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This case report details an unusual manifestation of polydactyly in a litter of purebred Caucasian puppies, where the dam exhibited polydactyl traits while the sire is suspected to have an incomplete penetrance of the trait. All littermates, except one, manifest severe postnatal mortality and displayed polydactyl at birth. Out of a litter of six puppies, only Luna survived, resulting in a mortality rate of approximately 83.33%. Luna, the surviving pup, presented with anomalies including polydactyly on both pelvic limbs, short limb development, double row teeth, thoracolumbar tenderness, anaemia and babesiosis. Furthermore, the dam also exhibited secondary infertility, which prompted a literature review on probable genetic influences. However, we suspect SHH and ALX4 mutations due to their possible interference with sonic hedgehog and Wnt/beta‐catenin signalling pathways as being causal for the observed clinical signs, particularly the role of Wnt/beta‐catenin signalling, which is crucial for reproductive organ development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon, aggressive endocrine malignancy with a high rate of recurrence, a poor prognosis, and a propensity for metastasis. Currently, only mitotane has received certification from both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency for the therapy of advanced ACC. However, treatment in the advanced periods of the disorders is ineffective and has serious adverse consequences. Completely surgical excision is the only cure but has failed to effectively improve the survival of advanced patients. The aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the catalysts for adrenocortical carcinogenesis. Research has concentrated on identifying methods that can prevent the stimulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and are safe and advantageous for patients in view of the absence of effective treatments and the frequent alteration of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ACC. Comprehending the complex connection between the development of ACC and Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for accurate pharmacological targets. In this review, we summarize the potential targets between adrenocortical carcinoma and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We analyze the relevant targets of drugs or inhibitors that act on the Wnt pathway. Finally, we provide new insights into how drugs or inhibitors may improve the treatment of ACC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most aggressive subtype of kidney tumour with a poor prognosis and an increasing incidence rate worldwide. Brusatol, an essential active ingredient derived from Brucea javanica, exhibits potent antitumour properties. Our study aims to explore a novel treatment strategy for RCC patients. We predicted 37 molecular targets of brusatol based on the structure of brusatol, and MEF2A (Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2A) was selected as our object through bioinformatic analyses. We employed various experimental techniques, including RT‐PCR, western blot, CCK8, colony formation, immunofluorescence, wound healing, flow cytometry, Transwell assays and xenograft mouse models, to investigate the impact of MEF2A on RCC. MEF2A expression was found to be reduced in patients with RCC, indicating a close correlation with MEF2A deubiquitylation. Additionally, the protective effects of brusatol on MEF2A were observed. The overexpression of MEF2A inhibits RCC cell proliferation, invasion and migration. In xenograft mice, MEF2A overexpression in RCC cells led to reduced tumour size compared to the control group. The underlying mechanism involves the inhibition of RCC cell proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the modulation of Wnt/β‐catenin signalling. Altogether, we found that MEF2A overexpression inhibits RCC progression by Wnt/β‐catenin signalling, providing novel insight into diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for RCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Tooth development, as one of the major mineralized tissues in the body, require fine-tuning of mineralization micro-environment. The interaction between dental epithelium and mesenchyme plays a decisive role in this process. With epithelium–mesenchyme dissociation study, we found interesting expression pattern of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) in response to disruption of dental epithelium–mesenchyme interaction. Its action and related mechanisms as regulator of mineralization micro-environment during tooth development are investigated. Results Expressions of osteogenic markers at early stage of tooth development are significantly lower than those at later stage. BMP2 treatment further confirmed a high mineralization micro-environment is disruptive at early stage, but beneficial at later stage of tooth development. In contrast, IGFBP3's expression increased gradually from E14.5, peaked at P5, and decreased afterwards, demonstrating an inverse correlation with osteogenic markers. RNA-Seq and Co-immunoprecipitation showed that IGFBP3 regulates the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway activity by enhancing DKK1 expression and direct protein–protein interaction. The suppression of the mineralization microenvironment effectuated by IGFBP3 could be reversed by the DKK1 inhibitor WAY-262611, further demonstrating that IGFBP3 exerted its influence via DKK1. Conclusion A deeper understanding of tooth development mechanisms is essential for tooth regeneration, which have great implications for dental care. The current study demonstrated that the IGFBP3 expression is regulated in accordance with the needs of the mineralization microenvironment during tooth development, and IGFBP3 exerts its modulating action on osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs by DKK1-Wnt/ beta-catenin axis.

Background: Tooth development, as one of the major mineralized tissues in the body, require fine-tuning of mineralization micro-environment. The interaction between dental epithelium and mesenchyme plays a decisive role in this process. With epithelium–mesenchyme dissociation study, we found interesting expression pattern of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) in response to disruption of dental epithelium–mesenchyme interaction. Its action and related mechanisms as regulator of mineralization micro-environment during tooth development are investigated. Results: Expressions of osteogenic markers at early stage of tooth development are significantly lower than those at later stage. BMP2 treatment further confirmed a high mineralization micro-environment is disruptive at early stage, but beneficial at later stage of tooth development. In contrast, IGFBP3's expression increased gradually from E14.5, peaked at P5, and decreased afterwards, demonstrating an inverse correlation with osteogenic markers. RNA-Seq and Co-immunoprecipitation showed that IGFBP3 regulates the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway activity by enhancing DKK1 expression and direct protein–protein interaction. The suppression of the mineralization microenvironment effectuated by IGFBP3 could be reversed by the DKK1 inhibitor WAY-262611, further demonstrating that IGFBP3 exerted its influence via DKK1. Conclusion: A deeper understanding of tooth development mechanisms is essential for tooth regeneration, which have great implications for dental care. The current study demonstrated that the IGFBP3 expression is regulated in accordance with the needs of the mineralization microenvironment during tooth development, and IGFBP3 exerts its modulating action on osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs by DKK1-Wnt/ beta-catenin axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fracture nonunion and bone defects are challenging for orthopedic surgeons. Milk fat globule‐epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG‐E8), a glycoprotein possibly secreted by macrophages in a fracture hematoma, participates in bone development. However, the role of MFG‐E8 in the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is unclear. We investigated the osteogenic effect of MFG‐E8 in vitro and in vivo. The CCK‐8 assay was used to assess the effect of recombinant human MFG‐E8 (rhMFG‐E8) on the viability of hBMSCs. Osteogenesis was investigated using RT‐PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alizarin red staining were used to evaluate ALP activity and mineralization, respectively. