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In this study, we investigated reducing the VUV irradiation dose required for modification of a silicone hard coat in plastic glazing for automobile windows by utilizing xenon excimer lamps. We assessed the effects of heating temperature on the surface composition and surface hardness in the modification of the hard coat using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nanoindentation, respectively. We revealed that the higher the heating temperature during VUV irradiation, the greater the degree of modification and hardness of the surface layer at the same VUV irradiation dose, indicating that heating accelerates the modification and reduces the necessary VUV irradiation dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first half of the sixteenth century, England's window glass industry was on the verge of collapse. The glass that was available was translucent, opaque, or stained—it was not intended to provide a clear view. In 1567, Jean Carré introduced advanced glassmaking technologies to England that produced clearer and more uniform glass, though it remained a luxury item. At Robert Dudley's Kenilworth Castle in 1575, Queen Elizabeth appeared behind transparent bay windows, establishing a new paradigm of royal performance. She was able to observe the festivities outside while becoming a spectacle herself, seated within the bay window. Following this event, a trend emerged among aristocrats who sought to impress the queen with grand homes featuring expansive glass façades, hoping to host her and display her within their own 'lantern houses.' A notable example is Christopher Hatton's Holdenby House, distinguished by its extensive use of transparent glass. To theorize how transparent glass windows blurred the boundaries between inside and outside, allowing the queen to see and be seen by her subjects, the article uses the term 'domestic theatricality.' Such reciprocal visibility shaped monarchical subjectivity by framing the queen as both observer and observed. This article argues that transparent glass windows transformed domestic architecture by turning homes into theaters where the queen and her subjects became both performers and spectators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ability of reducing the high weight of reactive powder concrete (RPC) by decreasing the cement content using waste demolished building material to produce the eco-friendly sustainable RPC was the main goal of the experimental lab investigation. The collecting, crushing and grinding to high fineness powder waste of clay brick, window glass and terrazzo tile constituted the best way to dispose without the need for a waste sanitary landfill. Nine RPC mixtures with 5, 10 and 15% partial replacement of cement weight in addition to control mix were prepared to investigate the strength. The slight enhancement strength of the RPC containing 5% of very fine powder clay brick or window glass or terrazzo tile as cement weight replacement cement up to (4.9, 4.2, 4.5)% - brick, (2, 1.8, 1.6)% - glass and (1.5, 0.5, 0.8)% - tile for (compressive - flexural - tensile), respectively, at 28 days compared to the control mix. The percentage of 10% still yielded acceptable strength results, while 15% presented the starting of reduction of (compressive - flexural - tensile) strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most commonly used exterior-protecting components for buildings, window glass, due to its typical brittle characteristics, is more prone to break under the action of blast loads and produce high-speed flying fragments, which can pose a great threat to personal safety. This paper studies the influence of the size of window glasses on their failure characteristics. A simplified numerical simulation-based method for evaluating the P–I (pressure–impulsive) curve of window glass failure under blast loads is proposed. The influences of the length–width ratio, the area, and the thickness of the P–I curves of window glasses are systematically investigated. It was found that smaller a length–width ratio, smaller area, and thicker panel could increase the blast resistance of the window glasses. The empirical prediction formulae for the P–I curves of window glasses with different geometrical dimensions are established, and the validity of the proposed empirical formula is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Památky Archeologické is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A total of 101 fragments of the window rondels and fillings from four waste pits located in Prague‐Hradčany and dating to between 1500 and 1775 were analysed. In the sample set examined, ash‐based glass was found to be the most abundant (93 samples). The analysis also identified five fragments of non‐ash glass, that is, glass probably made with the addition of potash, two samples of sodium ash glass (containing halophytic plant ash used as an alkaline raw material), and one fragment of high‐lime low‐alkali (HLLA) ash‐based glass. The evolution of window glass composition in the Czech Republic is shown to differ in comparison with other European regions where the HLLA‐type predominates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the results obtained by the transformation of acoustic energy in the form of vibrations into electrical energy. The vibrations are transmitted from outdoors through a window glass covered with piezoelectric material. Only one side of the window glass is covered with piezoelectric material at certain positions. The paper also presents a mathematical model to describe the transformation of acoustic energy into electrical energy. The results obtained from the numerical experiments are used to determine the dimensions of the piezoelectric film and their optimum positions on the glass for electricity generation. The correct placement of piezoelectric material on the glass generates electrical energy of approximately 10 mV. The use of smart materials in window glass allows the management of acoustic energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der denkmalgeschützte Zwinger in Dresden wurde ab 1710 erbaut. Teil davon ist die Sempergalerie, die erst 1847 angebaut wurde. 