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There are substantial gender gaps in earnings once children are born in many developed countries, despite similar education levels of men and women and accessible childcare facilities. I examine whether gender norms are a driver of women's higher labour market costs of having children using Dutch administrative data. Exploiting large local variation in gender norms in the Netherlands, I compare parents from the Dutch bible belt, where gender norms are on average less egalitarian, with parents from other regions in the Netherlands, where gender norms are more egalitarian. My findings show that having children leads an about 30% larger earnings decrease for women in the bible belt, mainly driven by a larger reduction in working hours. I rule out that differences in pre-child parental characteristics and institutions such as childcare availability explain this result and argue that different gender norms in these two areas likely explain this finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discourse on interfaith marriage is still a topic that is always discussed by Islamic thinkers until now along with the number of Muslims in Indonesia who still carry it out. This thesis will try to re-examine how the status of interfaith marriage in the Qur'an actually is by conducting a comparative study on Tafsir Al-Mishbah and Tafsir of the Ministry of Religion of the Republic of Indonesia. This research is a qualitative research using library data sources. The results of the study show that the scholars of tafsir agree on the prohibition of Muslim men from marrying polytheistic and infidel women, as well as for Muslim women who are forbidden to marry polytheistic and infidel men. Meanwhile, scholars agree on the prohibition of Muslim women from marrying a man of the Book of Scholars, but they differ in their opinions about the legal status of a Muslim man when marrying a woman of the Book Scholar. For scholars who do not equate the term "Scholar of the Book" with the term polytheism as explained in surah Al-Baqarah verse 221 and the term kafir as explained in surah Al-Mumtahanah verse 10, then marrying a woman of the Scholar of the Book is a mubah, which means that interfaith marriage is allowed. However, the condition for a woman to marry is a good woman (muhsanat), and for Muslim men who marry her, they must also have the strength of firm faith. Some other scholars forbid marrying the Biblical Scholars as a whole, whether Jewish or Christian, because they argue that the verse about the impossibility of marrying a Biblical woman has been removed (mansukh) and that it is easy to marry Muslim women because of their large population. For the context of Indonesia itself, the Indonesia Ulema Council has issued a fatwa on the haram for Muslims, both men and women, to marry non-Muslim women and men, whether they are Scholars of the Book or not. The MUI fatwa stated after considering that interfaith marriages often cause unrest in the community and invite debate among fellow Muslims. This MUI fatwa is still in line with the source of Islamic family law in Indonesia, namely Law No. 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage and Compilation of Islamic Law which also prohibits interfaith marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Far from being a purely cerebral activity, meaningful theological work seeks the transformation of people; intellectual assent is necessary, but humans are embodied, and theology can be multi‐modal in its action and delivery. This essay draws on the traditions of visual and sensory theological practices to make an argument for theology as a rigorous process enacted in embodied—mind, hand, and heart—ways. The interwoven relationship between orthodoxy and orthopraxy is too often tenuous, practitioners on one side and thinkers on the other. In exploring lives of biblical characters, specifically women, and expressing these across modalities of spoken word, stitch, and poetry, the writer makes a case for the essential embodiment of a sensuous theological expression—the kind of expression that one frequently experiences in sacrament and frequently ignores in formal theological discourse. In drawing from her own research practices the writer presents a case for the importance of personal theological work moving from thinking as the sole location, arguing that embodiment is always the outcome of good theological commitment. This essay builds on a foundation of theologians who make a case for the arts and for the sensory in pointing toward the Divine, and it unapologetically draws on textile practice as “women's work” and a location of shared human experience. The essay also explores responses to theology in physical stitched form and poetry. It includes responses which take theological interactions beyond consumption into production; it considers the value of embodied, holistic theological work as a potential gift to the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the interpretation of the biblical text Eshet Hayil, which is traditionally sung in Jewish homes before the Shabbat meal. The poem praises the Jewish woman for her talents, perseverance, wisdom, and modesty. Different commentators offer various interpretations, with some viewing the woman as a successful businesswoman and others seeing her as an allegory for the Torah or wisdom. Midrashic interpretations of Eshet Hayil connect its verses to other biblical characters, providing diverse perspectives on the role of Jewish women. The article argues that the midrash idealizes the perfect Jewish woman and emphasizes the importance of women in Jewish history and society. It also explores the portrayal of the biblical figure Ruth in the Midrash Eshet Hayil, highlighting her non-conformity to traditional gender roles and her loyalty to Naomi. The article concludes that while the idealized image of the Eshet Hayil may be unattainable, it still adheres to traditional gender roles. [Extracted from the article]