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to evaluate the secretory MFG‐E8 concentration. Knockdown and overexpression of MFG‐E8 in hBMSCs were established via siRNA and lentivirus vector transfection, respectively. Exogenous rhMFG‐E8 was used to verify the in vivo therapeutic effect in a tibia bone defect model based on radiographic analysis and histological evaluation. Endogenous and secretory MFG‐E8 levels increased significantly during the early osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Knockdown of MFG‐E8 inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Overexpression of MFG‐E8 and rhMFG‐E8 protein increased the expression of osteogenesis‐related genes and proteins and enhanced calcium deposition. The active β‐catenin to total β‐catenin ratio and the p‐GSK3β protein level were increased by MFG‐E8. The MFG‐E8‐induced enhanced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs was partially attenuated by a GSK3β/β‐catenin signaling inhibitor. Recombinant MFG‐E8 accelerated bone healing in a rat tibial‐defect model. In conclusion, MFG‐E8 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs by regulating the GSK3β/β‐catenin signaling pathway and so, is a potential therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the high mutation frequencies of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF in colorectal cancer (CRC), there are no effective and reliable inhibitors for these biomarkers. Protocadherin-7 (PCDH7) is regarded as a potentially targetable surface molecule in cancer cells and plays an important role in their proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance. However, the roles and underlying mechanisms of PCDH7 in CRC remain unclear. In the current study, we found that different colorectal cancer cells expressed PCDH7 over a wide range. The levels of PCDH7 expression were positively associated with cell proliferation and drug resistance in CRC cells but negatively correlated with the potential for cell migration and invasion. Our data indicated that PCDH7 mediated the resistance of CRC cells to ABT-263 (a smallmolecule Bcl-2 inhibitor that induces apoptosis) by inhibiting cell apoptosis, which was supported by the downregulation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and PARP cleavage. We found that PCDH7 effectively promoted Mcl-1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, PCDH7 activated the Wnt signaling pathway, which was confirmed by the increase in β-catenin and c-Myc expression. Finally, and notably, S63845, a novel Mcl-1 inhibitor, not only effectively attenuated the inhibitory effect of PCDH7 on cell apoptosis induced by ABT-263 in vitro but also sensitized PCDH7-overexpressed CRC cell-derived xenografts to ABT-263 in vivo. Taken together, although PCDH7 inhibited the migration and invasion of CRC cells, it could facilitate the development of drug resistance in colorectal cancer cells by positively modulating Mcl-1 expression. The application of the Mcl-1 inhibitor S63845 could be a potential strategy for CRC chemotherapy, especially in CRC with high levels of PCDH7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and maturation of cortical GABAergic interneurons has been extensively studied, with much focus on nuclear regulation via transcription factors. While these seminal events are critical for the establishment of interneuron developmental milestones, recent studies on cellular signaling cascades have begun to elucidate some potential contributions of cell signaling during development. Here, we review studies underlying three broad signaling families, mTOR, MAPK, and Wnt/beta-catenin in cortical interneuron development. Notably, each pathway harbors signaling factors that regulate a breadth of interneuron developmental milestones and properties. Together, these events may work in conjunction with transcriptional mechanisms and other events to direct the complex diversity that emerges during cortical interneuron development and maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effects of jatrorrhizine on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells via the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 was treated with varying concentrations of jatrorrhizine and then the effects of varying concentrations of jatrorrhizine on apoptosis of the cell were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to test the protein expression of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The breast cancer cells treated with 0 µM jatrorrhizine, breast cancer cells treated with 5 µM showed significant down-regulation in proliferation (p>0.05) and the breast cancer cells treated with 20 µM jatrorrhizine obviously decreased in proliferation activity, indicating the presence of statistical difference (p<0.05). The breast cancer cells treated with 0 µM jatrorrhizine and those treated with 5 µM showed an increase in apoptosis rate, the breast cancer cells treated with 20 µM jatrorrhizine obviously increased in apoptosis rate, indicating the presence of statistical difference (p<0.05). 0 µM group, the experiment of cell invasion and migration showed that 5 µM group experienced remarkable decline in the number of invasive and migratory cells vs. 0 µM group (p<0.05); and in this respect, 20 µM group had a marked decrease vs. 5 µM group, showing significant difference (p<0.05). In contrast with 0 µM group, apoptosis rate and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression level were observed to be an obvious decline and caspase-3 expression level presented an apparent increase in 5 µM group (p<0.05). In contrast with 5 µM group, apoptosis rate and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression level were observed to be an obvious decline and caspase-3 expression level presented an apparent increase in 20 µM group (p<0.05). After 48 h of treatment with jatrorrhizine, the beta-catenin expression in breast cancer cells was down-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner and whereas those of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and E-cadherin were up-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner, but that of interstitial marker protein N-cadherin in 5 µM group and 20 µM group was remarkably lower vs. 0 µM group. The regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway following the treatment of MDA-MB-468 with jatrorrhizine can promote apoptosis, inhibit proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously reported that traumatic brain injuries (TBI) alter the cerebrovasculature near the injury site in rats, followed by revascularization over a 2-week period. Here, we tested our hypothesis that male and female adult mice have differential cerebrovascular responses following a moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI). Using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a new technique called vessel painting, and immunohistochemistry, we found no differences between males and females in lesion volume, neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier (BBB) alteration, and microglia activation. However, females exhibited more astrocytic hypertrophy and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) induction at 1 day post-injury (dpi), whereas males presented with increased endothelial activation and expression of β-catenin, shown to be involved in angiogenesis. At 7 dpi, we observed an increase in the number of vessels and an enhancement in vessel complexity in the injured cortex of males compared with females. Cerebrovasculature recovers differently after CCI, suggesting biological sex should be considered when designing new therapeutic agents.

