in this direction. Here we define the concept of a secure base script, outline a method for assessing a person's knowledge/access to a secure base script, and review evidence that script-like representations are an important component of the working models concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]