2017 begann die zweite Teilsanierung. In der linken Hälfte der Sempergalerie wurden 968 Fenster ausgetauscht. Sollingglas entwickelte hierfür mit Partnern ein spezielles Fensterglas. Die Farbwiedergabe sollte so neutral wie möglich sein. UV‐ und Lichtdurchlässigkeit waren exakt definiert, und die Außenansicht musste der Epoche angepasst sein. All diese Anforderungen erfüllte schließlich ein dreiteiliges System‐Isolierglas. Antiqua‐Einscheiben‐Sicherheitsglas (ESG) mit Sonnenschutz wurde als Außenscheibe genommen. Darauf folgte ein ESG mit Wärmeschutzschicht. Des Weiteren wurde dem Isolierglas ein Verbundsicherheitsglas (VSG) mit UV‐Schutz hinzugefügt. Bei der Fertigung des hauseigenen Glases Antiqua wird Weißglas thermisch verformt. Es entsteht eine wellige Oberfläche in historischer Optik. Für die Bauabschnitte 2018 und 2020, dem Porzellanpavillon sowie der Bogengalerie im Zwinger, gelten zwar etwas andere Anforderungen, Antiqua‐Scheiben sind jedoch auch hier überwiegend Bestandteil der 424 Fenstergläser. Zwinger Dresden: 1.392 system insulating glasses with special requirements. The listed Zwinger in Dresden was built from 1710. Part of it is the Semper Gallery which was only added in 1847. Its second partial renovation began in 2017. In the left half of the Semper Gallery 968 windows were replaced. For this purpose, Sollingglas developed a special window glass with partners. The colour rendering should be as neutral as possible. UV‐ and light permeability were precisely defined, and the exterior view had to be adapted to the era. Finally, all of these requirements were fulfilled by a three‐part system insulating glass. Antiqua single‐pane safety glass (ESG) with sun protection was used as the outer pane. This was followed by an ESG with a heat protection layer. Furthermore, a laminated safety glass (VSG) with UV protection was added to the insulating glass. When manufacturing the in‐house glass Antiqua, white glass is thermally deformed. A wavy surface with a historical look is created. For the construction phases 2018 and 2020, the Porcelain Pavilion and the Arch Gallery in the Zwinger, slightly different requirements apply. However, Antiqua panes will also be mostly part of the 424 window glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Crystallization of nanosized magnetite in a Fe-containing window glass was studied by TEM and XRD. • The presence of both Fe2+ and Fe3+ in the glass and glass-ceramics was proved by XPS. • Mössbauer spectroscopy evidenced Fe2+ and Fe3+ in glass and Fe3+ and magnetite in glass-ceramics. • VSM magnetometry showed size-dependent Curie temperature and ferrimagnetic properties. • SQUID magnetometry shows Verwey transition as a proof of magnetite crystallization. Glasses with mol% composition 16 Na 2 O∙10 CaO∙54 SiO 2 ∙20 Fe 2 O 3 were prepared by the melt-quenching technique. Heat treatment at 580 °C for 1 and 3 h resulted in the crystallization solely of magnetite and additionally, of hematite for longer times. Transmission electron microscopy shows growth mainly of cubic magnetite with crystallite sizes ≤ 16 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals the presence of Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions in both the glass and the glass-ceramics. Mössbauer spectroscopy of the glass detects octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated Fe3+, while Fe2+ solely occurs in octahedral coordination. In the glass-ceramics, magnetite was detected as well as Fe3+ in both tetrahedral and octahedral coordination. Magnetization curves of the heat-treated samples recorded at room temperature and below show ferrimagnetic behaviour. From the thermomagnetic curves recorded in the temperature range from 300 to 900 K, the Curie and superparamagnetic blocking temperatures are determined. Thermomagnetic measurements in the range from 5 to 300 K reveal the nanoparticle size dependence of the observed Verwey transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we discuss the optical behavior of transparent materials used in Sulaimani for windows and in building facades such as fully transparent colorless and colored glass of different thickness in single and double- pane windows, a one way colored reflective glass window, as well as Tempered reflective glass. Ultraviolet, Visible and Infrared transmittance by these glasses is studied; the results are related to the visual comfort, heat transfer and health issues. Spectrophotometric analysis of the transmitted radiation is carried out at the proper incident of a wavelength range from 1200 nm to 190 nm, with steps of 1 nm. It is clear that attention should be paid to the quality of glass used for home and building facades to reduce visual strain, discomfort and avoid the risk of developing sun damages for our skin and its adversely affect for fabrics and furnishings.

