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The article focuses on the limitations of relying solely on supervisory ratings for personnel selection, advocating for a multimethod and multirater approach to enhance the validity of performance assessments. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating diverse criteria, such as training performance and work samples, to mitigate biases inherent in individual supervisory evaluations and ensure a more comprehensive understanding of employee capabilities.

Purpose: Activity sampling is a technique to monitor onsite labourers' time utilisation, which can provide helpful information for the management level to implement suitable labour productivity improvement strategies continuously. However, there needs to be a review paper that compiles research on activity sampling studies to give readers a thorough grasp of the research trend. Hence, this paper aims to investigate the activity sampling techniques applied in earlier research from the angles of activity categories formation, data collection methods and data analysis. Design/methodology/approach: The method used in this paper is a systematic review guided by the PRISMA framework. The search was conducted in Scopus and Web of Science. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, selecting 70 articles published between 2011 and 2022 for data extraction and analysis. The analysis method involved a qualitative synthesis of the findings from the selected articles. Findings: Activity sampling is broadly divided into four stages: targeting trade, determining activity categories, data collection and data analysis. This paper divides the activity categories into three levels and classifies the data collection methods into manual observation, sensor-based activity sampling and computer vision-based activity sampling. The previous studies applied activity sampling for two construction management purposes: labour productivity monitoring and ergonomic safety monitoring. This paper also further discusses the scientific research gaps and future research directions. Originality/value: This review paper contributes to the body of knowledge in construction management by thoroughly understanding current state-of-the-art activity sampling techniques and research gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Productivity is a crucial parameter in achieving project objectives. This research aims to obtain the value of labor productivity on the beam structure and floor plate in home construction using the work sampling method and analyze the comparison of the labor coefficient to the Analysis of Unit Price of Work (AHSP) in 2022. Experimental quantitative research describes this approach, utilizing information gathered through documentation, questionnaires, and participant observation. Data analysis in this research includes Data Uniformity Analysis, Data Sufficiency Analysis, Labor Utilization Rate (LUR), and Spearman Correlation. The findings revealed that the beam concreting job in home construction achieved a labor productivity rate (LUR) of 61.61% and 84.417 kg/person. In the floor plate concreting work, labor productivity reached 98.787 kg/person with a LUR value of 54.10%. Meanwhile, in formwork work, labor productivity reached 3.577 m/person with a LUR value of 53.37%, and in casting work, labor productivity reached 1.287 m/hour with a LUR value of 53.37%. Correlation analysis shows a positive relationship between Labor Utilization Rate and labor coefficient in concreting and formwork works. This indicates that the more efficient the labor, the higher the productivity in carrying out these activities, and the smaller the coefficient value obtained

The work-sampling method makes it possible to gain valuable insights into what is happening in production systems. Work sampling is a process used to estimate the proportion of shift time that workers (or machines) spend on different activities (within productive work or losses). It is estimated based on enough random observations of activities over a selected period. When workplace operations do not have short cycle times or high repetition rates, the use of such a statistical technique is necessary because the labor sampling data can provide information that can be used to set standards. The work-sampling procedure is well standardized, but additional contributions are possible when evaluating the observations. In this paper, we present our contribution to improving the decision-making process based on work-sampling data. We introduce a correlation comparison of the measured hourly shares of all activities in pairs to check whether there are mutual connections or to uncover hidden connections between activities. The results allow for easier decision-making (conclusions) regarding the influence of the selected activities on the triggering of the others. With the additional calculation method, we can uncover behavioral patterns that would have been overlooked with the basic method. This leads to improved efficiency and productivity of the production system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy / Journal Canadien de la Pharmacie Hospitalière is the property of Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Textiles & Engineers / Tekstil ve Mühendis is the property of Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers & Architects, Chamber of Textile Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modern healthcare