Fallopian tube epithelial cells (FTEC) are thought to be the cell of origin of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma. FTEC organoids can be used as research models for the disease. Nevertheless, culturing organoids requires a medium supplemented with several expensive growth factors. We proposed that a combined conditioned medium based on the composition of the fallopian tubes, including epithelial, stromal, and endothelial cells could enhance FTEC organoid formation. We derived two primary culture cell lines from the fimbria portion of the fallopian tubes. The organoids were split into conventional or combined medium groups based on what medium they were grown in and compared. The number and size of the organoids were evaluated. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to evaluate gene and protein expression (PAX8, FOXJ1, beta-catenin, and stemness genes). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure Wnt3a and RSPO1 in both mediums. DKK1 and LiCl were added to the mediums to evaluate their influence on beta-catenin signaling. The growth factor in the combined medium was evaluated by the growth factor array. We found that the conventional medium was better for organoids regarding proliferation (number and size). In addition, WNT3A and RSPO1 concentrations were too low in the combined medium and needed to be added making the cost equivalent to the conventional medium. However, the organoid formation rate was 100% in both groups. Furthermore, the combined medium group had higher PAX8 and stemness gene expression (OLFM4, SSEA4, LGR5, B3GALT5) when compared with the conventional medium group. Wnt signaling was evident in the organoids grown in the conventional medium but not in the combined medium. PLGF, IGFBP6, VEGF, bFGF, and SCFR were found to be enriched in the combined medium. In conclusion, the combined medium could successfully culture organoids and enhance PAX8 and stemness gene expression. However, the conventional medium was a better medium for organoid proliferation. The expense of both mediums was comparable. The benefit of using a combined medium requires further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the effects of jatrorrhizine on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells via the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-468 was treated with varying concentrations of jatrorrhizine and then the effects of varying concentrations of jatrorrhizine on apoptosis of the cell were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to test the protein expression of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The breast cancer cells treated with 0 μM jatrorrhizine, breast cancer cells treated with 5 μM showed significant down-regulation in proliferation (p>0.05) and the breast cancer cells treated with 20 μM jatrorrhizine obviously decreased in proliferation activity, indicating the presence of statistical difference (p<0.05). The breast cancer cells treated with 0 μM jatrorrhizine and those treated with 5 μM showed an increase in apoptosis rate, the breast cancer cells treated with 20 μM jatrorrhizine obviously increased in apoptosis rate, indicating the presence of statistical difference (p<0.05). 0 μM group, the experiment of cell invasion and migration showed that 5 μM group experienced remarkable decline in the number of invasive and migratory cells vs. 0 μM group (p<0.05); and in this respect, 20 μM group had a marked decrease vs. 5 μM group, showing significant difference (p<0.05). In contrast with 0 μM group, apoptosis rate and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression level were observed to be an obvious decline and caspase-3 expression level presented an apparent increase in 5 μM group (p<0.05). In contrast with 5 μM group, apoptosis rate and B-cell lymphoma 2 expression level were observed to be an obvious decline and caspase-3 expression level presented an apparent increase in 20 μM group (p<0.05). After 48 h of treatment with jatrorrhizine, the beta-catenin expression in breast cancer cells was down-regulated in a concentrationdependent manner and whereas those of glycogen synthase kinase-3 and E-cadherin were up-regulated in a concentration-dependent manner, but that of interstitial marker protein N-cadherin in 5 μM group and 20 μM group was remarkably lower vs. 0 μM group. The regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway following the treatment of MDA-MB-468 with jatrorrhizine can promote apoptosis, inhibit proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysosomes are highly dynamic organelles involved in the breakdown and recycling of macromolecules, cell cycle, cell differentiation, and cell death, among many other functions in eukaryotic cells. Recently, lysosomes have been identified as cellular hubs for the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways, such as the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Here we analyzed morphological and functional characteristics of lysosomes in muscle and non-muscle cells during chick myogenesis, as well as their modulation by the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Our results show that (i) muscle and non-muscle cells show differences in lysosomal size and its distribution, (ii) lysosomes are found in spherical structures in myoblasts and fibroblasts and tubular structures in myotubes, (iii) lysosomes are found close to the plasma membrane in fibroblasts and close to the nucleus in myoblasts and myotubes, (iv) lysosomal distribution and size are dependent on the integrity of microtubules and microfilaments in myogenic cells, (v) alterations in lysosomal function, in the expression of LAMP2, and in Wnt/beta-catenin pathway affect the distribution and size of lysosomes in myogenic cells, (vi) the effects of the knockdown of LAMP2 on myogenesis can be rescued by the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway, and (vii) the chloroquine Lys05 is a potent inhibitor of both the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and lysosomal function. Our data highlight the involvement of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in the regulation of the positioning, size, and function of lysosomes during chick myogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometrial cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women and the precursor lesion is endometrial hyperplasia. HOXA10 is a transcription factor that plays key roles in endometrial functions such as the endowment of receptivity, embryo implantation, and trophoblast invasion. Herein, using testicular transgenesis, we developed transgenic mice that expressed a shRNA against HOXA10 and there was a nearly 70% reduction in the expression of HOXA10 in these animals. We observed that downregulation of HOXA10 led to the development of endometrial hyperplasia in the young animals (3 months), and as they aged (>1 year), most animals developed well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma. In the endometrium of animals with reduced HOXA10, there was increased proliferation and elevated levels of ERa and ERß. In parallel, there was increased expression of Wnt4 and ß-Catenin, SOX9, and YAP1. We propose that chronic reduction in HOXA10 expression disrupts multiple pathways in the uterus that aids in the development of endometrial hyperplasia which progresses to endometrial cancer with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydra's almost unlimited regenerative potential is based on Wnt signaling, but so far it is unknown how the injury stimulus is transmitted to discrete patterning fates in head and foot regenerates. We previously identified mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) among the earliest injury response molecules in Hydra head regeneration. Here, we show that three MAPKs--p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs)--are essential to initiate regeneration in Hydra, independent of the wound position. Their activation occurs in response to any injury and requires calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling. Phosphorylated MAPKs hereby exhibit cross talk with mutual antagonism between the ERK pathway and stress-induced MAPKs, orchestrating a balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Importantly, Wnt3 and Wnt9/10c, which are induced by MAPK signaling, can partially rescue regeneration in tissues treated with MAPK inhibitors. Also, foot regenerates can be reverted to form head tissue by a pharmacological increase of β-catenin signaling or the application of recombinant Wnts. We propose a model in which a β-catenin-based stable gradient of head-forming capacity along the primary body axis, by differentially integrating an indiscriminate injury response, determines the fate of the regenerating tissue. Hereby, Wnt signaling acquires sustained activation in the head regenerate, while it is transient in the presumptive foot tissue. Given the high level of evolutionary conservation of MAPKs and Wnts, we assume that this mechanism is deeply embedded in our genome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol on a mouse model of Parkinson's disease and to explore whether the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway was involved. Thirty male C57 black 6 mice were randomly divided into a control group, a model group (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) and a treatment group (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine resveratrol) (n=10). The model and treatment groups were intraperitoneally injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (30 mg/kg in normal saline) to induce Parkinson's disease. Then the treatment group was administered with resveratrol (20 mg/kg in 0.5 % sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution) on the 1st d of modeling. The motor coordination ability was studied by the pole climbing test. Astrocyte and microglia activations in the substantia nigra pars compacta were observed by immunohistochemical staining. