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Caribbean through‐flow accounts for two‐thirds of the Florida Current and consequently is an important conduit of heat and salt fluxes in the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Considering there is evidence that up to one‐half of the Florida Current originates as South Atlantic Water (SAW), determining the distribution of SAW throughout the Caribbean Island passages is important as this constitutes the major pathway for cross‐equatorial AMOC return flow. The Anegada Passage (AP) is a major pathway for subtropical gyre inflow and suggested to be a potential SAW inflow pathway worth revisiting. Here, we present glider‐based observations of temperature, salinity and subsurface velocity that represent the first observations of any type in the AP in nearly 20 years. An isopycnal water mass analysis is conducted to quantify the transport of water masses with South Atlantic or North Atlantic origin. Two potentially new aspects of AP transport are revealed. The total AP transport (−4.8 Sv) is shown to be larger than previously estimated, potentially by up to a factor of two. The transport of SAW through the AP (−1.66 Sv) is also shown to be larger than previously estimated, which represents 35% of the total transport reported here and 28% of the SAW entering the Caribbean north of the Windward Island Passages. These results indicate the AP may be an important pathway for cross‐equatorial AMOC return flow. These results also provide evidence that gliders with acoustic doppler profilers are a viable method for measuring island passage transport. Plain Language Summary: The Caribbean Sea through‐flow is a major transport pathway for heat and salt in the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The presence of water masses (bodies of water with distinct temperature and salinity properties) that originated in the South Atlantic (SAW) in the Northern Hemisphere is indicative of cross‐equatorial AMOC return flow. Ship‐based observations in the 1990's identified major pathways for this AMOC return flow but there is still a substantial amount of SAW that is taking an unknown, alternate route northward. This study presents the first observations in nearly 20 years of temperature, salinity, and subsurface velocity in the Anegada Passage (AP). Here, we perform a water mass analysis that suggests the total transport and SAW transport through the AP is larger than previously estimated. This result is significant as the AP may be an important pathway for AMOC return flow. This study also shows that autonomous underwater gliders are a viable method for measuring island passage transport. Key Points: Total transport and transport of South Atlantic Water through the Anegada Passage (AP) may be larger than previously estimatedThe AP is a pathway for both Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation return flow and subtropical gyre recirculationGliders are an effective component of the global ocean observing system, needed for measuring subsurface water mass structure and transport [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morpheme frequency effects for derived words (e.g. an influence of the frequency of the base "dark" on responses to "darkness") have been interpreted as evidence of morphemic representation. However, it has been suggested that most derived words would not show these effects if family size (a type frequency count claimed to reflect semantic relationships between whole forms) were controlled. This study used visual lexical decision experiments with correlational designs to compare the influences of base morpheme frequency and family size on response times to derived words in English and to test for interactions of these variables with suffix productivity. Multiple regression showed that base morpheme frequency and family size were independent predictors of response times to derived words. Base morpheme frequency facilitated responses but only to productively suffixed derived words, whereas family size facilitated responses irrespective of productivity. This suggests that base morpheme frequency effects are independent of morpheme family size, depend on suffix productivity and indicate that productively suffixed words are represented as morphemes. (Contains 11 tables and 1 figure.)

Presents information on a study which examined the effects of ultraviolet laser pulses of long duration on Kapton films. Methods; Results; Discussion.

Summary: Background: Due to the high prevalence of EIPH in racehorses and its potential impact on the horse's health, furosemide administration is permitted up to 4‐h prior to post time in most North American racing jurisdictions. Anecdotal reports suggest that administration of furosemide 24‐h prior to strenuous exercise may be equally effective in decreasing the severity of EIPH. Objectives: To 1) compare the efficacy of furosemide in reducing the presence and severity of EIPH when administered 4‐ or 24‐h prior to strenuous exercise 2) characterise electrolyte and blood parameters following administration of furosemide at 4‐ and 24‐h prior to exercise. Study design: 3‐way crossover. Methods: Fifteen Thoroughbred racehorses received 5 mL of 0.9% NaCl or 250 mg of furosemide either 4‐ or 24‐h prior to a 5‐furlong simulated race. Blood samples were collected prior to and post‐run for determination of furosemide, lactate, haemoglobin and electrolyte concentrations. One‐hour post‐race, an endoscopic exam and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed. Horses were assigned an EIPH score based on predetermined criteria and the number of red blood cells in BAL fluid was determined. Results: Endoscopic EIPH scores were lower in the 4‐h vs. the 24‐h (P = 0.03) furosemide groups. RBC counts in BAL fluid were lower in the 4‐h furosemide vs. saline treatment groups (P = 0.01) but no difference was noted between the saline and 24‐h furosemide groups (P = 0.3), nor between the 4‐ and 24‐h groups (P = 0.5). Main limitations: Small sample size and large range of running times for the 5‐furlong work. Conclusions: While none of the treatments prevented EIPH, endoscopic scores and RBC counts in BAL fluid support the efficacy of furosemide in reducing the severity of EIPH. Endoscopic scores were lower in the 4‐h furosemide group compared with 24‐h administration. Red blood cell counts were lower in the 4‐h furosemide group compared with saline treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]