is increasingly complex with the growing demand of multidisciplinary care and the demand for high efficiency, but also healthcare professionals seem to be confronted with an increasing need for high-quality, timely, patient care. Current study was planned with aim to formulate guidelines for effective utilization of dental healthcare personnel and reduce patient waiting time in a peripheral dental healthcare center. A work sampling study was conducted during April 2014 on seven participating dentist posted and patients visiting at outreach dental healthcare center. A snapshot of clinical and administrative activities was recorded by trained investigator over 48 hours. A 14-item classification system was applied to categorize tasks performed by dental health care personnel (DHCP) into five categories and six categories for patient-related tasks. A total of 2,303 observations documented for dentist and 378 for patients. Documentation activities accounted for 5% and infection control for 3% and idle time for 5%. On an average, 33% of patient's time was spent in waiting area whereas only 7% while delivering health education. To conclude, work sampling is a feasible method for defining the work experience of DHCP and for measuring the impact of administrative changes imposed to improve education or healthcare delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Work Sampling (WS) technique, used worldwide to understand how workers spend their time, represents a time-consuming and costly activity. Therefore, several researchers work on different approaches to automate the data collection using sensor-based and vision-based technologies. The challenge of all the sensor-based approaches is that they do not provide the share of time in different work categories. The lack of knowledge on a possible correlation between Direct Work and, e.g., presence, location, or worker movement represents a gap in the current body of knowledge. Thus, this research aims to understand the correlation between Direct Work as the independent predictor variable; and Movement as the dependent response variable. The authors used the data gathered through the application of WS in five case studies on building renovation projects in Denmark. To explain this correlation. The authors selected a combination of four quantitative techniques: (1) curve estimation; (2) linear regression; (3) ANOVA analysis; and (4) t-test. The correlation of the result is discussed considering three assumptions: (1) the structure of the day; (2) global vs. local; and (3) Movement vs. Transporting and Walking. The result shows a significant correlation between Direct Work and Movement with an average R2 of 0.328. This is considered acceptable predictability taking the socio-technical system aspect of a construction site into account.

Labor productivity is very important in carrying out a job, in the field of construction output can be seen from the quantity of work that has been done, while input is the amount of resources used such as labor. This study aims to determine the amount of labor required per 1 m2 (OH) and the standard time for labor productivity in completing 1 m2 of floor slab work. The method of collecting primary data is the source of research data obtained directly, such as the number of workers and observation of sampling data, while secondary data is obtained from projects such as working drawings. The data is then processed using Microsoft Excel. This research is a type of quantitative research with work sampling method. From the results of research on floor slab work in the Udayana University Faculty of Medicine Building Construction project, it shows that the calculation of the volume of labor per day (OH) requires 0.011 OH masons and 0.011 OH workers and the results of calculating the standard time to complete 1 m2 of floor slab work is 3.15 minutes/m2 . The Calna Villa project shows that the calculation of the volume of labor (OH) requires 0.039 OH masons and 0.039 OH workers and the results of calculating the standard time to complete 1 m2 of floor slab work is 10.37 minutes/m2.

The work-sampling method makes it possible to gain valuable insights into what is happening in production systems. Work sampling is a process used to estimate the proportion of shift time that workers (or machines) spend on different activities (within productive work or losses). It is estimated based on enough random observations of activities over a selected period. When workplace operations do not have short cycle times or high repetition rates, the use of such a statistical technique is necessary because the labor sampling data can provide information that can be used to set standards. The work-sampling procedure is well standardized, but additional contributions are possible when evaluating the observations. In this paper, we present our contribution to improving the decision-making process based on work-sampling data. We introduce a correlation comparison of the measured hourly shares of all activities in pairs to check whether there are mutual connections or to uncover hidden connections between activities. The results allow for easier decision-making (conclusions) regarding the influence of the selected activities on the triggering of the others. With the additional calculation method, we can uncover behavioral patterns that would have been overlooked with the basic method. This leads to improved efficiency and productivity of the production system.