This essay focuses on the nexus of vulnerability and rights. It argues that in transforming vulnerability from a stigma that alienated women from their humanity to the signature of human dignity, women bridged the gap between the liberatory promise of human rights and its exploitative patriarchal politics. It finds that the ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft, Simone de Beauvoir, Drucilla Cornell, and Jean-Luc Nancy were/are crucial to this transformed idea of dignity. Religious ideas have played a complex role in this transformation. Wollstonecraft appealed to theological ideas of the soul to contest men's claims that the Bible enshrined women's subordination to men. Current abortion politics in the U.S., and the Iranian women's Women, Life, Freedom rebellion continue to show how sacred texts have been used to defend and reject women's demands for rights. Religious and secular arguments for the dignity of vulnerability, used by feminists to re-write the sexual difference, direct us to rethink our exploitative relationship to the earth and the multiple species it harbors. As we take up the task of confronting the environmental crisis of our times, they call on us to see ourselves as stewards of the earth's bounty who are morally obliged to create humane relationships with our other-than-human neighbors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text provides a biography of Sengu Mbongu Rebecca, also known as Lebeka, a woman who played a significant role in the Mennonite community in Nyanga, Congo. Despite societal expectations, Sengu embraced Christianity and influenced other women to do the same. She faced challenges in her upbringing, including living in a polygamous family and experiencing discrimination in schooling. Sengu's conversion to Christianity and her marriage to Mukuama Mbuya Josué were significant milestones in her life. She became known for her compassion and support for the afflicted, and she played a role in the education and upbringing of orphans and vulnerable children. Sengu's Christian influence extended to her family and the Mennonite community in Nyanga. She was involved in door-to-door evangelism, mobilizing mothers to provide assistance to families, and advocating for girls' education. Sengu also worked as a midwife and was known for her hospitality and ability to resolve conflicts. She served as a leader in the church and was admired for her activism and dedication to the Lord. Sengu passed away in 1985 but her legacy lives on in the history of the Mennonite community. [Extracted from the article]

Based on the examples of Judge Deborah from the Old Testament and Pastor/Teacher Priscilla from the New Testament, this paper contends that women have a biblical responsibility to lead in any vocation for which God has called and anointed them, and the Christian church has a biblical responsibility to accept and encourage them. Women leaders offer valuable leadership qualities, as illustrated by Deborah, the prophetic judicial/governmental/military leader of a nation, and Priscilla, the theologian, educator, missionary, and pastor in the nascent church. This paper further argues that leadership structures are not complete or fully effective without feminine inclusion and participation. The church and the world have historically deprived themselves of rich resources by curtailing women's leadership roles. The need for rediscovering and recovering women's leadership gifts and styles has never been more urgent or appropriate in the current cultural atmosphere requiring an emphasis on collaboration and cooperation (relationality), emotional intelligence that seeks transformation rather than transaction, and servant leadership, as manifested in Deborah and Priscilla as leaders. The church would be wise to embrace the Deborahs and Priscillas, as well as other types of women leaders whomGod has placed in her midst, thus creating strong, responsive, and nurturing communities that reflect Jesus to the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the daughters of Zelophehad, regarded by some as early advocates for women's rights in the Bible, challenging inheritance laws. Topics discussed include the historical context of inheritance laws in the Ancient Near East, legal precedents from Mesopotamia, and the daughters' successful plea for inheritance rights, influencing subsequent legal interpretations and societal attitudes.