Copyright of Archaeologia Historica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the history of the Rokytne Glass Factory in the 20-30s of the XX century. This factory owned by «Vitrum» Industrial Trading House and was one of the most successful enterprises of the glass manufacturing industry of the Second Polish Republic. Since 1922 four glass factories located in Volomin, Vilna, Pinsk and Rokytne laid the foundation for the company, producing glass bottles, window glass, and in 1934 thimbles were added to the variety of products. The glass industry crisis resulted in a three-time rebranding of the Vitrum Trade Industrial House, which made it possible to remain in the market and to preserve the factory in Rokytne as an industrial unit. During the interwar period, Rokytne Glass Factory was reconstructed, rebuilt after the fire of 1933, and modernized. Due to the strategic economic role for the country, the industrial enterprise was restored, and the production capacity was increased by the means from public funds. At the same time, the working elite had dramatically transformed and, along with the Polish unions, had improved the working conditions and wages rate as well. In 1937, a state collective labor agreement for glass factories was signed, where decent work conditions, timely and proper payment of wages were agreed between the unions and the owners. The author notes that, notwithstanding the unstable situation of the Second Polish Republic and the global economic crisis, Rokytne Glass Factory remained the most profitable enterprise of the company. The wide assortment, quality of glass products, and enterprise production were highly appreciated within both domestic and foreign markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adalya is the property of Koc University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights • The EPR dosimetric properties of five types of window glasses were compared. • Different external conditions affect the EPR signals of window glasses. • Five calibration curves were built with the critical level of dose and the detection limit of dose. • Background signals and radiation responses are different for the same type of glass from different manufacturers. • Thermal treatment makes window glass available in building calibration curve. Abstract To better estimate the individual dose and assess the levels of radiation accidents, this paper exhaustively explored the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetric properties of window glasses. Three types of commercial window glasses were ground into five different sizes and washed with various solutions to explore the influence of grinding and washing. An in-depth analysis of the thermal stability of the radio-induced EPR signal was conducted at 40–200 °C for a varying length of time. The postirradiation signal stability with different storage conditions was also studied. For the dose response, irradiated samples (4–30 Gy) were used to build calibration curves. The results were as follows. Irradiated window glasses exhibit a paramagnetic center with an EPR signal at g = 2.0038 ± 0.0016. Different filling factors of the cavity make a difference in the signal. A glass size of 1–2 mm is optimal for the experiments. Alcohol and distilled water do not affect the EPR signals. A quick thermal treatment at 200 °C for 20 min can clear the radio-induced signals. Sunlight can accelerate the decline of the radio-induced signals, whereas low-temperature storage slows down that decline. The background signals and radiation responses are different for the same type of glass from different manufacturers. Finally, transparent window glasses show characteristics more suitable for dosimetry and triage applications than glasses of other types. In summary, window glasses are promising for applications in accidental retrospective dosimetry and have great potential for improvement in future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This third preliminary report on the excavations conducted in the Eastern bath by the French archaeological mission in Libya from 1994 to 2012 is dedicated to the material, in glass and in selenite stone. This documentation, considering most of the unearthed material, supplies a rare opportunity to study Roman glasses found in Tripolitania out of funeral context.They consist of tableware, lamps, game and jewelry objects and window glasses, that show the coexistence of glass and stone windows in the same building. The 3rd century glassware survey reveals rare and new forms used in the bath building. The late Antiquity material, accumulated after the building abandon, allows to note the part of Egyptian imports and that of Africa Proconsularis productions.