Aims. This study examined the influence of nurse staffing level, measured using various methods, on nurses' perceived adequacy of nurse staffing level, fatigue, and nursing care quality. Background. Although previous studies have recommended various methods of measuring nurse staffing level, there is a lack of research that compares different measurement methods or considers nurses' perceptions of staffing level on a daily basis. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study using work sampling and the questionnaire method in a general hospital in South Korea from July 18 to August 14, 2022. Results based on responses from 90 nurses and scores of 5,536 inpatients derived from the Korean Patient Classification System were included in the analysis. Results. The average nurse-to-patient ratio a day was 1 : 3.20, and the registered nursing hours per patient day was 2.35. Perceived insufficient nurse staffing and fatigue were higher on weekdays than on weekends (p < 0.001). All variables measuring the nurse staffing level affected the nurses' perceived inadequacy of nurse staffing level, fatigue, and nursing care quality, compared to other variables related to nurse staffing level, such as work intensity and demanding nursing hours per nurse (R2: 0.19–0.31), the nurse-to-patient ratio had the lowest explanatory power in explaining the nurses' perceptions (R2: 0.14–0.18). Conclusions. Nurse staffing level measurement should consider the acuity of inpatients and nursing care time. Further research is needed to utilize nurses' perceptions of the appropriate nurse staffing level. Implications for Nursing Management. Efforts are required to maintain an appropriate nurse staffing level through continuous monitoring of nurses' perceptions and acuity of inpatients to preserve nurses' alertness during work and improve nursing care quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reinforced concrete structures are an inherent part of the construction sector. Every in situ reinforced concrete structure cardinally involves rebar-fixing works, which entails activities like transporting, marking, laying, and tying the rebar for the components under construction. Rebar-fixing absorbs a significant number of man-hours during the operation. Therefore, productivity of rebar fixers is a critical concern in construction. Several attributes influence rebar-fixing productivity. Former studies have investigated the impact of the attributes separately and predominantly using qualitative data. A few studies have assessed rebar productivity quantitatively but ignored the effects of some crucial parameters, such as congestion, crew composition, and construction delays. Moreover, studies are limited to account for all time proportions like productive, semiproductive, and nonproductive while assessing rebar productivity. Therefore, this study addresses the aforementioned research gaps by assessing the impact of diverse attributes using direct measures of rebar-fixing productivity and its attributes. Initially, hypotheses were developed to determine the influence of eight attributes identified in this study on rebar-fixing productivity. Next, the data were recorded from one large construction project in Gujarat, India. The work sampling approach was adopted for the productivity assessment of rebar fixers at the project site to evaluate each time proportion. Furthermore, the stepwise regression analysis was performed on the data set to examine the hypotheses. Results indicate that attributes such as quantity of reinforcement, characteristic rebar diameter, and congestion have a significant positive impact on rebar-fixing productivity, whereas work duration has a significant negative impact on it. The outcomes of this research can aid the site management, structural engineers, and construction planners in decision-making to enhance the productivity of rebar fixers, thereby adhering to the budget and schedule constraints of the project. Reinforcement fixing is a major activity that significantly controls the revenue and duration of any construction project. Labor is an indispensable part of this activity. Therefore, it is crucial to guard the output of the rebar fixers. This study is a guiding light for the construction stakeholders to manage the productivity of rebar fixers. The various identified attributes are practically examined to know their impact on the productivity of rebar fixers. The results can be helpful in decision-making and process improvement at the site management level. During the designing stage of a structure, it can support the design backed up with evidence to improve the rebar-fixing productivity significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Work Sampling (WS) technique, used worldwide to understand how workers spend their time, represents a time-consuming and costly activity. Therefore, several researchers work on different approaches to automate the data collection using sensor-based and vision-based technologies. The challenge of all the sensor-based approaches is that they do not provide the share of time in different work categories. The lack of knowledge on a possible correlation between Direct Work and, e.g., presence, location, or worker movement represents a gap in the current body of knowledge. Thus, this research aims to understand the correlation between Direct Work