In the study of early Mizo Christians as active agents in the Christianisation of the region the early Mizo pastors, the evangelists, the Church elders and the 'Bible Women' have been given more prominence. The contribution and role played by the teachers in the early mission schools have not really been the focus of the research. This article attempts to give an account of the early schools in Mizoram and focus on the role of the village primary school teachers. They are shown to be the main agents for transformation in the formative period of the history of the Mizo Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through her dystopian novel The Handmaid's Tale (1985), Margaret Atwood fuels the debate surrounding the global plight of women. Atwood weaves many biblical concepts, names, and motifs relating to the status of women into the novel, with a particular focus on the concept of the handmaid, whose sole function is childbearing. Atwood thus warns against fundamentalist readings of the Bible and other canonical texts that are the foundations of our culture. In order to reach a fuller understanding of the contextual biblical sources of the novel, in this article I take an in-depth look at the biblical source of the name "Gilead", as Atwood chose to set her tale in the "Republic of Gilead". Furthermore, as the novel presents a radical social hierarchy among women based on their childbearing duties, I will also examine the biblical narratives foundational to the hegemonic male interpretation that gave rise, according to the novel, to this dystopian reality. In this terrifying novel, the transformation of women into childbearing handmaids is based both on the biblical story of the handmaids and on the proprietary relationship of men over women in the Bible. I argue that the novel's critical approach deconstructs the unspoken assumptions of a particular way of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the concept of Theme and thematic progression in Towriss's novel Ordinary Woman of the Bible: A Mother's Sacrifice: Jochebed's Story (2019). The impetus behind these elements is to pay heed to the journey of Mose's mother through a systematic functional grammar landscape. The aim of this study is to show how different Themes and thematic progression targeted by the novelist and their consistent manipulation serve to expose the story of the secondary characters, Mose's mother as an example. The study follows descriptive analysis including qualitative and quantitative techniques as well as inferential analysis via the chi-square test and the probability value. The analysis reveals that both Theme and thematic progression are escapement techniques to regulate the movement of the lines to form a unified system in the novel. It is concluded that Theme and thematic progression help divulge the suffering, struggle, and tolerance of Jochebed to keep her son safe through a systemic functional grammar frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Study of Christianity & Social Problems / Kirisutokyo Shakaimondai Kenkyu is the property of Institute for Study of Humanities & Social Sciences, Doshisha University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Journal for the Study of the Old Testament published a review of journals and books in which various contributors presented articles. An article by J. L. Ska discusses the influence of neighboring cultures on ancient Israel. Other articles address topics such as the function of narrative history in the Priestly source, archaeological studies and investigations, the identification of the deity Aramiš/s and the locations Qarnē/Qarnīna and Azaʾi/Aṣî, the transmission and socio-cultural embedding of the divine names in the Hebrew Bible and the Septuagint, as well as various interpretations and investigations of different texts and documents. The book "Economics and Empire in the Ancient Near East" examines economic issues in Old Testament texts and includes contributions on various topics such as economy in the ancient Near East, economic relationships in the Bible, women and economy in ancient Israel and Judah, law in the ancient Near East and economy, kingship and religion in the ancient Near East, economy and prophecy in ancient Israel, and economic aspects of wisdom and apocalypticism. The EBR (Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception) has reached a milestone with volumes 20 and 21, which contain numerous articles on biblical books and figures, including an extensive article on Muhammad. The book "Aramaic: World Language of Antiquity" describes the history of Aramaic from its beginnings to the emergence of Islam and emphasizes its significance as a world language. It addresses various aspects of Aramaic language and culture, including the Aramaic texts from Qumran and the language of Jesus in the New Testament. The book "From Scribes to Scholars" examines the influence of ancient Homer commentaries on early rabbinic Bible commentaries and provides a detailed analysis of the sources. The anthology on the Song of Songs offers various interpretations of the text throughout history and discusses German translations and receptions. The Fourth Book of Maccabees praises the special value of a pious reason guided by Jewish law and deals with political and sociological aspects. [Extracted from the article]

This article explores how religious Latvian women draw on the Bible to discuss gender equality, examining the construction of their theologically based arguments and the conceptualization of gender equality within these discussions. The study investigates factors such as age, denomination, and education level that may influence their opinions. The findings reveal a "biblical reception at the grassroots," diverging from official religious community settings. Women, despite general assumptions or stereotypes, independently navigate gender roles through both religious texts and personal interpretations. The analysis applies gender theory, intersectionality, and reception history, emphasizing the role of biblical sources in shaping gender equality discourses. In the unique Latvian context, marked by a recent reversal of women's ordination and cultural tensions with the Western world, these women's perspectives on the Bible and gender equality offer distinctive and compelling insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to restore the credibility of the church within society by reestablishing its public role. Through the study of the lives and activities of women ministers in early Christianity, the research reveals that early Christianity initially granted equal authority to the ministries of diakonia (service to society) and the ministry of the Word, but gradually diminished the role of diakonia while stripping women of their status and authority. Therefore, to fully reinstate the genuine spirit of Christ, it is emphasized that the Korean church must regain the church's public presence and recover the spirit of Jesus within the scattered congregations that currently exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a book titled "Women of the Bible: From Text to Image," which focuses on the representation of biblical women in art. The book explores how these representations, particularly in engravings, have been modified to conform to societal expectations and values, particularly in nineteenth-century Spain. The article provides a detailed example from the book, discussing how engravings of women from the Book of Judges were adapted to align with societal ideals of femininity and domesticity. The article also briefly mentions other chapters in the book that analyze the depiction of women such as Bathsheba and Moses's mother. Overall, the book offers a comprehensive examination of the intersection between biblical texts and visual representations of women. [Extracted from the article]