Copyright of Adalya is the property of Koc University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The damping properties of glass windows have a great influence on the comfort of the occupants, especially for buildings that are close to a vibration source, such as rail tracks. With the increasing popularity of light rails in cities, there is a strong need to retrofit existing glass windows to improve their damping properties, and increase the occupants’ comfort. In this paper, a new method of retrofitting existing glass windows for vibration reduction was developed using viscoelastic treatment. The key component of the retrofit was a self-adhesive glass constrained viscoelastic strip (SaGCVS), consisting of a thin glass constraining layer, a viscoelastic layer, and an adhesive layer. The SaGCVSs can be easily bonded onto an existing glass panel near its edge in an effort to improve its inherent damping properties, and to reduce its vibration when subjected to external excitations. The method is simple, and the proposed viscoelastic strip is easy to install. Experiments were carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. For the vibration measurements, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches were mounted onto the four corners and the center of the window glass panel. Comparative studies were performed, and the results clearly showed that the vibration of the window glass panel was reduced, revealing the effectiveness of the proposed retrofitting method for improvement in the damping properties of existing window structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glass may easily break during a fire that can significantly accelerate the enclosure fire development. Water mist, as an efficient fire suppression technique, has been used for fire protection of an object due to fire radiant heat attenuation. The main purpose of this work is to investigate the behavior of the window glass heated by a fire and protected by a water mist curtain (WMC). Float glass with a dimension of 600 × 600 × 6 mm 3 exposed to a 0.16 MW gas fire was tested. The WMC was generated by a single orifice nozzle with K-factor of 1.01 L/min/MPa 1/2 . The initial time of glass breakage, the temperature difference of the glass pane and the heat flux penetrating through the glass were measured and compared. The time of the window glass pane maintaining its integrated structure under the protection of WMC extends to more than 600 s comparing to 150 s of that without the protection of WMC. More than 38.5% thermal radiation of the fire would be attenuated by the WMC with thickness of 0.075 m and operating pressure of 1.0 MPa. The WMC demonstrates a better cooling capacity that can protect the glass from breakage more effectively comparing to water film with same flow rate. It is also found that the delaying of the activation of the WMC system contributes little to the crack or fallout of the float glass. The results may be helpful for providing guidelines on keeping glass integration in building fire scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kirkuk University Journal for Scientific Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Compared with the traditional window glass products, this paper provides a transparent touch display window with transparent display technology and capacitive touch technology, which shows the feasibility of the future vehicle window products for the first time. This paper systematically studies the system integration and application of transparent display, touch panel as well as traditional window glass. It solved the laminate technology and packaging technology problems of the large size curvature laminate "rigid + soft + rigid" without the defects such as the laminate bubbles and display defect. The experimental results of the fatigue load test, thermal shock and vibration test, and the reliability test fully meet the specifications of rail transit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The damping properties of glass windows have a great influence on the comfort of the occupants, especially for buildings that are close to a vibration source, such as rail tracks. With the increasing popularity of light rails in cities, there is a strong need to retrofit existing glass windows to improve their damping properties, and increase the occupants’ comfort. In this paper, a new method of retrofitting existing glass windows for vibration reduction was developed using viscoelastic treatment. The key component of the retrofit was a self-adhesive glass constrained viscoelastic strip (SaGCVS), consisting of a thin glass constraining layer, a viscoelastic layer, and an adhesive layer. The SaGCVSs can be easily bonded onto an existing glass panel near its edge in an effort to improve its inherent damping properties, and to reduce its vibration when subjected to external excitations. The method is simple, and the proposed viscoelastic strip is easy to install. Experiments were carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. For the vibration measurements, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches were mounted onto the four corners and the center of the window glass panel. Comparative studies were performed, and the results clearly showed that the vibration of the window glass panel was reduced, revealing the effectiveness of the proposed retrofitting method for improvement in the damping properties of existing window structures.