as the independent predictor variable; and Movement as the dependent response variable. The authors used the data gathered through the application of WS in five case studies on building renovation projects in Denmark. To explain this correlation. The authors selected a combination of four quantitative techniques: (1) curve estimation; (2) linear regression; (3) ANOVA analysis; and (4) t-test. The correlation of the result is discussed considering three assumptions: (1) the structure of the day; (2) global vs. local; and (3) Movement vs. Transporting and Walking. The result shows a significant correlation between Direct Work and Movement with an average R2 of 0.328. This is considered acceptable predictability taking the socio-technical system aspect of a construction site into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Hematology/oncology clinical pharmacists' work activities have been described in previous literature, but time spent on pharmacist tasks has not been well characterized. Random work sampling (WS) is a form of activity assessment to determine the proportion of time spent in various types of work. Based on results from previous WS evaluations at University of Utah and its Huntsman Cancer Hospital, activities were changed to maximize time dedicated to clinical activities and pharmacists' benefit to providers and patients in both inpatient and ambulatory care settings. Therefore, updated random WS evaluations were completed during spring 2019 and fall 2020. Methods Personal digital assistant (PDA) devices were used to record hematology/oncology clinical pharmacists' onsite or remote location and work activity data. Data were collected 8 times per hour on weekdays, with a goal of 275 observations per pharmacist. Results were then classified as clinical, professional, or technical activities. Results In 2019, 9,079 observations were recorded by 31 onsite pharmacists. In 2020, 28 pharmacists recorded 8,803 observations (5,524 during onsite work and 3,279 during remote work). The overall distribution of pharmacists' work activities remained stable between 2019 and 2020, with 89% of activities classified as clinical or professional. Pharmacists spent a smaller proportion of time on in-person communication in 2020, balanced by increases in chart review and text-based communication. Onsite pharmacists reported a larger proportion of clinical activities, while remote pharmacists reported a larger proportion of professional activities. Conclusion Continued WS assessment of work activity patterns will allow identification of opportunities to streamline workflows, maximize pharmacist engagement in clinical activities, and development of remote work policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since the United Nations has adopted the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015, sustainability has been increasingly considered. Working time is an important resource (time is money), as well as the nurses inside hospitals. So, nursing activities must be studied and analyzed well. Consequently, the resulting information gives hospital managers a clear picture of the current status—the basics of developing plans for sustainability and keeping pace with developed countries. Aim: This study was designed to study nursing activities performed in inpatient units and to determine which types of nursing activities are the most frequent and time-consuming, how much time each category of nursing personnel spends in different activities, and how units divide their time between patient care and other activities. Method: A work sampling method was used on 36 nurses in six units for three successive years, using two tools: a demographic data sheet and guidelines for the level of activities and area of activities. Results: There were 5,184 observations per year. According to area of activities, personal, and patient activities were the most time-consuming and frequent. According to the level of activities, unclassified and nursing activities were the most time-consuming among the intensive care, medical, and surgical units under study (44.1%, 41.6%, and 55.2%, respectively, and 28.2%, 34.8%, and 28.3%, respectively). The work of technical and diploma nurses was similar. Conclusion: Personal, unclassified, and patient activities consumed a large portion of nursing hours during the morning shift. Meanwhile, unit and personnel activities have consumed a minimal portion of hours. No significant differences in work were observed between technical and diploma nurses. Recommendations: Nursing managers and leaders should take a step to improve sustainability in their hospitals through study the nursing activities to gather data to develop plans for the future and rearrange the entire nursing staff in hospital units according to the needs of each shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades construction labour productivity has been stagnated or declining. Changing this issue requires new knowledge on the labour-intensive construction production system. The work sampling method was applied to collect data from three renovation construction production systems. It quantifies observations of on-site work and enables deep analyses of how time is used. The analysis revealed that the renovation projects had a baseline of value-adding-work (VAW) time on 29.5%. It further identified five