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced striatum dopamine release was measured by high performance liquid chromatography and dopamine transporter level was detected with Western blot. SH-SY5Y cell viability and dependence on the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and Western blot, respectively. Resveratrol relieved the motor dysfunction, death of dopaminergic neurons, activation of astrocytes and microglia, as well as reduction of striatum dopamine content induced by neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in vitro. It also alleviated the damage of SH-SY5Y cells induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. Resveratrol increased the levels of proteins from the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in the mouse model of Parkinson's disease and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinetreated SH-Y5Y cells. Resveratrol exerted neuroprotective effects on the Parkinson's disease model predominantly by regulating the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aimsHepatocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential to overcome the shortage of primary hepatocytes for clinical use and drug development. Many strategies for this process have been reported, but the functionality of the resulting cells is incomplete. We hypothesize that the functionality of hPSC-derived hepatocytes might be improved by making the differentiation method more similar to normal in vivo hepatic development.MethodsWe tested combinations of growth factors and small molecules targeting candidate signaling pathways culled from the literature to identify optimal conditions for differentiation of hESCs to hepatocytes, using qRT-PCR for stage-specific markers to identify the best conditions. Immunocytochemistry was then used to validate the selected conditions. Finally, induction of expression of metabolic enzymes in terminally differentiated cells was used to assess the functionality of the hESC-derived hepatocytes.ResultsOptimal differentiation of hESCs was attained using a 5-stage protocol. After initial induction of definitive endoderm (stage 1), we showed that inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin pathway during the 2nd and 3rd stages of differentiation was required to specify first posterior foregut, and then hepatic gut cells. In contrast, during the 4th stage of differentiation, we found that activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway allowed generation of proliferative bipotent hepatoblasts, which then were efficiently differentiated into hepatocytes in the 5th stage by dual inhibition of TGF-β and NOTCH signaling.ConclusionHere, we show that stage-specific regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway results in improved differentiation of hESCs to functional hepatocytes.

Sclerostin is a negative regulator of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling and is, therefore, an important inhibitor of bone formation and turnover. Because ectopic vascular calcification develops in a similar way to bone formation, one might reasonably attribute a role to sclerostin in this pathological process. Ectopic calcification, especially vascular calcification, importantly contributes to mortality in elderly and patients with diabetes, osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and hypertension. The central players in this ectopic calcification process are the vascular smooth muscle cells that undergo dedifferentiation and thereby acquire characteristics of bonelike cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that depletion/deactivation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling inhibitor sclerostin may promote the development of ectopic calcifications through stimulation of bone‐anabolic effects at the level of the arteries. We investigated the role of sclerostin (encoded by the Sost gene) during vascular calcification by using either Sost−/− mice or anti‐sclerostin antibody. Sost−/− and wild‐type (WT) mice (C57BL/6J background) were administered an adenine‐containing diet to promote the development of CKD‐induced vascular calcification. Calcifications developed more extensively in the cardiac vessels of adenine‐exposed Sost−/− mice, compared to adenine‐exposed WT mice. This could be concluded from the cardiac calcium content as well as from cardiac tissue sections on which calcifications were visualized histochemically. In a second experiment, DBA/2J mice were administered a warfarin‐containing diet to induce vascular calcifications in the absence of CKD. Here, warfarin exposure led to significantly increased aortic and renal tissue calcium content. Calcifications, which were present in the aortic medial layer and renal vessels, were significantly more pronounced when warfarin treatment was combined with anti‐sclerostin antibody treatment. This study demonstrates a protective effect of sclerostin during vascular calcification. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have shown to be potential therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic targets in disease therapy. These endogenous non-coding RNAs contribute to regulation of different cellular events that are necessary for maintaining physiological condition. Dysregulation of miRNAs is correlated with development of various pathological events such as neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. miRNA-489 is a new emerging miRNA and studies are extensively investigating its role in pathological conditions. Herein, potential function of miRNA-489 as tumor-suppressor in various cancers is described. miRNA-489 is able to sensitize cancer cells into chemotherapy by disrupting molecular pathways involved in cancer growth such as PI3K/Akt, and induction of apoptosis. The PROX1 and SUZ12 as oncogenic pathways, are affected by miRNA-489 in suppressing metastasis of cancer cells. Wnt/β-catenin as an oncogenic factor ensuring growth and malignancy of tumors is inhibited via miRNA-489 function. For enhancing drug sensitivity of tumors, restoring miRNA-489 expression is a promising strategy. The lncRNAs can modulate miRNA-489 expression in tumors and studies about circRNA role in miRNA-489 modulation should be performed. The expression level of miRNA-489 is a diagnostic tool for tumor detection. Besides, down-regulation of miRNA-489 in tumors provides unfavorable prognosis. [Display omitted] • The microRNA (miRNA)-489 functions as tumor-suppressor role in tumors, • miRNA-489 inhibits growth and invasion via affecting molecular pathways, • miRNA-489 promotes drug sensitivity of tumors, • PI3K/Akt and Wnt as main pathways affected by miRNA-489 in tumor therapy, • miRNA-489 expression is considered as diagnostic and prognostic tool in tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vivo function of CDK5 and Abl enzyme substrate 2 (Cables2), belonging to the Cables protein family, is unknown. Here, we found that targeted disruption of the entire Cables2 locus (Cables2d) caused growth retardation and enhanced apoptosis at the gastrulation stage and then induced embryonic lethality in mice. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed disruption of Cables2, 50% down-regulation of Rps21 abutting on the Cables2 locus, and up-regulation of p53-target genes in Cables2d gastrulas. We further revealed the lethality phenotype in Rps21-deleted mice and unexpectedly, the exon 1-deleted Cables2 mice survived. Interestingly, chimeric mice derived from Cables2d ESCs carrying exogenous Cables2 and tetraploid wild-type embryo overcame gastrulation. These results suggest that the diminished expression of Rps21 and the completed lack of Cables2 expression are intricately involved in the embryonic lethality via the p53 pathway. This study sheds light on the importance of Cables2 locus in mouse embryonic development.

