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Business ethics researchers and practitioners are interested in understanding the temporal mechanisms of various managerial activities, processes, and policies. In this direction, I borrow notions of time from Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway to examine how social time intersperses with the paid and (unpaid) care work of female employees during the pandemic. I explore how discussions of social time in connection to care work appear in newspaper discourses of "shecession", i.e. the large-scale job/income losses experienced by women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since shecession is a byproduct of the pandemic times, exploring the role of time in it is crucial. In fact, my findings show that the macro social time of the pandemic affects working women with care responsibilities who are situated at the intersection of multiple vulnerable social categories by simultaneously being a penalizer and a lost opportunity. Similarly, I also find that the micro social times of working women embed, stratify, and synchronize differently during the pandemic when compared to normal times. Working women with care responsibilities are thus adversely affected by both micro and macro social time changes. My findings, therefore, could be instrumental in developing and implementing inclusive policies and processes in business organizations and labor markets. In so doing, my study also indicates how a consideration of social time enriches the application of care ethics in work contexts. Ultimately, this article is also about developing caring organizations, societies, and families which care for the caregivers (working women), since receiving care is a precondition of giving care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way in which a society manages and provides the necessary care for its survival and reproduction is not gender neutral. This organization works, for the most part, due to the large amount of unpaid work carried out by women in the family sphere, thus affecting their equality, freedom, and dignity. This document identifies, first, the components that make up the current social organization of care in Latin America based on three dimensions of analysis: (a) sociocultural; (b) political and (c) economic. And, secondly, it proposes a selection of mechanisms that could contribute to transforming the components of that organization. The theoretical proposal of "implosion of care regimes" by Juliana Martínez Franzoni (2021) is taken as a starting point to propose a series of strategies that would contribute to dismantling the current social organization of care in the region. The work finds that, in an articulated way, these three analytical categories show the way in which women are held responsible as primary caregivers; certain public policies contribute to crystallizing gender roles that specialize women in care work and relegate them to the domestic world; and finally, it shows that the logic of the labor market responds, mainly, to a male provider model without family responsibilities, which contributes to maintaining and reproducing inequality against women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore the role of bodies, housing, and mobility as infrastructures of care for low-income women living in peripheral neighbourhoods in Santiago, Chile. Drawing on feminist political economists and urbanists, we describe the way that bodies act as infrastructures, often compensating for inadequate built and social environments. Even as the caring of these women sustains life, livelihoods, and communities, they suffer slow infrastructural violence amplified by immobility, isolation, and insufficient support. This reinforces and occurs within a broader context of gendered inequality and gendered violence, in a city where socioeconomic segregation is very pronounced. While there are geographic particularities to this case, the lack of infrastructure for care persists in cities and communities across the Global North and South. We provide policy recommendations oriented toward transforming material and social urban infrastructures, simultaneously addressing gendered and intersectional power relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: African American adolescents (N = 372), recruited from public housing in three large U.S. cities, participated in this study that explores individual, familial, and sociocontextual correlates of maternal caregiving profiles, based on supervision and encouragement. Background: Maternal caregivers play an important role in ensuring the safety and welfare of adolescents as they encounter multiple challenges in their social environment. Public housing magnifies the risk of experiencing such challenges for African American adolescents. Evidence on the experiences of African American adolescents living in public housing is scarce. Our study contributes to this body of knowledge by exploring profiles of maternal caregivers, based on supervision and encouragement, their association with demographics, and familial and sociocontextual challenges among adolescents in public housing. Method: Using multinomial logistic regression, we explore the associations between profiles of maternal caregiving, based on supervision and encouragement and adolescent characteristics, adolescents' experiences, and assessment of their family (e.g., quality of parent–child relationship, family conflict) and sociocontextual (e.g., peer influence, victimization, witnessing of community violence). Results: Adolescents living in households with high levels of maternal encouragement and supervision reported a high‐quality relationship with their caregivers and less witnessing of community violence. These adolescents were also less likely to report