system behaviours outlining how VAW and Non-Value-Adding work (NVAW) time behaves. The new knowledge of how both VAW and NVAW time behaves advances knowledge on how time is wasted in construction projects and opens new branches of future research. The findings are furthermore of potential use to industry professionals who work with process improvement in renovation projects because they provide, among others, answers to how targets can be defined for both VAW and NVAW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employees are valuable asset in an organization. The organization can be defined as two types namely a profit or nonprofit company, and government institution. Employees as a capital human for these organization have big roles for performance measurement. Performance measurement of employee is used to determine whether the worker has been working efficient or not. Workload analysis is defined as analysis of a set or number of activities that must be completed by an organizational unit or position holder within a certain period of time. In this research, it will show employee workload analysis using two approaches in order to complete each other. Firstly, work sampling method was used to determine workload in physically. Secondly, NASA-TLX was utilized to analyze workload in mentally. Pareto method will also take a part for analysis the research result to be more comprehensive. This research has conducted in an East Java’s University-Indonesia. The respondents are employees who have each job description to do their work in each position. The employee’s workload will be calculated both physical and mental. From 25 position observed, show the job position who has strategic characteristic mostly have very high mental workload whereas the job position who has operational characteristic mostly have high physical workload

Background: The clinical pharmacy service to the ward was established in 2005 in Malaysia, as the number of pharmacists working in the public service sector began to grow. Yet, there has been little local research done on reporting the range of work activities of clinical pharmacists and the amount of time that they spent on their work activities. Objective: This study aimed to identify the range of work activities of clinical pharmacists by observation and to estimate the proportion of time spent on different work activities by using the work sampling technique. Methods: The time spent by clinical pharmacists on various activities was measured using the work sampling technique over 30 working days. The work activities of clinical pharmacists were pre-identified and customized into an activity checklist. Two observers were placed at the study site and took turns recording the activities performed by the clinical pharmacists by following a randomly generated observation schedule. Results: 1,455 observations were made on five clinical pharmacists with a total of 3493 events recorded. Overall, clinical pharmacists spent 78.8% (n=2751) of their time providing clinical services whereas 12.3% (n=433) of their time was spent on non-clinical activities. They were found to be idle from work for 8.9% of the time. There was no difference in bed occupancy rate in the study site regardless of the presence of the observer (p=0.384). Clinical pharmacists were found to report a higher average daily cumulative work unit of 9.8 (SD=4.3) when under observation compared to an average daily cumulative work unit of 6.5 (SD=4.6) when no observer was present (p=0.005). Conclusions: The results revealed that clinical pharmacists spent a significant amount of time on non-clinical work. Their responsibilities with non-clinical work should be properly taken care of so they can allocate more time to providing patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human resources are considered the most valuable capital of every healthcare system, and the quality of care is closely related to the quantity and skill of this group. Therefore, the proper estimation of the required nursing staff in different wards can help improve the quality of nursing care. The purpose of this study was to determine the hours of provided care by nursing staff in neonatal care units. Methods: In this descriptive study, the research samples consisted of all nursing activities done by the nursing staff including head nurses, nurses, and nurse assistants working in the neonatal intensive care units of the chosen educational hospitals affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran. Data collection tool was a nursing checklist with four categories, including direct care, indirect care, managerial activities, and personal activities. Calculating their activity duration was done using a stopwatch. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software (version 21). Results: The obtained findings showed that the time allocated to direct care by head nurses and nurses in morning and evening shifts was always less than the time allocated to indirect care and the nurses spent most of their time doing indirect activities. Conclusion: According to the obtained results of the present, it is essential that nursing managers provide the possibility of reducing some nursing activities’ time by applying more accurate supervision and time management and thus increase the quality of care by providing purposeful healthcare.

