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Some very useful methods for suppressing the flow-induced vibration (FIV) of a single cylinder are known to potentially have a limited efficiency for tandem-arrangement cylinders. In this paper, three splitter plates uniformly attached around a cylinder with an angle of 120° are proposed to suppress the FIVs of both a single cylinder and two tandem-arrangement cylinders in a wind tunnel at Re = 4000–45,200. The splitter plates' length to diameter ratios, L/Ds (where L is the length of the splitter plate and D is the cylinder diameter), are set from 0.1 to 0.8. The results show that the proposed method not only effectively suppresses the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) for a single cylinder, but also successfully mitigates the wake-induced galloping (WIG) for two tandem-arrangement cylinders. The vibrations of the single cylinders are effectively suppressed, consistently achieving suppression efficiencies over 95% for L/Ds = 0.2–0.8, with a notable peak efficiency of 98.4% at L/D = 0.2. For the two tandem-arrangement cylinders at S/D = 4.0 (where S is the center-to-center spacing between the two cylinders), the suppression efficiencies of the upstream cylinder exceed 96% for L/D = 0.2–0.8, with an optimal efficiency of 97.4% at L/D = 0.6. The downstream cylinder exhibits vibration only at L/Ds = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4, resulting in suppression efficiencies of 80.3%, 67.1%, and 91.0%. The vibrations remain fully suppressed throughout the entire reduced velocity range for L/Ds = 0.6–0.8, reaching an optimal efficiency of 98.7% at L/D = 0.6. Three regimes of fs/fn characteristics can be classified for the single cylinder, and the wake structures show that shear layers develop along the front plate before attaching on the cylinder and are then offset to either side of the cylinder by the two rear splitter plates, contributing to the absence of periodic vortex shedding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study object of this paper is the aerodynamic processes during the movement of an unmanned aerial vehicle flying low over the underlying surface. The ground effect is known to enhance the aerodynamic performance of low-flying aircraft, particularly larger ones. However, this effect is most noticeable for large objects. Unmanned vehicles are typically characterized by their relatively compact geometry. This study explores the aerodynamic processes involved in the flight of a small-sized vehicle using the principle of dynamic support over a surface. The particular prototype of the unmanned aerial vehicle suggested by the authors has been examined herein. The aim of the study is to evaluate the aerodynamic forces affecting a small-sized unmanned high-speed vehicle that employs the dynamic principle of support over the surface (WIG craft) by using CFD modeling. In contrast to most available studies on the ground effect, a 3D problem statement was used in this work. Computational experiments have visualized the physical fields surrounding an aircraft in flight over the ground. This study determines how the distance from the surface affects the aerodynamic properties of a small-sized aircraft, as well as the height of the effective zone where ground effect influences the small-sized WIG craft within 0.3 ≤ ... ≤ 0.7. It has been shown that approaching the surface leads to a shift in the center of pressure of the vehicle, which leads to a change in aerodynamic momentum. This phenomenon must be taken into account when designing a control system to provide a stable flight. The study’s findings are directly relevant for the development of a type of unmanned vehicles that use the dynamic principle of support over the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia areata (AA) presents a challenging and unpredictable condition associated with substantial psychosocial and financial burdens. A chronic, relapsing form of non-scarring hair loss, it affects approximately 0.1–0.2% of the population worldwide with a lifetime risk of 1.0% to 2.1%. The psychosocial implications of AA, including its association with depression, anxiety, social phobia, employment disruption, and relationship challenges are well described. Significant economic costs of AA include those of healthcare, lost income, transportation, psychotherapy, and cosmetic accessories (wigs and hairpieces). However, wigs and hairpieces can contribute to enhanced self-esteem, confidence, and overall quality of life (QOL) in AA patients; these positive outcomes correlating with satisfaction in appearance. This article explores the role of wigs in addressing the aesthetic and emotional impact of AA, emphasizing their importance as potential coping mechanisms for individuals facing hair loss whilst also acknowledging possible barriers to their use. Different types of wigs and hairpieces, their respective advantages and disadvantages, and methods of attachment are thoroughly discussed, providing a comprehensive overview for both patients and healthcare professionals. Considering the economic impact of AA, this article explores the cost of wigs in Australia and available financial assistance programs. Wigs can play a pivotal role in rapidly addressing the multifaceted challenges posed by AA, offering time for psychosocial adaptation and delayed response to medical therapies. This review aims to provide valuable insights to inform evidence-based, practical, and personalized counselling of patients with AA and enable shared decision making about the utility