victimization. Conclusions: The study identified parenting strategies that could potentially reduce risks of adverse exposures among urban African American youth in public housing. Practitioners and policymakers must consider programs to bolster these strategies and further serve urban African American adolescents in challenging environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current study considers the mothering experiences of incarcerated women to identify important differences between maternal and paternal caregivers and explore how these arrangements influence mother–child relationships. Background: Many incarcerated mothers decide who will care for minor children in their absence, often depending on relatives to care for children. Researchers have not yet explored the differential experiences of incarcerated mothers whose children are cared for by maternal and paternal caregivers. Method: This study uses semistructured interviews with incarcerated mothers. Researchers engaged in thematic and comparative analyses to identify differences in maternal and paternal mother–caregiver dyads. Results: Mothers whose children lived with maternal caregivers received support from caregivers and were afforded co‐parenting opportunities. In contrast, mothers whose children lived with paternal caregivers experienced limited information sharing and attempts to exclude them from parental decision‐making. Conclusion: Mothers highlighted the importance of their maternal mother–caregiver relationships, as well as their mother–child relationships. With less support from paternal caregivers, mothers depended on maternal relatives to serve as an intermediary or resigned themselves to temporarily suspending their maternal role. Implications: Prisons can promote positive mother–caregiver relationships by providing counseling and can support mother–child relationships through various contact programs. Parent educators can work with incarcerated mothers to identify maternal intermediaries, and formal agencies can target interventions to include maternal intermediaries and provide additional assistance to caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dados - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of DADOS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This pilot study investigated the different roles Zambian guardians and older siblings play in stimulating children and how time spent engaging in child stimulating activities was associated with child stimulation. In this study, guardians were women who are primary caregivers of the children. Background: A lot of research has been done on child stimulation but little is known of different roles caregivers, especially older siblings, play in child stimulation. Method: Questionnaires were administered to caregivers (both older siblings and guardians) of children between 3 and 5 years of age and their older siblings above 7 years old. Results: Results showed that despite the female guardians spending more time taking care of their children, older siblings were significantly more involved in child stimulating activities than the female guardians. Further data showed that guardians with more education were associated with increased child stimulation. However, socioeconomic status, age of guardians, and family size were not associated with child stimulation. Conclusion: In poor communities, older siblings engage more in child stimulating activities than their guardians. Child stimulation interventions have often focused on parents (guardians) leaving out older siblings who may play a more critical role, especially in circumstance were parental care and availability are absent. Therefore, for child cognitive and socioemotional stimulation interventions to be more effective in poor communities, they should include siblings. More research is needed to understand the role of male guardians and the degree to which sibling stimulation predicts cognitive and socioemotional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several scholars have noted how the Indian state has been able to care for women only by placing them in custody of the family or the community, often overseen by male relatives. How do novels by Indian women writers intervene in this difficult social and legal problem? This paper answers this question by integrating feminist scholarship on the place of Indian women in postcolonial India with another scholarly tradition: the ethics of care. Conventionally, these two bodies of writing have not been in direct dialogue. This paper facilitates a conversation by close-reading Anita Desai's Clear Light of Day, a novel that powerfully describes the struggles of educated women in independent India through a perceptive depiction of the complexities of care. It argues that a postcolonial theory of reading based on care must account for the powerful influence of custodianship in postcolonial India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore the complex dynamics between issues of care, gender, and mobility, trying to reflect on the characteristics of an urban environment designed to meet the needs of women working in the care sector, regardless of their ethnicity, age, social status, physical condition, or sexual orientation and definition. By choosing the city of Brussels as an adequate case study we especially focus on the impact of the city's mobility sector on the daily life of migrant female care workers, and of vulnerable groups more generally. This ongoing research is based on a theoretical framework (stemming from existing literature) from which we have extrapolated a set of parameters to structure the data collection (by interviews) and the theoretical and graphical elaborations. To address and respond to the multiple crises we are facing today, in our view it is crucial to