Background: Changing trends of privatization and globalization of health care compel the hospitals to practice cost accounting for providing accurate information about the cost of patient care. Objectives: The objectives were to determine unit cost and to identify major cost areas of outpatient department (OPD) services provided by the community health center (CHC) of Bankura district, West Bengal. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Amarkanan CHC in 2016. Work sampling (WS) and time motion (TM) study were conducted for assessing the workforce cost, otherwise complete enumeration was done to assess the cost of different service areas such as medicine, logistic, maintenance, transport, electricity, building, equipment, and furniture. A predesigned pro forma and a questionnaire were used for WS and TM study and for interviewing the key informants for collection of information pertaining to different costs. Unit cost of different services as well as overall unit cost was estimated. Results: If a patient received injection, undergone dressing, and had electrocardiogram and X-ray both done in a day, then the total cost of OPD services for workforce was Rs. 85.33/. Cost of logistics per patient per day was maximum in X-ray room. Manpower exerted the maximum cost incurred by the government to conduct OPD in Amarkanan CHC. Overall, the unit cost in OPD incurred by the government was Rs. 44.53/-. Conclusion: Close monitoring is required by aligning the staffing pattern and patient activities and having adequate number of staff with right skill at right place and time for efficiency, productivity, and cost-effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Academic Research in Nursing (JAREN) is the property of Hemsirelikte Egitim ve Arastirma Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Work sampling is a very effective tool for measuring and monitoring the performances of construction crews. Work measurement was conducted at 3 different sites with their unique qualities. Productivity was measured for crews comprising of one mason (skilled worker) and one helper (unskilled worker)-1M (Mason)+1H (Helper). Enough observations were made to ensure a 95% confidence limit and ± 5% accuracy of sampling results. Block work and internal wall plastering were chosen for work study. These works were divided into their elements. Sampling was done by categorizing work elements as Direct Work (DW), Indirect Work (IW) and Not Working or Idle (NW). The regression analysis on the work sampling data shows that observed quantity is having very low correlation with DW content and satisfactory correlation with working content (DW+IW). Results of sampling show that shares of DW, IW and NW are 56%, 27% and 17% for observed works respectively. Labor Utilization Factor (LUF) given by the sum of direct work and half of indirect work is around 69% for all works. The values of LUFs for all sites are in good range and help in monitoring trends. The direct work content is almost twice as indirect contributory work for both works in all sites. 1M+1H crew composition is found to be optimum and economical compared to 2M+1H and 1M+2H combinations. The major cause of delays in all sites is found to be waiting for materials and equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes a methodology for conducting an ergonomic analysis that allows ergonomists to gather data while off site. The analysis described is carried out on portable computing devices, using common computer applications. It includes data collection via a camera on the manufacturing floor and conversion into a digital format. Software is suggested for playback and semi-automatic work sampling of work cycles while recording observations to electronic form, to generate rapidly the analysis of results. Snapshot observations are made on frozen video frames that are categorized into work elements, upper body joint posture and static/dynamic effort. Using two case studies, it is shown how the approach may be implemented as a procedure of choice to complete a quantitative work analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hotelling's T[sub 2] chart is the most widely used multivariate procedure to control changes in the mean vector of p correlated quality characteristics. In this paper, it is shown how to increase the efficiency of the test using the variable sampling interval technique. Given a control scheme with constant size and frequency of sampling, tables are produced that give a scheme, with two possible periods of time between samples, that is equivalent to the standard procedure when the process is in control. However, the new chart, as it uses two possible intervals between samples, is faster in detecting a change in the process. Various alternatives are given for the possible users of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explain and justify the necessity and the importance of using the shift level of the utilization of capacity as the stochastic variable in determining the total level of the capacity utilization in the production process by using the method of work sampling. The aim of the paper is realized through experimental research on the work sample containing 74 Serbian companies. The conclusion is that the shift level of capacity utilization as the stochastic variable in work sampling is the model that solves the problem of determining the total level of capacity utilization in a convenient way with accurate results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential incident of medication error in pharmacy unit might arise due to increased workload of pharmacy staff. Excessive workload triggers exhaustion and lack of concentration of the pharmacy staff in pharmacy services. Increasing the number of pharmacy staff is the solution to reduce workload, therefore analysis of workload of pharmacy staff at Graha Permata Ibu Hospital’s pharmacy unit (IFRS GPI) is required to be used in calculating the ideal and productive needs of staff, which is also the purpose of this study. This study is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research with samples from pharmacy personnel activities. The techniques of data collection were obtained through observation using work sampling and in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN).The result showed direct productive activities amounted to 59.14%, indirect productive activities amounted to 17.22%, 16.99% of non-productive activities, and 6.65% of personnel private activities. Pharmacy staffing need is 26 people. The ratio comparison between existing personnel and staffing need of the pharmacy installation was 0.7, which indicates the numbers of pharmacy personnel are not in accordance with the workload. It concludes a few necessities such as a need for new hires of pharmacy personnel, a new arrangement of work shifts and scheduling, a modification of service flow for requested prescription, a need to maximize the utilization of hospital information systems, a need to increase the role of pharmacists, and to conduct education and continuous training.