of wigs and other cosmetic interventions for hair loss. Further research is warranted to explore differences in the optimal utilization of wigs between diverse sub-populations with AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wing-in-Ground (WIG) effect aircraft are gaining attention for their potential in reducing environmental impact. However, optimising wing planforms based solely on aerodynamics might improve performance while compromising static height stability of WIG aircraft. This study investigates the effects of planar and nonplanar wing planform optimisation for regional transport ground effect aircraft. Three distinct multiobjective wing planform optimisations are explored: planar wing optimisation, nonplanar wing optimisation, and nonplanar wingtip optimisation. These optimisations assess the impact on both aerodynamic efficiency and static height stability characteristics of a wing planform in ground effect, at three different flying altitudes. In extreme ground effect, the Pareto set includes wings with negative spanwise camber, enhancing both cushion sensation and aerodynamic efficiency by effectively utilizing ground effect, thus proving advantageous over planar wing configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global market for wigs and hair extensions is rapidly expanding and is projected to reach USD 13.3 billion by 2026. Real human hair products are more welcomed than synthetic alternatives due to their natural appearances and resilience to styling. However, products made of real human hair are more expensive than those made from animal hair substitute, such as yak fiber and horse mane. As a result, adulteration and false declarations occur often in the industrial chain. To address this issue, we developed a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-based protein analysis method for human hair identification. A species-specific peptide marker at 2593 m/z, belonging to the intermediate filament family, was identified for human hair, which distinguishes it from other animal hairs. This unique marker can also be easily detected even in bleached and dyed hair, and the method is capable of detecting 5% of human hair or 5% of adulteration of animal fiber in a mixture. Validation experiments confirmed the method's ability to detect specific qualitative and quantitative markers. The results suggest that the method can be readily used to inspect and to authenticate human hair products on the market. Our study provides a novel and reliable testing approach for species identification of human hair using MALDI-TOF MS technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is an immune-mediated disease resulting in nonscarring hair loss. Systematic reviews on the psychosocial and psychiatric comorbidities, health-related quality of life, and interventions targeting psychosocial well-being are limited.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of the psychosocial comorbidities, health-related quality of life, and treatment options targeting psychosocial well-being in adult and pediatric AA patients.MethodsA systematic review was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines within the PubMed database. Specific search terms included, but were not limited to, alopecia areata, psychosocial, psychiatry, and quality of life. Studies were then evaluated for their design and categorized into corresponding levels of evidence according to the guidelines adapted from the Oxford Center for Evidence Based Medicine.FindingsSeventy-three reports met inclusion criteria, involving approximately 414,319 unique participants. AA patients were found to have psychiatric comorbidities, particularly anxiety and depression. Health-related quality of life is reduced in AA patients, but data on pediatric AA quality of life are limited. Psychotherapy is often recommended as adjuvant treatment.ConclusionAA has substantial psychosocial impact on patients and results in reduced health-related quality of life. Addressing this should be an active part of treatment.

This present study investigated the potential of passive flow control to reduce induced drag by using a micro-vortex generator (MVG) at a backward-facing step (BFS) location. A wing-in-ground (WIG) craft is a fast watercraft that resembles a dynamically stabilised ship that can move or glide across the surface of water or land. Therefore, the wing of the WIG is designed to glide when in contact with water, which helps to decrease drag and enhance the lift of the overall vehicle. However, the existing design of the hull-fuselage of WIG tends to induce more drag during the flight, especially at a flow downstream of a BFS, which will cause inefficient fuel consumption over the distance travelled. MVG with the ramp type was chosen and tested at various angles (°) and heights (h). The angles (°) tested were 12°, 16°, and 24°, while the heights (h) tested were 0.4 δ, 0.6 δ, and 0.8 δ, where δ refers to the boundary layer height. The model was designed and fabricated using a 3D printer. The 3D model was tested in a subsonic wind tunnel at Re = 6.1 × 10 4 m−1 to 6.1 × 10 5 m−1 between 1 and 10 m/s. This study demonstrated that the most effective angle and height of MVG for reducing the drag coefficient were 16° and 0.6 δ, respectively. In comparison to an uncontrolled case, the drag coefficient decreased significantly by 38% compared to the baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The near infrared spectrogram of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs was measured with a Fourier near infrared