call for a radical change in our urban design processes, directing our efforts toward implementing more inclusive urban models and practices. Our methodology gave us an opportunity to critically reflect on the possibilities that gender-driven urban policies and practices could open for our cities (and societies) towards a more sustainable and inclusive future for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the United Nations Population the number of elderly people is steadily increasing. Women are the major source of informal healthcare. Majority of women might face depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to study the level of anxiety and depression and their relationship with some cultural and social factors among caregivers.Data were collected from 377 married elderly caregivers by stratified proportional sampling method and analyzed by SPSS and Amos software.Depression and anxiety rates of the caregivers were assessed by short form of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. The validity had measured by previous studies. Also, in this study, we used face validity and its reliability has been obtained to be 85% by Cronbach's alpha in two parts.The results of this study showed that 33.5% and 44.7% of women caregivers endured mild to very severe depression and anxiety, respectively. Regarding depression, the significant variables were: Age, Family support, religion, number of children, elderly physical condition and also, about anxiety, the significant variables was contained, education, Age, Family support, religion, number of children and elderly physical condition (P

Although research on mental health increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, less evidence exists on teachers, women, and caregivers, in spite of their higher vulnerability. The objective of this study is to examine the differences in terms of gender and caregivers' roles in the mental health of Chilean teachers following five months of closed schools. To reach this goal, an online questionnaire was employed from July 9 to August 6, 2020; Goldberg's 12-item General Health Questionnaire was included. The results show that 43.6% of the respondents obtained more than seven points, with a higher number among women and caregivers. One of the causes provided in the conclusions points to teachers' resources for addressing demands. The recommendation is that preventive actions, treatment, and palliative efforts should view mental health as a problem that unequally affects teachers who are caregivers and female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palliative care is primarily holistic care given to the patient and their family where the caregiver plays a significant role in the patient’s health and wellbeing. This research studies the perception of the caregivers on the functioning of the Arogyakeralam palliative care project in Kerala, India, in order to understand the challenges faced by women caregivers of this type of patient. In this descriptive and analytical study, the researcher used the multi-stage random sampling methodology. A structured interview schedule was used to obtain data from 54 primary caregivers of palliative care patients who were randomly and proportionately selected from two Gram panchayats (village council) in the Wayanad district of Kerala. Exploratory data analytical techniques like tables, figures, and descriptive statistical methods were used. The findings of the study revealed that a significant portion of the respondents are very satisfied with the home care services and feel they receive education and training on various aspects of caregiving. Structural problems are present, such as the unavailability of medicines and deficiency in the supply of equipment to the patients who require these elements. Another finding is that the respondents also require counselling services and vocational training. The study revealed that women caregivers undergo various physical, psychological, and social problems. The most common health concerns among caregivers are fatigue and sleep-related problems. About 70% of the respondents suffer from some illness which includes symptoms of body pain, back pain, chest pain, hypertension, diabetes, migraine, and hearing impairment. Some of the challenges faced are conflict about care in the family, lack of support for the caregiver, balancing needs of healthy and sick family members, behavioral issues among the family members and care recipient, interpersonal conflicts, and financial insufficiency. The caregivers experience many difficulties linked to lack of support, financial problems, personal health concerns, emotional challenges, patient care issues, and social instability. In the article’s conclusion, the researcher offers a few recommendations for the government, the staff of the Arogyakeralam project, and the caregivers to enhance the overall wellbeing of the women caregivers through better functioning of the project and transformative healthcare policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Dental Science is the property of Brazilian Dental Science Journal-ICT-UNESP and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The study encompasses findings from a prospective quantitative screening of women family caregivers for depression as part of a larger mixed methods study designed to develop and validate a caregiver burden inventory for the home-based palliative care programme in Kerala, India. Aim: We assessed the proportion of women caregivers screening positive for depression and explored the associated factors. Methods: The Primary care Screening Questionnaire for Depression (PSQ4D) was used to screen participants for depression. Other variables analysed were caregiver and patient related factors, stresses, strains, support received, caregiver