Produktivitas tenaga kerja merupakan salah satu unsur utama dalam menentukan keberhasilan pelaksanaan suatu proyek konstruksi, tapi sering kali penggunaan tenaga kerja yang tidak efektif. Work sampling adalah salah satu metode pendekatan yang bisa digunakan untuk mengukur produktivitas dengan cukup mudah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa produktivitas pekerja tukang batu pada pekerjaan pasangan dinding batu bata serta plesteran pada proyek perumahan di Kota Pekanbaru dengan metode work sampling. Besarnya produktivitas dari tenaga kerja dapat dilihat dari hasil perhitungan waktu baku. Waktu baku adalah waktu yang diselesaikan oleh tenaga kerja dalam melaksanakan pekerjaanya pada kondisi standar. Ukuran produktivitas yang didapat dari analisa ini adalah Labor Utilization Rate (LUR). Hasil analisa work sampling menunjukkan bahwa secara keseluruhan LUR hasil pengamatan dan analisis pada Proyek Perumahan di Kota Pekanbaru adalah sebesar 72,37% dengan proporsi untuk kegiatan effective 66,03%, essential contributory sebesar 25,79% dan ineffective sebesar 8,18%.

Globalleşme ile artan eğitim gereksinimi, teknolojide meydana gelen hızlı gelişmeler diğer tüm kurumları etkilediği gibi eğitim kurumlarını da etkilemiştir. Zira eğitim sistemini toplumun diğer alanlarında meydana gelen gelişmelerden, değişmelerden bağımsız düşünmek mümkün değildir. Meydana gelen gelişmeler, eğitim kurumlarını, ortaya çıkan bilgi toplumu yapısına uygun, evrensel değerlere açık, bilgi üretimine katkıda bulunabilen, bilgiyi yaratıcı biçimde kullanabilen, daha nitelikli insan yetiştirme zorunluluğu çerçevesinde etkilemektedir. Bu kapsamda odaklanılan konunun kalite olduğu ve eğitimde kalite arttırma çalışmalarının ülkelerin gündeminde olan önemli bir konu olduğu görülmektedir. Sistem içersinde kalite arttırılma yoluna gidilirken bundan birinci derecede etkilenecek olan öğrencilerin ders içerisindeki tutumlarını da değerlendirmek, yorumlamak ve gerekli önlemleri almak büyük önem teşkil etmektedir. Bu çalışmada ölçüm tekniklerinden biri olan iş örneklemesi yöntemi kullanılarak sınıf içerisinde temel öğrenci faaliyetlerinin belirlenmesi ve ders verimliliğinin arttırılmasına yönelik iyileştirmeler yapılmaya çalışılmış ve sayısal değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.