Ultra violet (UV) irradiation, in particular UVB, is the single most important carcinogen for skin tumor formation. UVB induces genetic mutations and immune suppression, which lead to abnormal cell proliferation and eventually tumor formation. Previously studies from our group and others demonstrated that both global and epidermal specific VDR knock out mice are predisposed to either chemical (DMBA)- or long-term UVB-induced skin tumor formation, paralleled by an increase in β-catenin signaling. Using primary cultured human keratinocytes, we further demonstrated that 1,25(OH)2-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) suppresses cyclin D1 and Gli1 which are regulated by β-catenin/TCF signaling and have a critical role in epidermal carcinogenesis. Blockage of VDR by siRNA resulted in hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, and increased expression of cyclin D1 and Gli1. In addition, we also showed that 1,25(OH)2D3/VDR directly regulates transcriptional activity of β-catenin/TCF signaling using the -catenin reporter TopGlow. Using K14 driven tamoxifen-induced cre recombinase to delete both VDR and β-catenin in keratinocytes of mice following the first hair follicle cycle, we found that ablation of epidermal specific β-catenin cannot rescue VDR null mice from UVB-induced skin tumor formation. Further study using VDR or β-catenin single null mice is necessary to compare with the data from double null mice. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent and self-renewal cells that are widely used in regenerative medicine. The culture of three-dimensional (3D) spheroid MSCs more accurately mimics the biological microenvironment. However, it is unclear which key molecules are responsible for the cell fate control of MSCs during 3D spheroid formation and their impact on the functional characteristics of these stem cells. Furthermore, it remains unclear what effects 3D spheroid MSC transplantation has on new bone formation compared with that of 2D monolayer MSCs. We assessed whether the osteogenerative potential of 3D spheroid MSCs is greater than that of 2D monolayer MSCs in vitro. In addition, to elucidate the ability of 3D spheroid MSCs to regenerate bone, we examined the effects of transplanting wild-type (WT) or knockout (KO) spheroid MSCs on new bone formation in mice calvarial defect model in vitro. The 3D spheroid MSC culture dramatically upregulated into stemness markers compared with the 2D monolayer MSC culture. In contrast, BMP-2 significantly increased the osteogenesis-related molecules in the 3D spheroid MSCs but, in turn, downregulated the stemness markers. BMP-2 activated Smad1/5 together with Wnt/β-catenin in 3D spheroid MSCs. Transplantation of these MSCs into aged mice with calvarial defects promoted new bone formation compared with that of 2D monolayer MSCs. In contrast, transplantation of 3D or 2D β-catenin knockout MSCs induced little new bone formation. The 3D spheroid MSC culture had higher stemness compared with the 2D monolayer MSC culture. The culture of 3D spheroid MSCs rapidly promoted osteoblastogenesis and bone formation through synergistic activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vitro. The transformation of 3D spheroid, but not 2D monolayer, MSCs promoted new bone regeneration in vivo. These results indicate that transplantation of 3D spheroid MSCs in regeneration therapy contributes to a shorter regenerative healing process, including new bone formation. • The culture of 3D spheroid MSCs had higher stemness than 2D monolayer MSCs. • The 3D MSCs powerfully promoted new bone formation through synergistic Wnt pathway. • The 3D MSCs transplantation contributes to a shorter in bone healing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Organ scarring, referred to as fibrosis, results from a failed wound-healing response to chronic tissue injury and is characterised by the aberrant accumulation of various extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Once established, fibrosis is recognised as a hallmark of stiffened and dysfunctional tissues, hence, various fibrosis-related diseases collectively contribute to high morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Despite this, these diseases are ineffectively treated by currently-available medications. The pro-fibrotic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β 1 , has emerged as the master regulator of fibrosis progression, owing to its ability to promote various factors and processes that facilitate rapid ECM synthesis and deposition, whilst negating ECM degradation. TGF-β 1 signal transduction is tightly controlled by canonical (Smad-dependent) and non-canonical (MAP kinase- and Rho-associated protein kinase-dependent) intracellular protein activity, whereas its pro-fibrotic actions can also be facilitated by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This review outlines the pathological sequence of events and contributing roles of TGF-β 1 in the progression of fibrosis, and how the Wnt/β-catenin pathway contributes to tissue repair in acute disease settings, but to fibrosis and related tissue dysfunction in synergy with TGF-β 1 in chronic diseases. It also outlines the anti-fibrotic and related signal transduction mechanisms of the hormone, relaxin, that are mediated via its negative modulation of TGF-β 1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, but through the promotion of Wnt/β-catenin activity in acute disease settings. Collectively, this highlights that the crosstalk between TGF-β 1 signal transduction and the Wnt/β-catenin cascade may provide a therapeutic target that can be exploited to broadly treat and reverse established fibrosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway plays a crucial role in regulating cellular processes and has been implicated in neural activity-dependent learning as well as anxiety. However, the role of this pathway in young children with abnormal cortical development is unknown. Cortical malformations at early development, behavioral abnormalities, and a susceptibility to seizures have been reported in rats prenatally exposed to methylazoxymethanol. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether we could improve the behavioral deficits in young rats with malformed cerebral cortices by modulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. We found a small molecule Wnt/beta-catenin inhibitor (CWP) that increased exploratory behavior in the open field test (P9, CWP 100 ug treatment, peripheral exploration, P = 0.011) and social behavior test (P12, CWP 250 ug treatment, distance traveled in center, P = 0.033) and decreased anxiety in fear conditioning. However, it did not reduce the susceptibility to seizures. After high dose (250 ug) CWP treatment at P12, phosphocreatine and glutathione (GSH) were decreased in the cortex at P15 (P = 0.021). These findings suggest that the role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in exploratory behavior and anxiety during early development warrants further investigation. • The Wnt/beta-catenin pathway is involved in neurocognitive behaviors. • Wnt/beta-catenin inhibitor (CWP) improves behaviors in malformed cortical rats. • High-dose CWP treatment affects cortical phosphocreatine and glutathione levels. • Wnt/beta-catenin pathway role in early behavioral regulation should be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with changes in the genetic and epigenetic levels of various genes. The molecular assessment of CRC is gaining increasing attention, and furthermore, there is an increase in biomarker use for disease prognostication. Therefore, the identification of different gene biomarkers through messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance levels may be useful for capturing the complex effects of CRC. In this study, we demonstrate that the high mRNA levels of 10 upregulated genes (DPEP1, KRT80, FABP6, NKD2, FOXQ1, CEMIP, ETV4, TESC, FUT1, and GAS2) are observed in CRC cell lines and public CRC datasets. Moreover, we find that a high mRNA expression of DPEP1, NKD2, CEMIP, ETV4, TESC, or FUT1 is significantly correlated with a worse prognosis in CRC patients. Further investigation reveals that CTNNB1 is the key factor in the interaction of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway with 10 upregulated CRC-associated genes. In particular, we identify NKD2, FOXQ1, and CEMIP as three CTNNB1-regulated genes. Moreover, individual inhibition of the expression of three CTNNB1-regulated genes can cause the growth inhibition of CRC cells. This study reveals efficient biomarkers for the prognosis of CRC and provides a new molecular interaction network for CRC.