burden and quality of life domain variables as per the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L instrument. Results: Forty women (20.0%, 95% Confidence Intervals [CI] 14.46% - 25.54%) screened positive for depression on the PSQ4D. This was more likely if the care recipient was the spouse, if the care recipient had cancer, if the caregiver perceived a moderate or high physical/ psychological burden, or a high financial burden. Pain/ discomfort when included had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 8.2 (95% CI 2.6-26.0) and tended to decrease the AOR of all other significantly associated variables, except cancer diagnosis in the care recipient. Conclusion: Depression levels among women caregivers in primary palliative care settings in Kerala seem comparable to prevalence levels among women in the general population. Those caregivers reporting pain/ discomfort should be screened for depression using simple locally validated measures. Depression is associated with higher caregiver burden and poorer quality of life. Screening and treatment of depression may help mitigate these situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the role of gender and educational attainment in the extent and perceived consequences of family caregiving in middle age in Sweden, using data on persons aged 45–66 years from a nationally representative postal survey (n = 3630) conducted in 2013. The results confirm previous research regarding the role of gender and contradict it regarding the role of class. Among female caregivers, higher education is associated with lower well‐being, work performance and labour force participation relative to lower educated caregivers. When controlling for care intensity and other characteristics, these associations mostly remained. No significant associations were found among men. The results are discussed in the light of deteriorating working conditions in welfare service occupations in which many higher educated women work, and how service decline and increased fragmentation of eldercare increase the need for managerial caregiving (i.e., coordinating and handling contacts with authorities and care providers). For Swedish women, managerial caregiving increases risks of negative impacts on well‐being and work performance to the same extent as providing personal care. More research is needed to understand these surprising results. Tentative conclusions are that higher educated women experience more strain from combining paid work with family care, as their caregiving is more demanding and they more frequently work full‐time in high strain jobs. As they also have higher incomes, they both need and can afford to decrease their work hours to a greater extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores community care as part of social movements' territorial organization and, in addition, proposes to present useful analytical keys and dimensions for its study. The subjective and practical experience of women as leading roles plays here a central part, and makes it possible to develop many assumptions about the forms of political bonds and sociability concerning community care. The results of the study are based on the analysis of in-depth interviews with female caregivers who participate in territorially-based social movements. In addition, we also consider other experiences analyzed by the literature in order to trace the place given to community care practices and care relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: South African adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) report significant mental distress and sexual and reproductive health concerns. Mental health problems and trauma symptoms are consistently associated with sexual and reproductive health behavior. Despite their intersection, few interventions address them simultaneously or engage female caregivers (FC) as collaborators. This study presents findings from a pilot test of an empirically supported culturally adapted family-based HIV-prevention program, Informed Motivated Aware and Responsible Adolescents and Adults- South Africa (IMARA-SA), on AGYW anxiety, depression, and trauma.Methods: Sixty 15-19-year-old AGYW (mean age = 17.1 years) and their FC from outside Cape Town were randomized to IMARA-SA or a health promotion control program. AGYW reported their anxiety using the GAD-7, depression using the PHQ-9, and trauma using the PC-PTSD-5 at baseline and follow-up (6-10 months post). Both interventions were delivered by Xhosa-speaking Black South African women in groups over 2 days for approximately 10 h. We examined intervention effects using zero-inflated negative binomial regression for anxiety, multinomial logistic regression for depression, and logistic regression for trauma.Results: At baseline, groups did not differ in demographic characteristics but AGYW randomized to IMARA-SA had higher depression scores than controls (p = 0.04) and a greater proportion screened positive for PTSD (p = .07). Controlling for baseline mental health scores, AGYW who received IMARA-SA compared to controls had significantly fewer anxiety symptoms at follow-up (adjusted incidence rate ratio for count model = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.29-0.99, p = 0.05), were less likely to report at least one depressive symptom relative to no symptoms (relative risk ratio = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.95, p = 0.04), and were less likely to report symptoms of PTSD relative to no symptoms, but this difference was not statistically significant.Conclusions: Mental health is implicated in risky sexual behavior, and reducing emotional distress can mitigate exposure to poor sexual and reproductive health outcomes. This pilot study yielded promising findings for the mental health impact of IMARA-SA, justifying replication in a larger randomized trial.