This report presents the development of recycle commercial Thai transparent window glass provided by Guardian Industries Corporation for thermoluminescence dosimeter purpose. The window glass was developed by mixing Na 2 O to reduce melting point, doping with Cu 2 O at the appropriate concentration of 0.010 mol% to improve the thermoluminescence characteristics and preparing by using the melt quenching technique. The glass samples were cut into dimension of 6 mm×6 mm×1 mm and exposed to X-ray in dose rang of 0–14 mGy at photon energy of 160 keV. Then, glow curve structure, linearity, lower detection limit, annealing procedure, fading and reproducibility were investigated. The result clearly showed that Cu 2 O doped window glass has a potential candidate for thermoluminescence dosimeter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors performed an experimental study with weathered fully tempered monolithic glass loaded to failure under controlled conditions. The 14 specimens in the study originated from the northeastern United States. The specimens were loaded with monotonically increasing pressure until fracture occurred in accordance with the ASTM E997 test method. The recorded failure load time histories were converted to equivalent 3-s failure loads using a modified load-transformation-integration method that incorporates residual compressive surface stress. Variations of the residual compressive surface stress measurements are presented for each specimen, and the effect that the variations in residual compressive surface stress have on the equivalent 3-s failure load calculations are also explored. Equivalent 3-s failure loads are shown to be proportional to the measured residual compressive surface stress. The equivalent 3-s failure load is compared to the load resistance calculated using ASTME 1300, and the modified method for treated glass is presented. The mean equivalent 3-s failure loads were 150% larger than the load resistance calculated using ASTME 1300 and 50% larger than the load-resistance predictions of the modified method, which suggests that fully tempered glass is stronger than predicted by ASTM E1300 and does not weather like annealed glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the fortified hilltop settlement of Tonovcov grad near Kobarid in western Slovenia, window glass was found in the layers of use and destruction of a late antique house and church complex. Two natural colour types (yellowish and green) are represented. The glass shows the usual characteristics of the cylinder-blowing process; some of the panes were shaped by grozing. The most interesting discovery was a large number of carefully cut and grozed geometrical shapes (triangles and parallelograms), which must have formed one or more windows in the nave of the main church at Tonovcov grad. They represent a predecessor of stained (painted) glass windows. A brief review of a selection of contemporary sites shows that glazed windows were not a rare occurrence in the Late Antique south-eastern Alpine settlements but that they appeared in probably all the churches and in most houses.

TiO 2 thin film fabricated on window glass (soda-lime glass) demonstrates various promising applications, such as for the photodegradation of air pollutants like VOCs. However, the photocatalytic activity of the TiO 2 thin film fabricated on window glass through the currently reported traditional sol–gel method is relatively low, because usually it has poor crystallinity, which hinders its practical application. In this research, we have developed a facile and novel method to greatly improve the crystallinity and the photocatalytic activity of the TiO 2 thin film fabricated on window glass, that is the PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) modified sol–gel method. By simply adding 3%, 6% and 9% (weight percentage) PVP into titanium sol, the photocatalytic activities of the obtained TiO 2 thin films are 3.01, 4.37 and 3.33 times higher than that of the TiO 2 thin film fabricated without PVP for the photodegradation of acetone. As for the photodegradation of benzene, the photocatalytic activities of them are improved by 2.80, 4.62 and 3.07 times, respectively. Additionally, the obtained TiO 2 thin film also exhibits excellent photocatalytic stability, high visible light transmittance, firm adhesion and high photocatalytic activity under natural sunlight. These advantages demonstrate that it has the prospect of being large-scale applied on window glass for air purification under sunlight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glass was probably an important, if not the most important, part of the ship's cargo discovered by the island of Gnalić. Vessel glass from the Gnalić wreck was made of naturally coloured and intentionally coloured glass. In addition to vessel glass, over 1,300 pieces of flat glass were recovered, this forming nearly 25% of the cargo. This divides into two separate types, circular window glass 'crowns' and flat glass for mirrors. Two different shapes of mirror were found, circular and rectangular. Interestingly, not only are finished examples of rectangular mirrors present in the assemblage, the ship was also carry a number of 'sides'- or cast but unground mirror plates. The quantity of glassware, which includes some highly decorated articles (such as the engraved vases) and that was probably produced in Venice, seems to have been destined for a luxury-loving market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archeologické Rozhledy is the property of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Archaeology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)