Abstract Cancer cells are the site of numerous metabolic and thermodynamic abnormalities. We focus this review on the interactions between the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) in cancers and their implications from an energetic and metabolic point of view. In numerous tissues, PPAR gamma activation induces inhibition of beta-catenin pathway, while the activation of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin pathway inactivates PPAR gamma. In most cancers but not all, PPAR gamma is downregulated while the WNT/beta-catenin pathway is upregulated. In cancer cells, upregulation of the WNT/beta-catenin signaling induces dramatic changes in key metabolic enzymes that modify their thermodynamic behavior. This leads to activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase1 (PDK-1) and monocarboxylate lactate transporter. Consequently, phosphorylation of PDK-1 inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Thus, a large part of pyruvate cannot be converted into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) in mitochondria and only a part of acetyl-CoA can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This leads to aerobic glycolysis in spite of the availability of oxygen. This phenomenon is referred to as the Warburg effect. Cytoplasmic pyruvate is converted into lactate. The WNT/beta-catenin pathway induces the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation, i.e., MYC and CYCLIN D1. This ultimately promotes the nucleotide, protein and lipid synthesis necessary for cell growth and multiplication. In cancer, activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway induces an increase of the aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, prostaglandin E2 by activating the canonical WNT pathway plays also a role in cancer. In addition in many cancer cells, PPAR gamma is downregulated. Moreover, PPAR gamma contributes to regulate some key circadian genes. In cancers, abnormalities in the regulation of circadian rhythms (CRs) are observed. CRs are dissipative structures which play a key-role in far-from-equilibrium thermodynamics. In cancers, metabolism, thermodynamics and CRs are intimately interrelated.

Recently, the emerging role of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been identified in osteogenesis and the development of osteoporosis. Here, we found that miR-545-3p was decreased with the progression of osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Gain-of-function assay elucidated that ectopic expression of miR-545-3p led to abolishment on the levels of osteogenic differentiation markers including OC, ALP and Runx2, as well as increase on the expression of SOST, a negative regulator of osteogenic differentiation. Meanwhile, we explained that the inhibitory role of miR-545-3p in the proliferation of differentiated MC3T3-E1 cells was attributed to its induction on apoptosis. Furthermore, the mechanistic investigations validated that miR-545-3p inactivated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by post-transcriptionally silencing LRP5. Importantly, we verified that miR-545-3p-confined osteogenic differentiation was mediated by the inhibition of LRP5-dependent Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Furthermore, it was identified that miR-545-3p downregulation in osteogenic differentiation was due to the positive transcriptional regulation by SP1, an osteoporosis-promoting transcription factor that was proved to be lessened along with osteoblastic differentiation. Jointly, this study elaborated that the SP1-modulated miR-545-3p functions as an osteogenesis-inhibitory factor through targeting LRP5 to inactivate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Remarkably, strategies targeting miR-545-3p might be an innovative idea for the therapy of patients with osteoporosis. • miR-545-3p is gradually downregulated and plays a suppressive part in osteogenic differentiation. • miR-545-3p inactivates Wnt/β-catenin pathway through targeting LRP5. • The restraining effect of miR-545-3p on osteogenesis is mediated via LRP5/Wnt/β-catenin signaling. • miR-545-3p is transcriptionally activated by SP1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carboxypeptidase E, also known as neurotrophic factor-α1 (CPE-NFα1), was first discovered as an exopeptidase and is known to work by cleaving C-terminal basic amino acids from prohormone intermediates to produce mature peptide hormones and neuropeptides in the endocrine and central nervous systems, respectively. CPE-NFα1 also plays a critical role in prohormone sorting and secretory vesicle transportation. Recently, emerging studies have indicated that CPE-NFα1 exerts multiple non-enzymatic physiological roles in maintaining normal central nervous system function and in neurodevelopment. This includes potent neuroprotective and anti-depressant activities, as well as stem cell differentiation functions. In addition, N-terminal truncated variants of CPE-NFα1 have been identified to regulate expression of important neurodevelopmental genes. This mini-review summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms underlying CPE-NFα1's function in neuroprotection during stress and aspects of neurodevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polydatin, a small molecule from Polygonum cuspidatum, has many biological functions, particularly anti-cancer effects. However, the anti-cancer effects of polydatin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been examined yet. In the present study, MTT assay, BrdU assay, transwell invasion assay, and wound healing assay were performed to determine cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were used to measure cell apoptosis. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting assays were used to determine mRNA and protein expression levels. Xenograft experiment was performed to determine the in vivo anti-tumor effect of polydatin. Immunostaining was performed to analyze the expression of caspase-3 and Ki-67. Our results showed that polydatin inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner in the HCC cell lines. Polydatin also induced cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner possibly via increasing the caspase-3 activity, and up-regulating the protein expression of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, and down-regulating the protein expression of Bcl-2. In addition, polydatin treatment had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, invasion and migration in HCC cell lines. Polydatin treatment also suppressed the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling activities in HCC cells. Polydatin treatment significantly reduced tumor growth in nude mice inoculated with HepG2 cells, suppressed the expression of Ki-67, and increased caspase-3 expression and TUNEL activity. Our data indicated the important role of polydatin for the suppression of HCC progression.