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Number NCT04758390 , accepted 17/02/2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gambling harm affects men and women relatively equally, and gender influences the social determinants of gambling harm. Responses to preventing and minimising women's gambling harm have been shaped and constrained by population research identifying male gender as a key risk factor for gambling problems. Gender analysis in gambling studies is rare and has lacked theoretical underpinning and coherence, limiting possibilities for gender-responsive and gender-aware harm prevention and reduction activities. Methods: Two influential qualitative studies of gambling harm in New Zealand (involving total n = 165 people who gambled, affected others, community leaders, gambling and community support service providers, policy makers and academics) neglected to explore the role of gender. This study revisited data collected in these studies, using thematic analysis informed by feminist social constructionist theory. The overarching research questions were: How do gender-related issues, notions and practices influence women's gambling related harm? What are the implications for women's gambling harm reduction? Results: Women's socio-cultural positioning as primary caregivers for families and children constrained their ability to access a range of recreational and support options and increased the attractiveness of local gambling opportunities as accessible and 'safe' outlets for stress reduction. Patriarchal practices of power and control within family contexts operated to maintain gambling behaviour, shut down alternative recreational opportunities, and limit women's autonomy. Consideration of these themes in relation to current health promotion practice in New Zealand revealed that national programmes and strategies appear to be operating without cognisance of these gender dynamics and therefore have the potential to exacerbate or cause some women harm. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the value of theoretically informed gender analysis for gambling harm reduction research, policy and practice. International guidelines for gender-aware and gender-responsive health research and practice should be engaged as a foundation for strategic and effective gambling harm reduction programmes, projects, research and policy, and as an essential part of developing and implementing interventions for gambling harm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conversation is presented between the three authors, Karen Flynn, Notisha Massaquoi, and Lana Ray, in which they discuss their viewpoints on Indigenous and Black women's involvement in health care and healing in Canada.

A conversation is presented in which the authors, Emilee Gilbert, Sarah Knott, and Carla Pascoe Leahy, discuss the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on academic mothers.

An introduction is presented in which the authors discuss the issue's theme of health, healing and caring.

Sarah Macnaughtan, a wealthy novelist, used volunteer care work to claim the legitimacy of her wartime experience in the South African and First World Wars and to assert women's rights in the early twentieth‐century British empire. Macnaughtan framed her caregiving experiences in both inherently domestic terms – 'from a kitchen window' – and as a justification for women's suffrage and participation in public life. Her example loosens a persistent binary between trained nurses and untrained wartime volunteers and highlights the importance of precedents set in the British empire to the feminist politics and caring practices of the First World War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a neuromuscular disease that leads to progressive and fatal physical deterioration. The progression of this disease requires frequent or permanent care that implies high levels of demand for the caregivers of children who have developed DMD. Certainly, this disease affects diagnosed children and their caregivers as well. The support from the health system is scarce for both, which translates into an intense burden for the mothers and women of the family who care the person diagnosed with DMD during their lifetime. This qualitative study with phenomenological approach aimed to analyze the meaning of the experience of being a caregiver for boys and young men living with DMD in Colombia. After obtaining their informed consent, caregivers were interviewed and a thematic analysis of their narratives was performed to determine three key topics that endow their experiences with meaning: (1) finding out about the disease, (2) living according to the needs of boys and young men, and (3) providing a new meaning to life. The results show that the meaning of DMD is strongly associated with intense suffering and psychological stress, with a high negative burden, especially during the initial years after diagnosis. The study suggests that it is important to assimilate and process these experiences and findings to learn how to live with DMD and identify the certainty of a child's premature death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early sexual initiation is associated with higher risk for sexually transmitted infection, teen pregnancy, domestic violence and substance use in later adolescence and early adulthood. Native American adolescents are more likely to have early sexual initiation compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Few programs designed with and for Native adolescents to delay sexual initiation and substance use have been tested through rigorous evaluations. This is the protocol for the randomized controlled trial of the Asdzáán Be'eena' program, a teen pregnancy and substance use