spectrometer. In addition, a qualitative model for the identification of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs with their near infrared spectrogram has been established. The effectiveness of spectral preprocessing with chemometric techniques including standard normal variable, second derivative and Norris smoothing has been analyzed through principal component analysis. The results showed that the accuracy of the discriminant model could reach 100%, indicating that the near infrared spectroscopy method is highly applicable and effective for the identification of human hair wigs and animal hair wigs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the case of Chinese wig businesses in Ghana, this article adopts a global production networks (GPN) approach to analyze family and gender dynamics in the transnational operation of wig production, trade, and entrepreneurship. Data for this study were collected through multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork in Ghana and Xuchang, China, between 2016 and 2019. This research shows that the 'economic upgrading' of the Xuchang-based wig businesses in the global production and value chain contributes to the 'social upgrading' of women's status. New modes of global retailing facilitated by Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and burgeoning E-commerce platforms enable women to exert more influence on businesses and start independent entrepreneurial ventures. Women's affinity to fashion trends and the consumer base for wig products further gives them advantages of 'capturing the gain' in a buyer-driven retail business. As the wig businesses evolved from township-and-village enterprises to global players, collaboration and conflict in families manifest the contesting trends of contemporary family change in China: a tension between solidifying the importance of the family as a source of resources and the dissolution of traditional patriarchal norms in the course of 'individuation.' En s'appuyant sur le cas des entreprises de fabrication de perruques chinoises au Ghana, cet article adopte une approche de réseaux de production mondiaux pour analyser les dynamiques familiales et de genre dans l'opération transnationale de la production, du commerce et de l'entrepreneuriat des perruques. Pour cette étude, les données ont été collectées par le biais d'un travail de terrain ethnographique et multi-sites au Ghana et à Xuchang, en Chine, entre 2016 et 2019. Cette recherche montre que le « surclassement économique » des entreprises de fabrication de perruques basées à Xuchang dans la chaîne de production et de valeur mondiale contribue au « surclassement social » du statut des femmes. Les nouveaux modes de vente au détail à l'échelle mondiale, facilités par les technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) et les plateformes de commerce électronique en plein essor, permettent aux femmes d'exercer une plus forte influence sur les entreprises et de lancer des projets entrepreneuriaux indépendants. L'affinité des femmes avec les tendances de la mode et la base de consommateurs de produits ayant rapport avec les perruques leur donne en outre l'avantage de « saisir le gain » dans un commerce de détail axé sur les acheteurs. Parallèlement à l'évolution des entreprises fabricant des perruques, qui passaient du statut d'entreprises de townships et de villages à celui d'acteurs mondiaux, la collaboration et les conflits au sein des familles ont manifesté les tendances contradictoires de l'évolution contemporaine de la famille en Chine: une tension entre le renforcement de l'importance de la famille comme source de ressources et la dissolution des normes patriarcales traditionnelles au cours de « l'individuation ». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Waste wigs are often disposed off in their volume on landfills, thus constituting a nuisance to the environment. Recycling these wigs in masonry bricks is a way via which they can be recycled and reused. On such premise, waste wig fiber (WWF) was recycled by incorporating into the cement-sand-clay composite mix for masonry bricks production. The challenges masonry bricks face include shrinkage and water susceptibility; hence, the contributory effect of WWF on physio-hydric properties was assessed in this study. Sample preparation entailed blending of cement, sand, clay soil, and waste wig fiber. The control mix was prepared by commixing clay with 10% cement (by clay volume) and 20% sand (by clay volume). Other mix proportions were reinforced with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% WWF by clay volume. Prepared composite brick samples were cured for 28 and 56 days and tested for physio-hydric properties. Results revealed WWF contributed significantly in improving hydro-resisting properties by minimizing porosity, water and moisture absorption, capillary suction, and water permeability. Furthermore, WWF contributed to dimensional stability by reducing shrinkages and weight loss. Hydration time impacts significantly in reducing apparent porosity, water permeability coefficient, moisture and water absorption, and capillary suction coefficient and increasing apparent density, weight loss, linear, and volumetric shrinkage. The general outcome depicts that WWF showed promising performance in bricks developed in enhancing water and moisture susceptibility resistance and promoting mass and dimensional stability, hence can be employed in reinforcing cement adobe bricks at an optimum mix of 5% vol fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair loss can