Parathyroid tumors deregulate microRNAs belonging to the two clusters on the chromosome 19, the C19MC and miR-371-373 clusters. Here, we report that the embryonic miR-372 is aberrantly expressed in half of parathyroid adenomas (PAds) in most of atypical adenomas and carcinomas (n = 15). Through in situ hybridization, we identified that miR-372-positive parathyroid tumor cells were scattered throughout the tumor parenchyma. In PAd-derived cells, ectopic miR-372 inhibited the expression of its targets CDKN1A/p21 and LATS2 at both mRNA and protein levels. Although the viability of parathyroid cells was not affected by miR-372 overexpression, the miRNA blunted camptothecin-induced apoptosis in primary PAd-derived cultures. miR-372 overexpression in parathyroid tumor cells increased parathormone (PTH) mRNA levels, and it positively correlated in vivo with circulating PTH levels. Conversely, the parathyroid-specific genes TBX1 and GCM2 were not affected by miR-372 mimic transfection. Finally, miR-372 dampened the Wnt pathway in parathyroid tumor cells through DKK1 upregulation. In conclusion, miR-372 is a novel mechanism exploited by a subset of parathyroid tumor cells to partially decrease sensitivity to apoptosis, to increase PTH synthesis and to deregulate Wnt signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the WNT7B protein in the migration and differentiation of human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Design The effect of recombinant human WNT7B (rhWNT7B) on the proliferation and migration of HDPCs was evaluated by 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU), immunofluorescence staining of Ki67, flow cytometry and scratch assay; the differentiation of HDPCs was measured by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining, ALP activity, qPCR and western blot. The activation of the WNT/beta-catenin (WNT/β-catenin) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways was analysed by western blot, immunocytochemistry and dual luciferase assays. XAV939 and SP600125，the inhibitors of the WNT/β-catenin and JNK pathways, were further applied to verify the mechanism. Results rhWNT7B repressed the proliferation but did not affect the apoptosis of HDPCs. In the presence of rhWNT7B, ALP and alizarin red staining were increased substantially in the HDPCs with osteogenic induction; the gene expression of Runx2 and Col1 in HDPCs was quite elevated compared with that induced in osteogenic medium without WNT7B measured by qPCR; The ALP activity was also increased with rhWNT7B stimulation in HDPCs after 7-day odontogenic culture; Western blot revealed that the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) of HDPCs was up-regulated significantly with the addition of WNT7B as well. Further study showed that rhWNT7B activated the WNT/β-catenin and JNK signalling pathways in the differentiation of HDPCs. XAV939 and SP600125 can partly offset the effect of the WNT7B-induced differentiation of HDPCs. Conclusion WNT7B promoted the differentiation of HDPCs partly through the WNT/β-catenin and JNK signalling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acyl-CoA binding domain containing 3 (ACBD3) is involved in the maintenance of Golgi structure and function through its interaction with the integral membrane protein. However, the clinical significance and biological role of ACBD3 in breast cancer remain unclear. Herein, we found that the mRNA and protein levels of ACBD3 were markedly up-regulated in breast cancer cells and tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis of breast cancer tissues demonstrated that ACBD3 overexpression was significantly associated with advanced clinicopathological features. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that ACBD3 overexpression correlates with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Furthermore, overexpressing ACBD3 promoted, while silencing ACBD3 inhibited, self-renewal and tumorigenesis in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo respectively. Importantly, upregulating ACBD3 promoted the self-renewal and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells via activating the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, and the pro-self-renewal effect of ACBD3 in breast cancer was antagonized by the Wnt signaling inhibitor TCF4-siRNA and Lef1-siRNA.These findings indicate that ACBD3 may represent candidate therapeutic targets to enable the elimination of breast cancer stem cells, providing the preclinical proof-of-concept for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

publisher‐imprint‐name Springer volume‐issue‐count 1 issue‐article‐count 0 issue‐toc‐levels 0 issue‐pricelist‐year 2017 issue‐copyright‐holder The Author(s) issue‐copyright‐year 2017 article‐contains‐esm No article‐numbering‐style Unnumbered article‐registration‐date‐year 2017 article‐registration‐date‐month 4 article‐registration‐date‐day 1 article‐toc‐levels 0 toc‐levels 0 volume‐type Regular journal‐product ArchiveJournal numbering‐style Unnumbered article‐grants‐type OpenChoice metadata‐grant OpenAccess abstract‐grant OpenAccess bodypdf‐grant OpenAccess bodyhtml‐grant OpenAccess bibliography‐grant OpenAccess esm‐grant OpenAccess online‐first false pdf‐file‐reference BodyRef/PDF/40169_2017_Article_144.pdf target‐type OnlinePDF issue‐type Regular article‐type ReviewPaper journal‐subject‐primary Medicine & Public Health journal‐subject‐secondary Medicine/Public Health, general journal‐subject‐collection SC11 open‐access true --> Cancer cells are the site of numerous metabolic and thermodynamic abnormalities. We focus this review on the interactions between the canonical WNT/beta‐catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) in cancers and their implications from an energetic and metabolic point of view. In numerous tissues, PPAR gamma activation induces inhibition of beta‐catenin pathway, while the activation of the canonical WNT/beta‐catenin pathway inactivates PPAR gamma. In most cancers but not all, PPAR gamma is downregulated while the WNT/beta‐catenin pathway is upregulated. In cancer cells, upregulation of the WNT/beta‐catenin signaling induces dramatic changes in key metabolic enzymes that modify their thermodynamic behavior. This leads to activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase1 (PDK‐1) and monocarboxylate lactate transporter. Consequently, phosphorylation of PDK‐1 inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH). Thus, a large part of pyruvate cannot be converted into acetyl‐coenzyme A (acetyl‐CoA) in mitochondria and only a part of acetyl‐CoA can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This leads to aerobic glycolysis in spite of the availability of oxygen. This phenomenon is referred to as the Warburg effect. Cytoplasmic pyruvate is converted into lactate. The WNT/beta‐catenin pathway induces the transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation, i.e., MYC and CYCLIN D1. This ultimately promotes the nucleotide, protein and lipid synthesis necessary for cell growth and multiplication. In cancer, activation of the PI3K‐AKT pathway induces an increase of the aerobic glycolysis. Moreover, prostaglandin E2 by activating the canonical WNT pathway plays also a role in cancer. In addition in many cancer cells, PPAR gamma is downregulated. Moreover, PPAR gamma contributes to regulate some key circadian genes. In cancers, abnormalities in the regulation of circadian rhythms (CRs) are observed. CRs