prevention program for young Native girls and their female caregivers.Methods: N = 410 female adolescents ages 10-14 and their female caregivers will be enrolled in the study and randomized to the intervention or control arm. The intervention consists of the 11-session Asdzáán Be'eena' program. The control arm consists of mailed non-monetary incentives. All participants will complete evaluations at baseline and 3 follow-up timepoints (immediate, 6 and 12 months post intervention). Evaluations include measures to assess protective factors associated with delayed sexual initiation and substance use.Discussion: This is one of the first rigorous evaluations of a gender-specific, culturally tailored teen pregnancy and substance use primary prevention program for Native girls and their female caregivers. If proven efficacious, Native communities will have a culturally appropriate program for promoting protective factors associated with delayed substance use and sexual risk taking.Trial Registration: NCT04863729 ; April 27, 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual reproductive health communication between parents and children has been shown to promote safer sexual choices. In many South African households, third-generation female caregivers, often grandmothers or other older females, locally known as gogos, are primary caregivers of children due to parents being deceased or absent. Subsequently, the responsibility of talking about sex and related issues has shifted to these gogos. This study explored the experiences of gogos living in Alexandra, Johannesburg on talking about sex, sexuality and HIV and AIDS with children aged 10-18 years that are in their care.Methods: Ten primary caregivers were purposively selected. Data were collected through in-depth individual interviews. Thematic analysis was performed and inductive codes and themes identified.Results: All gogos selected found it difficult to discuss sex, sexuality and HIV and AIDS due to culture and traditional values impacting on personal experiences as well as generation and gender barriers. Perceived low self-efficacy due to low levels of knowledge and limited skills in speaking about sex, sexuality and HIV and AIDS also contributed to low levels of sexual reproductive health communication.Conclusions: This study highlights the need for interventions that focus on improving gogos' knowledge about sexual reproductive health in addition to providing them with the skills to talk about sex, sexuality and HIV and AIDS with children in their care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study explores the experience of care work in the labor trajectories of Chilean women, considering age and educational level. To this end, we interviewed fifty professional and non-professional women, aged between 24 and 88, and living in Santiago, Chile. The results show different types of care and their relationships with labor trajectories, through: a) changes in type of work, b) exits and re-entries, c) permanent retirements, and d) lack of interest in maternity. We highlight the role of care in women's lives, which can lead to both satisfaction and guilt. We conclude that traditional gender roles persist in a cultural system that limits the social management of care and that places its responsibility on women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The pilot study aimed to evaluate the association between women's depression risk and their children's return for dental treatment. Methods: A total of 175 female caregivers of children's presenting for an initial dental examination between May and October 2019 at a university clinic answered demographic questions and a validated survey on depression risk. An analysis of caregiver's depression risk relative to children's attendance at the next treatment appointment was made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring scholarship in reciprocity, gift and gendered social capital, and drawing upon research and analysis across 15 years (2003–2018), this article offers fresh theoretical insights into everyday practices of low-paid women with care responsibilities. Framing women's pragmatic mutuality in confronting precarity in their care arrangements, we propose the concept of 'Care Accounts', articulating a practice of collaborative workplace problem solving. Women lodge and generate good will with colleagues by swapping or extending their shifts to cover for each other; generating capacity and continuity of care across unexpected family events or crises. Systems of reciprocal workplace mutuality – care/work micro-networks – build as women pool their capacity to respond. We highlight, however, an ensnarement effect of Care Accounts, as they further lock women into low paid jobs. We suggest priority attention must be given to the prevalence and urgency of 'care-precarity' and the dereliction in care planning that Care Accounts reveal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores care as an inequality-creating phenomenon pertaining to the position of young female carers. Engaging the normative theory of Nancy Fraser on 'participatory parity' as a framework for equality, an intersectional analysis of childcare practices of young female carers reveals inequalities that cut across class and gender, and given the focus on young carers, age is incorporated as a third social category. The experiences of sibling care practices of older daughters are explored in the familialist institutional and cultural setting of Istanbul, where the gendered identity of the young carer is constructed, and the childhood participation is shaped in relation to the care work. Driving on the empirical study conducted in Istanbul, the article aims to build the link between the normative theory of equality and intersectional analysis of care family