impact a person's quality of life in ways incomprehensible. People value hair for different reasons, but value it nonetheless. There is a myriad of conditions that impede hair growth or cause hair to grow in an unattractive manner such as androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, and chemotherapy-induced hair loss. For conditions like cicatricial alopecia, there are hardly any options available once permanent loss of hair sets in. The role of hair transplantation too is limited in such cases where the donor area has been compromised. Thus, addressing the concern of hair loss and presenting all possible options available even after medical and surgical options flounder due to their limitations is a responsibility every dermatotrichologist carries and a plethora of camouflage options are available to improve the appearance of hair right from hairpieces to more permanent methods like scalp micropigmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatological hair loss (alopecia) is a devastating condition and not 'just' cosmetic. Wigs are recommended as a treatment by the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); however, wig provision is not equal in England. At Alopecia UK, we understand what is best practice for wig provision and aim for this to be adopted. We have been working with NHS England and NHS improvement to develop a best practice wigs charter, with input from key stakeholders to improve and eliminate variations in care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in cultural, religious and social history reveal that hair has diverse socio-religious and symbolic value in Jewish society and tradition. The focus of previous studies has, however, lied on issues such as specific hairstyle or the halakhic justifications for religious wig-wearing The present paper sets out to illuminate a related yet uncharted topic: the social and economic history of the wig trade in which Jews played an important role. The focus is on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a period marked by great tensions within the Jewish community. It was these tensions that turned the question of wig-wearing and the dynamics of supply into an issue that reflected the general transformation that Jewish society was undergoing in this period. Hair fashion is, of course, not necessarily a matter of only halakhic interest, and indeed the history of the trade with human hair also reveals new aspects of the economic history of Jews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editors thank the following colleagues who reviewed submitted articles in 2020. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Throughout history, wigs have often had a relevant cultural and social importance with correlations to wealth and position of power. Wigs help minimize the psychological consequences of different types of hair loss. They may reduce potential experiences of stigmatization, and improve social confidence and quality of life, besides enhancing self‐esteem and social adjustment. In dermatology, wigs may have a positive impact on the global treatment of patients suffering from alopecia as they offer an immediate and efficient cosmetic result. However, the medical literature on wigs is not extensive. Aims: This review aims to discuss synthetic wigs and nonsynthetic custom‐made hair systems, highlighting different hair fibers, foundations, various types of prosthesis, and the most common methods of attachments used to make wigs. Methods: The terms "wigs", "hair" AND "camouflage", "alopecia" AND "camouflage", and "hair prosthesis" were used to perform a literature search in MEDLINE through PubMed until April 8th, 2020. The search was limited to English‐language peer‐reviewed journal articles about humans, and it included only nonsurgical alternatives to camouflage alopecia. Conclusions: This article will help physicians, especially those who care for patients with hair loss, to provide appropriate advice for their patients about the wide variety and peculiarities of wigs and hairpieces currently available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the moments in Madame Bovary where wigs are mentioned, reading them as a microscope into the novel's representation of meaninglessness and its consequences. Starting with the wigs at Vaubyessard, then moving to the solitary wigmaker in Tostes, who serves as a double for Emma, then to the wigmaker in Rouen, and to Emma's wig at the masked ball, I argue that wigs' sartorial function and material composition place them at the intersection of – or rather in the crack between – metaphor and metonymy. As such, they serve as clues to the production of the 'livre sur rien.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than three years, Alec Baldwin, comic actor and recurring I Saturday Night Live i host, has been making regular guest appearances on the NBC variety programme clad in a tangerine wig and business suit (Nir [14]). At the same time, however, viewing I SNL i followed by Trump's response to I SNL i via Twitter again reinforces perceptions that Trump is authentic. So even two years in, it seems that Trump's critical and combative response to I SNL i , and in turn Baldwin via Twitter, is still working to Trump's advantage. In the end it seems that as long as Trump remains in the Oval Office, Baldwin will continue to appear on I SNL i an as an exaggerated, and increasingly more likeable version of Trump, especially in contrast with the version of political reality offered up by the current White House. [Extracted from the article]