The tears of the 'daughters of Jerusalem' in Luke 23.27–31 are often taken as a representation of pathos. However, women's public performance of lamentation serves several purposes in the biblical prophets and Greco-Roman historiography and rhetoric. Women are responsible for mourning rituals following a death to honour the deceased and their family. They express communal lament following defeat in war. Women use tears to protest political and legal situations, swaying public opinion and decisions. The rhetorical functions of women's mourning in antiquity offer valuable insight into the potential purposes of mourning in Luke 23.27–31. The women's initial display of tears honours Jesus. The disruption of the negative perception of Jesus at this point in the narrative suggests the women's tears may be political protest. The redirection of their tears to themselves and their children provides the audience with a model response to the destruction of Jerusalem. As in Jer 9.17–22, the mourning of Luke's 'daughters of Jerusalem' is prophetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Josephus presents a very sympathetic view of the Medium of Endor (1 Samuel 28). This contrasts with the consensus of scholarly thought that suggests Josephus borders on misogynism in his presentations of women in the Bible. Josephus' treatment of the medium is contrasted with his remarks about the Wise Woman of Tekoa (2 Samuel 14). This is followed by an analysis of why Josephus favors the medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text is a review of two books: "Gods, Goddesses, and the Women Who Serve Them" by Susan Ackerman and "Eternal Hope" by Emil Brunner. The reviewer praises Ackerman's book for its collection of previously published work and the author's ability to update and revise her ideas. The book is divided into four parts, focusing on different aspects of ancient religions and the role of women. The reviewer recommends the book for students and finds it a valuable resource. As for Brunner's book, the reviewer finds it lacking a sense of purpose until the final chapter, where the author reveals his personal connection to the topic of hope. The book was prompted by preparations for a World Council of Churches assembly and explores the theme of Christ as the hope of the world. The reviewer suggests starting with the final chapter for a clearer understanding of the book's purpose. [Extracted from the article]