care practices of young female carers. The article argues that care emerges as an inequality-creating phenomenon that cuts across not just gender and class but also age in cases where the participatory parity is hindered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates linguistic strategies used in recipes from Mandarin Chinese food blogs that prompt interactions between writers and readers. Using analytical concepts such as contextualization cues and frames to analyze 122 recipes collected from five popular food blogs in Taiwan, this study explicates two research questions. First, what linguistic strategies do writers frequently employ as contextualization cues to prompt interactions from readers? Second, how do these contextualization cues help readers choose frames when responding to writers? The findings show that writers of popular food blogs often adopt three linguistic strategies to engage readers' discussions on recipes: narrative orientations, speech acts, and direct reported speech from family members. Three implications arise from interactions in the context of food blogs. First, writers usually adopt manifold contextualization cues to establish the frames of recipes intended by them. Second, the ways writers and readers use language to discuss food and create coherent discourses on food construct food blogs in Taiwan as an online community. Finally, recipes may reflect social phenomena, i.e. in Taiwan, more and more people, especially female caregivers in their families who are concerned about health, started to cook after serious breaches of food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES To examine factors associated with caregiver burden from a multifactorial perspective by examining caregiver and care recipient characteristics and a full range of caregiving tasks. DESIGN Nationally representative surveys of community‐dwelling older adults and their family caregivers residing in the United States. SETTING 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study and National Study of Caregiving. PARTICIPANTS Community‐dwelling older adults and their family caregivers. MEASUREMENTS Caregiver burden, comprising emotional, physical, and financial difficulties associated with caregiving. RESULTS: An estimated 14.9 million caregivers assisted 7.6 million care recipients. More than half of caregivers reported burden related to caregiving. In a multivariable regression model, caregivers who assisted with more activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, health management tasks, and health system logistics were more likely to experience burden, as were female caregivers, adult child caregivers, caregivers in poor health, caregivers with anxiety symptoms, and those using respite care. Dementia was the only care recipient characteristic associated with burden. CONCLUSION: Caregiver characteristics and provision of caregiving tasks determine caregiver burden more than care recipient characteristics. Absence of an association between type of a care recipient's chronic conditions and burden, except for dementia, suggests that the tasks that caregivers who assist older adults with a variety of health conditions undertake shape the experience of caregiving. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:277–283, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the influence of cultural beliefs and practices among a cohort of female caregivers on the utilization of oral healthcare for children Design: A hospital-based cross-sectional and exploratory study. Setting: The out-patient HIV-facilities at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), Getrude Children's Hospital (GCH) and Mbagathi County Referral Hospital (MCRH) in Nairobi City County (NCC). Subjects: Two hundred and twenty-one female caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS attending the HIV-facilities at KNH, GCH and MCRH. Results: Caregivers had poor recognition of dental illnesses, and mainly attributed dental caries and discoloration of teeth to the use of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs). They had diminished value for teeth, particularly the deciduous dentition, with tooth extraction being the preferred remedy for a painful tooth in a child. They had strong myths and folklore surrounding 'teething' in infants, including the belief that 'plastic' or 'nylon' teeth in infancy causes severe childhood illnesses. They were not averse to seeking traditional healing for dental conditions in infants and children. Conclusion: Female caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS in NCC have systems of cultural beliefs and practices on oral health and illness management of infant and childhood conditions which are prejudicial to the timely utilization of oral healthcare for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the international division of reproductive labor is incomplete without acknowledging the proliferation of state regulations in migrant-receiving countries, which result in restricting workers’ ability to maintain their own families and to exercise their full range of labor rights. An overview of trends in nations fueling the need for domestic workers and caregivers includes the social conditions for migrants increasingly fill this niche. The transnational circuits of care migration are constructed by the commercial and legal processes used to recruit and transport domestic workers. These are highlighted by analyzing the policies in the USA and United Arab Emirates to demonstrate the restrictions countries place on migrants seeking employment and the limited labor protections offered migrant domestic workers. Two otherwise different countries have adopted similar entry requirements tying migrant domestic workers to employer sponsored jobs in their homes. However, the USA offers