The quality of nursing services which is provided to patients is influenced by the quality of care. Nurse workload is part of the quality of care. Several studies of workloads using different methods have been done and each of them has advantages and disadvantages. Work sampling technique as well as time and motion study technique from several previous studies were only used in the room with treatment cases for one of the cases of internal medicine or surgery. The research method used descriptive method. The research sample of 96 observational activities was done by nurses for 24 hours. The instrument that was used was an observation sheet to obtain quantitative data using a work sampling form as well as time and motion study. The workload calculation done by analyzing the comparison of the percentage of productive activity implementation time and non productive activity implementation time. High workload > 80%, optimum = 80%, light <80% of the total time done by nurses. The results showed that the workload of nurses included in the mild category (58.75%), with the tendency of nurses to be in the category of personal activities especially during the night shift. In nursing care wound care requires the most time with an average time of 23 minutes 14 seconds, while the least amount of time is in the act of replacing intravenous fluids for 1 minute 8 seconds. Research implications nurses need to increase productive activities, especially in the night shift by monitoring each patient's room scheduled alternately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a critical gap in understanding how meso-scale team processes - interactions between individuals in a team - develop in design teams and specifically how they dynamically balance design with managerial effort. We treat this deficit by contrasting two in-depth cases using work sampling data. We identify a number of contributions. First, we describe how design team processes display both goal/action and temporal heterogeneity. Second, we demonstrate how this heterogeneity is underpinned by common principles that consistently shape team processes in design. Specifically: proportional goal/action composition and recurring process patterns over time. Finally, we describe how these principles can be integrated via 'archetypal process types'. Together, these substantially extend prior theory and point to specific implications for future design research. • A work sampling study of meso-scale team processes in two engineering design cases. • Novel characterisation of goal/action and temporal heterogeneity in design work. • Identification of principals of proportional goal/action composition. • Proposed framework for understanding heterogeneous team processes in design. • Proposed 'archetypal process types' linking goal/action and process patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background Community pharmacy is undergoing a transition, shifting focus from traditional roles to the provision of cognitive pharmaceutical services. However, traditional activities performed by community pharmacists reduce the amount of available time for implementing and providing such services. Therefore, hampering the community pharmacist in the transition. Objective The aim of this study was to identify characteristics of community pharmacists that spend a higher proportion of their time on cognitive pharmacy services and to identify activities that compete with time spent on such activities by community pharmacists. Setting Daily community pharmacy practice. Method Self-reporting work sampling using smartphone technology was used to register the activities of community pharmacists. Participating pharmacists recorded their current activity five times per working day for 6 weeks and also completed an online survey about baseline characteristics. Main outcome measure Time utilization. Results Ninety-one Dutch community pharmacists provided work-sampling data. The results showed that Dutch community pharmacists are predominantly spending less time on managerial activities when spending more time on cognitive services (from 25.7% to 14.5%, p = 0.016). Pharmacists who are spending more time on such services, want to spend even more time on direct patient contact compared to pharmacists who spend less time on it (p = 0.030). Conclusion This study shows that community pharmacists that spend more time on cognitive pharmacy services are devoting less time on managerial activities, logistics and other activities. Pharmacists spending more time on cognitive pharmaceutical services are mostly locum pharmacists or work at a pharmacy located in a residential area with largely older inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-hospital emergency serviceis a complex service system and realized by sending care assistance to the location of incidence to prevent death or disability. Pre-hospital emergency service providers consist of individuals and groups in an organization that provides services in accordance with patient needs. The purpose of the study was to analyze the correlation between the factors of nurse workload and teamwork with the service quality of pre-hospital emergency. This study used survey analysis design with cross sectional approach. The population in this study were nurses at the Healthy Brigade of Kupang (BKS) and family of patients who received services from the BKS. The total sample of study was 20 of BKS nurses who selected with the total sampling technique and 80 people of patients' families who selected by accidental sampling technique. The instrument used was the work sampling form and the Nurse Practitioner Primary Care Organizational Climate Questionnaire (NPPCOCQ). The bivariate analyzes result with the contingency coefficient test shown significant correlation between nurse workload and service quality (p=0.008) and teamwork with service quality (p=0.009). Thus could be concluded that there was a significant correlation between nurse workload and teamwork with the service quality of pre-hospital emergency in Kupang. The lighter the nurse's workload and good teamwork would improve the assessment of service quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]