are dissipative structures which play a key‐role in far‐from‐equilibrium thermodynamics. In cancers, metabolism, thermodynamics and CRs are intimately interrelated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT N-cadherin inhibits osteogenic cell differentiation and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vitro. However, in vivo both conditional Cdh2 ablation and overexpression in osteoblasts lead to low bone mass. We tested the hypothesis that N-cadherin has different effects on osteolineage cells depending upon their differentiation stage. Embryonic conditional osteolineage Cdh2 deletion in mice results in defective growth, low bone mass, and reduced osteoprogenitor number. These abnormalities are prevented by delaying Cdh2 ablation until 1 month of age, thus targeting only committed and mature osteoblasts, suggesting they are the consequence of N-cadherin deficiency in osteoprogenitors. Indeed, diaphyseal trabecularization actually increases when Cdh2 is ablated postnatally. The sclerostin-insensitive Lrp5A214V mutant, associated with high bone mass, does not rescue the growth defect, but it overrides the low bone mass of embryonically Cdh2-deleted mice, suggesting N-cadherin interacts with Wnt signaling to control bone mass. Finally, bone accrual and β-catenin accumulation after administration of an anti-Dkk1 antibody are enhanced in N-cadherin-deficient mice. Thus, although lack of N-cadherin in embryonic and perinatal age is detrimental to bone growth and bone accrual, in adult mice loss of N-cadherin in osteolineage cells favors bone formation. Hence, N-cadherin inhibition may widen the therapeutic window of osteoanabolic agents. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc finger protein 521 (Zfp521) is involved in a number of cellular processes in a variety of cells and tissues. In the present study, the effects of Zfp521 on osteogenic differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were investigated. The results showed that, in rat MSCs, knocking down cellular Zfp521 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) decreases cell proliferation while promoting ALP activity, calcium accumulation, and the expression of mRNA that encodes bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCN) and Runx2. Furthermore, in Zfp521-depleted cells, the up-regulation of phospho-Wnt (p-Wnt) and beta-catenin expression levels was detected. However, over-expression of Zfp521 played the opposite role in proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat MSCs. To further demonstrate the functions of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in Zfp521 regulated-osteogenic differentiation, the activation of Wnt/beta-catenin was blocked with IWP-2 inhibitor. The suppression of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway completely abrogated the effects of Zfp521 knockdown on osteogenic differentiation of rat MSCs. Therefore, we conclude that Zfp521 regulates osteogenic differentiation of rat MSCs through the suppression of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain cancers are among the most aggressive malignancies with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. The pathogenesis of brain cancers is a very complicated process involving various genetic mutations affecting several oncogenic signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin axis. Uncontrolled activation of this oncogenic signaling is associated with decreased survival rate and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were shown to play important roles in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis by regulating the expression of their target genes. Aberrant expression of these non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) was reported in many human cancers, including glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, and pituitary adenoma. Multiple lncRNAs were shown to participate in brain tumor pathogenesis by targeting Wnt signaling regulatory miRNAs. SNHG7/miR-5095, PCAT6/miR-139-3p, SNHG6/miR-944, SNHG1/ miR-556-5p, SNHG17/ miR-506-3p, LINC00702/miR-4652-3p, DLGAP1-AS1/miR-515-5p, HOTAIR/miR-1, HOTAIR/miR-206, CRNDE/miR-29c-3p, AGAP2-AS1/ miR-15a/b-5p, CLRN1-AS1/miR-217, MEG3/miR-23b-3p, and GAS5/miR-27a-5p are identified lncRNA/miRNA pairs that are involved in this process. Therefore, recognition of the expression profile and regulatory role of ncRNAs on the Wnt signaling may offer a novel approach to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of human cancers. This review summarizes previous data on the modulatory role of lncRNAs/miRNAs on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway implicated in tumor growth, EMT, metastasis, and chemoresistance in brain cancers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Rahmani et al.)

The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are still not fully understood. In AD, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has been shown to be downregulated while the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma (mARN and protein) is upregulated. Certain neurodegenerative diseases share the same Wnt/beta-catenin/PPAR gamma profile, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Conversely, other NDs share an opposite profile, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis and Friedreich's ataxia. AD is characterized by the deposition of extracellular Abeta plaques and the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the central nervous system . Activation of Wnt signaling or inhibition of both glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and Dickkopf 1, two key negative regulators of the canonical Wnt pathway, are able to protect against Abeta neurotoxicity and to ameliorate cognitive performance in AD patients. Although PPAR gamma is upregulated in AD patients, and despite the fact that it has been shown that the PPAR gamma and Wnt/beta catenin pathway systems work in an opposite manner, PPAR gamma agonists diminish learning and memory deficits, decrease Abeta activation of microglia, and prevent hippocampal and cortical neurons from dying. These beneficial effects observed in AD transgenic mice and patients might be partially due to the anti-inflammatory properties of PPAR gamma agonists. Moreover, activation of PPAR alpha upregulates transcription of the alpha-secretase gene and represents a new therapeutic treatment for AD. This review focuses largely on the behavior of two opposing pathways in AD, namely Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and PPAR gamma. It is hoped that this approach may help to develop novel AD therapeutic strategies integrating PPAR alpha signaling.

The defining characteristic of neural stem cells (NSCs) is their ability to multiply through symmetric divisions and proliferation, and differentiation by asymmetric divisions, thus giving rise to different types of cells of the central nervous system (CNS). A strict temporal space control of the NSC differentiation is necessary, because its alterations are associated with neurological dysfunctions and, in some cases, death. This work reviews the current state of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transcription in NSCs, organized according to whether the origin of the stimulus that triggers the molecular cascade in the CNS is internal (intrinsic factors) or whether it is the result of the microenvironment that surrounds the CNS (extrinsic factors).