fewer visa options to domestic workers and recruitment systems differ. Vulnerabilities faced by migrant domestics receiving visas are linked to these immigration policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article analyses the effects of the implementation of childcare pension credits for women in Uruguay, which were introduced as part of a social security reform in 2009. Using microdata from administrative records of the social security administration, we show that around 60% of retired women have used these credits between 2009 and 2015, computing on average 2.7 additional years of service. The use of childcare credits has been higher among more vulnerable female workers. Among women with lower pensions, childcare credits are used both to reach the required years for retirement and to improve the amount of pensions, whereas for women in the higher deciles the program mainly impacts on the amount of pensions. Using a difference in difference approach, we also show that the program has, to some extent, acted as a substitute for the mechanism of computing years of service through the declaration of witnesses, an extended practice in Uruguay to access pensions. Lastly, we show that, if these credits had not been incepted, female access to pensions would have been significantly lower, and gender gaps both in access to, and in the amount of, pensions would have been higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A family centered approach to the care of children with disability is a widely accepted concept. Traditionally in India, mothers or females in family are the primary care givers. Taking care of children with special needs may have an impact on the physical and mental health of care givers and hence it needs to be investigated. Aim: To know the Quality Of Life (QOL) of female caretakers of children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). The study also assessed the knowledge of the caretakers about the need for ophthalmic evaluation of these children. Materials and Methods: Thirty six consenting female care takers were administered self-designed validated questionnaire that had 22 items. It included demographic data and items to know the awareness amongst the caretakers regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation to know the awareness amongst the caretakers regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation. Chi-square test was used to know the association between mean QOL score and age of care taker, educational qualification and number of children in the family. It was also used to know the association between the five domains and mean QOL score. Results: The mean age of the study group was 31.39±0.707 years. Among the care givers, 41.66% were from rural background and 75% were unemployed. The mean QOL score was 40.47. Out of 36 participants, 20 (55.6%) had a mean score < 41 (good QOL), 16 (44.4%) had a mean score > 41 (poor QOL). Chi-square test showed significant statistical association between the mean QOL score and limitation of physical activities and burden (p<0.05). Out of 36 participants, 24 were not aware about the need for eye examination of CP children. Conclusion: The QOL of female caregivers of children with disabilities is influenced by several factors. There exists poor awareness regarding the need for ophthalmic evaluation among care givers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indian state of Kerala leads the demographic transition and characteristically showcases emigration of predominantly male adult children, leaving behind parents, spouses and children. When men emigrate, gendered contexts burden women, especially spouses and daughters-in-law, with caregiving duties including elder care. Employing the social exchange perspective and drawing on in-depth interviews of left-behind caregivers to older adults in emigrant households, we explore reciprocal motives, expectations and perceptions of burden. Findings resonate gendered expectations of care and social sanction that ensure women do much of the caregiving. Daughters-in-law sacrificed careers and endured separation from husbands to transition into caregiving roles, costs borne to effectuate their husband's filial role. Perceived non-reciprocity, unbalanced exchanges and unmet expectations increased perceptions of burden for caregivers. Temporary financial autonomy could hardly alleviate perceptions of burden among women caregivers who perceived emotional and functional support exchanges from husbands, older adults themselves or other family members as supportive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women and racial/ethnic minority dementia caregivers have unique caregiving experiences and support needs. To ensure the identification of potentially important differences in outcomes within these groups, the amended National Institutes of Health (NIH) Policy on Inclusion of Women and Minorities mandates reporting by gender and race/ethnicity. The objective of this study was to determine the inclusion and reporting rates among NIH-funded dementia caregiver support interventions. A focused systematic literature review of studies published from 1994 to 2015 located 48 articles meeting inclusion criteria. The majority of studies included women and racial/ethnic minorities; however, 67% did not report results by gender or racial/ethnic group. Acknowledgment of underreporting was more common for race/ethnicity than gender. Our findings suggest limited NIH guideline compliance that may reflect a lack of awareness regarding potential gender disparities in caregiving roles. Ensuring NIH guideline compliance necessitates shared investments from researchers, editors, and reviewers to ensure group differences are systematically identified and reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]