The patriarchal inheritance of women’s inferiority, in intellectual terms, still looms large these days, bringing disrespect and devaluation of women into domestic spaces, as well as in the public and religious spheres. The result is the lack of female participation in decision-making processes, as well as the increasing violence we are witness to daily. In this article, we will bring a historical retrospective of violence against women since Bible times (OT and NT), how this negative view was inserted into Christianity, and reached our days. We will see how women have worked intensely to modify this reality. The feminist movement will also be analyzed in how important it has been in this struggle and how women’s study of theology had led them to encounter the liberating God and enabled feminist theologies. These, with their developments have collaborated to bring new theological perspectives, teaching women to see their potential. Finally, it will address the small changes that the Catholic Church has made, since the arrival of Pope Francis, and the desired prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial topic of the study at hand addresses the beginnings. In terms of women's education, one of the positive effects of the Reformation is the insistence on the widespread availability of the Bible, which was inevitably followed by the eradication of illiteracy among women. Following the Reformation, another argument emerged in favour of the importance of educating women in theology: society regarded women as a key role in raising children, so in order to raise their children educated in theology, their ability to do so became a priority. The second topic addresses the direct preconditions of the theological education of women, especially the changes in the 19th-century school history, which resulted in women's admission to universities and opening up the opportunity for them to obtain degrees in higher education. Furthermore, the study presents the past hundred years of women's education in theology in the Protestant educational centres of Cluj-Napoca -- from the first enrolment, the first ordained woman minister up to the present time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children's bibles present a selection of Biblical stories, as the Bible, through text and illustrations – in the guise of fun, teaching, and moral warning. In this, they reflect the conviction that the Bible is essential, useful, and even entertaining. At the same time, cultural imagination continuously gives shape to Biblical stories. In this way, the children's Bible is a materialisation of the valuation and cultural memory of the Bible – and in this way it makes sense to call it a cultural bible. This article examines the Danish bestseller Møllehave's Børnebibelen (1996/2016), and two Norwegian books: Bibelfortellinger (2011) and Tidslinjen (2016) with particular regard to gendered power structures. How are women cast in the current Scandinavian cultural bible? There are common tendencies in the ways in which cultural memory casts Biblical women: Women are deemed less important than their male counterparts, they are easily associated with sexual misconduct, and they tend to be discredited in various ways. Representation relies upon cultural assumptions. Ultimately, the cultural Bible produces docile bodies. It puts the Biblical woman in her place, and she becomes a reduced other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion and the use of the King James Version of the Bible has been central to Black geographic practices in the rural South. In this essay, we argue that while the KJV has been used to justify domination and colonization of land and people, it has an enduring presence in the rural Black South. We argue that, in complicated ways, Black Southerners have used the KJV as a tool of liberation and transformation within their communities. We begin the essay with our experiences as Afro-Carolinians with the KJV of the Bible. We then explore the KJV of the Bible as a literary tool, due to its accessibility in homes, schools, and churches, elucidating the role of women's work in the process. Finally, we discuss the KJV and religion within the context of Black geographies framed by Katherine McKittrick's notion of plantation futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an increasing demand for the ordination of women as priests within the Roman Catholic Church. The Vatican's primary argument against priestly ordination of women is biblical, appealing to certain historical events, specifically Jesus' (alleged) choice of male apostles only. This article calls for a rethinking and rephrasing of such appeal to history. Due to the nature of our sources, the historically responsible question should not be whom Jesus appointed as apostles, but who were apostles in first-century Christianity. The article points out flaws in the Vatican's reasoning in this respect and brings attention to evidence from earliest Christianity that does indeed speak in favor of women as priests, if an appeal is to be made to history in the first place. The evidence is Junia, a first-century female apostle, described as "prominent among the apostles" by the apostle Paul in his Letter to the Romans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Theology and Church in Africa Today" proposes that the main focus of theology and the Church in Africa should be to form a people for God. It analyzes the challenges that African theology must overcome to address the current situation in African churches and societies. The importance of bringing Africans together to work as one family in building African communities is highlighted. The article also addresses concerns about identity and cultural affirmation in relation to the Greek influence on early Christian thought and the influence of Africa's cultural past and history on the development of African theology. The importance of translating the Bible into African languages and the role of African women in evangelizing Africa are mentioned. The need for an African theology of the Church that is also a theology of the people and a theology for the people of God is raised. The article focuses on theology and the church in Africa today. The importance of African theology as a critical and creative reflection on faith and history, and its relevance to African concerns, is emphasized. It is also mentioned that African theology should be a mirror for the people of God and reflect the multiple faces of God in Africa. Furthermore, the need to address the health and well-being of the African people, as well as existential peripheries such as the poor and marginalized, in African theology and the church is emphasized. The text speaks about the importance of faith in God as a firm anchor for Africans, despite the weaknesses and compromises of the churches. It also highlights the role of African women in resisting negative forces and overcoming obstacles in society and in the churches. Additionally, it mentions the need to rebuild social ties and institutions in Africa, as well as the importance of a distinctive African ecclesiology. However, it is noted that there are still challenges to achieving a truly African and Catholic Church. The article discusses theology and the Church in Africa. It is mentioned that some people see these disciplines as liberal invasions from the West, but African theologians raise specific questions related to the faith of the African people. These questions address topics such as inculturation, sacramental signs and symbols, the ministry of priests and religious, the role of the laity, interconfessional conflicts, politics, marriage, morality, and healing. The challenges of ecumenism, Church-State relations, and internal factors in the ecclesiastical life of African Catholicism are also mentioned. The importance of a Church that reflects the faith and social condition of the African people is emphasized. Theological and social networks that work to develop new ecclesiological images and social praxis are mentioned. The idea of the Church as the family of God is raised, and the importance of forming a people from the diverse units of African societies is highlighted. Narratives of African women founders of churches are mentioned as examples of how to unite African peoples around the Word of God. The importance of embracing a complex identity to overcome narrow notions of ethnic or religious identity is emphasized. The need to develop a theology of the people that promotes unity and a common destiny in God is mentioned. The importance of social and moral praxis in confronting the contradictions of history and faith in Africa is emphasized. It is suggested that if the churches in Africa do not form a united people through love and worship of God, they will be like social organizations that only provide services without promoting true transformation. The importance of faith and its celebration is emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

The article analyzes the work of the Circle of Committed African Theologians (CCAWT) over the past three decades. This circle is a community of scholars, theologians, researchers, pastors, and professors who investigate and write theology from the experiences lived by women. They use narrative methodology to highlight the experiences of African women in religion, theology, and culture, and also apply it to the reading and interpretation of the Bible. The article highlights the importance of a theology of liberation to address gender violence and mentions the celebration of the Circle's thirty years, which included a conference on the impact of climate change on African women and the role of religion in the relationship with the land. The Circle promotes the participation of women in the governance of the Church and advocates for examining privileges and power within a community of believers. It also emphasizes the importance of research and preparing the next generation for service to God and humanity. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the repeated phrase ayummah kannidgalot, in Song of Songs 6 : 4 and 6 : 10. It further discusses in the poem the poet makes a series of three similes using the Hebrew preposition ki ['like' or 'as']; first word, ayummah, is a feminine adjective that only appears in two verses; nidgalot, has usually been understood as a niphal feminine participle; and modern semantic theory suggests that danger in trying to interpret a word or phrase independent of context.

"A Brick and a Bible: Black Women's Radical Activism in the Midwest during the Early Great Depression" by Melissa Ford is a captivating account of the role of African American women in the development of Black radicalism in the Midwest during the early years of the Great Depression. Ford argues that this period of Black radicalism has been overlooked by historians and uses archival and published sources to demonstrate the unique characteristics of this political activity. The book highlights the contributions of African American women in cities such as Detroit, St. Louis, Chicago, and Cleveland, showcasing their involvement in labor activism and their impact on the rise of political radicalism. Ford's work fills gaps in historical narratives and emphasizes the relevance of these earlier activists in the context of the Black Lives Matter movement. [Extracted from the article]

This document provides a list of recently published books in the field of religion and theology. The books cover a range of topics, including Islam and women, the wisdom of Corinthians, Paul and imperial divine honors, Martin Luther's Bible, female disciples in the Gospel, the Pentecostal gender paradox, gospel media, encountering the parables, evangelism, the afternoon of Christianity, vivid rhetoric and visual persuasion, Israel's Scriptures in early Christian writings, Christian doctrine, Eckhart's apophatic theology, contemporary Aristotelian ethics, the nature of Christian doctrine, Origen of Alexandria and the theology of the Holy Spirit, new perspectives on ritual in the biblical world, method, context, and meaning in Testament studies, and women of the Bible. The books are published by various publishers and cover a wide range of perspectives and approaches to these topics. [Extracted from the article]

The Woman's Foreign Missionary Society (WFMS) (1897–1909) and the Woman's Missionary Council (WMC) (1910–1940) of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MECS) worked in Korea from 1897 to 1940. Their work used a distinctive mission philosophy, hermeneutics, and implementation of strategies in their encounters with Korean women. Over the course of their years in Korea, Southern Methodist missionary women initiated the Great Korea Revival, established the first social evangelistic centers, educated the first indigenous female church historian, and ordained women for the first time in Korea. This article argues that, even though the missionary activities of the single female missionaries occurred in the context of "Christian civilization" as a mission theory, their holistic Wesleyan missiology departed from the colonial theory of mission as civilization. The first section of the article offers background information regarding the single female missionaries to help understand them. What motivated these females to venture in foreign lands with the Gospel? What was their preparation? The second section presents the religious, cultural, social, and political background of Korea during the time the missionaries arrived. The third section describes and analyzes the evangelistic and social ministries of the female missionaries in the nascent Korean mission. The final section describes and analyzes the appropriation and reinterpretation of the Bible and Christianity by Korean women, especially the work of Korean Bible women and Methodist female Christians in the quest for independence from Japanese control in the Independence Movement of 1919. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two contrasting positions concerning status of women built on Biblical verses: Egalitarians and Complementarians. The egalitarian position asserts that women and men are equal in all senses whereas the complementarian position takes the view that men and women complement one other. Therefore, both positions have implications concerning the role of gender in society. This article explores the passages in the Bible relevant to the topic and how they provide a ground for both positions. The main focus will be on the understanding and interpretation of Bible verse (Gal 3:28). Based upon this examination, the researcher will try to defend the Complementarian position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the fascination of early modern writers and dramatists with the character of Sophonisba, a Carthaginian noblewoman from the Second Punic War. It discusses how her story was reshaped and reimagined, presenting her as both a patriotic figure and a dangerous femme fatale, and highlights the influence of different traditions in portraying her character.

Copyright of Edith-Stein-Jahrbuch is the property of Echter Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)