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In 1998, Children Now surveyed 1,200 U.S. 10- to 17-year-olds about TV racial depictions, finding white children reported the most visibility. As a 25-year update, we surveyed 834 U.S. 10- to 17-year-olds: Asian/Asian American (n = 177), Black (n = 206), Hispanic (n = 150), Indigenous/Native American (n = 86), and white (n = 215). More youth now say it's important to see their race in media, but fewer report seeing their group, with Hispanic and Asian youth reporting the lowest frequencies. Overall, youth perceived disparities: 93% said there were 'enough' white characters; fewer said there were enough Black (54%), Hispanic (43%), Asian (32%), and Indigenous (19%) characters. Perceptions of qualities varied, with Indigenous characters scoring lowest in positive qualities and Black and Hispanic characters highest in negative qualities. Indigenous, Hispanic, and Asian/Asian American youth perceived fewer positive ingroup representations than white and Black youth. Implications for media message design and the theory of invisibility are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2014 and 2018, at least 974 youth were fatally shot by the police. Racial disparities in fatal police shootings (FPS) have been well-established in existing research, but less attention has been paid to patterns in fatal police encounters with youth. This study uses a multisource and externally validated research design to track cases of FPS for individuals aged between 10 and 24. Cases were geocoded to the county-level and linked to multiple variables capturing social, demographic, and policing contexts. The results point to substantial racial disparities in FPS. Black youth are killed at nearly double the rate of white youth. Counties with heightened risks to the physical safety of law enforcement have more FPS. Shootings are also more frequent for Black youth in racially segregated communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the role of media in family discussions of race and ethnicity, we surveyed a U.S. sample of 834 Asian/Asian American, Black, Hispanic, Indigenous/Native American, and White 10- to 17-year-olds. Based on social relational theory, we conceived of media as a resource and locus for mutual influence, whereby parents and youth may mediate each other’s exposure to ethnic-racial depictions. Consistent with conceptions of race/ethnicity as vertical identities (shared by parent and child, socialized primarily by parents because of relevant, lived experience), youths overall reported that their parents (vs. they) engaged in more mediation. However, as hypothesized, older youths and those whose parents were adult immigrants reported more mutual mediation. Contrary to hypotheses, the direction of mediation did not vary based on whether parents and youth had the same ethnic-racial background. Notably, there was no single set of media-based socialization practices in families of color, distinct from White families. For example, Black youths reported more parental mediation than Asian/Asian American and Indigenous/Native American youths, and White and Hispanic youth fell in between. However, all minoritized ethnic-racial groups reported somewhat fewer positive media-based discussions of race and ethnicity than White youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I build upon calls for an intersectional approach in sociocultural linguistic research – particularly in the context of language, gender and sexuality – which attends robustly to the question of race. Through the analysis of four moments of discourse between young LGBTQ+ people, I show how their queer positionality is informed and shaped by their experience as white or racialised youths. In doing so, I demonstrate the intra‐categorical nature of identity and the benefits of a ‘thick’ analytical approach which pays close attention to individual speakers’ positionalities. Furthermore, I argue for sociocultural linguistic research which honours the origins of intersectionality theory by accounting explicitly for the role of systemic racism and white privilege on speakers’ identity constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study how education affects Black and White youth employment in the context of No Pass, No Drive (NPND) policies, which require that teens attend school to hold drivers' licenses. Using difference‐in‐differences estimation, we find that NPND policies increase Black teen employment by 6.7 p.p. without affecting labor force participation (LFP), while reducing White teen employment and LFP by 8.3 p.p. and 5.9 p.p., respectively. We find similar, but smaller effects for Black and White adults ages 18–25. By increasing school enrollment, NPND policies cause White youths to exit the labor force, increasing labor market tightness and improving job finding for Black youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess associations of ACEs with depression and anxiety, with special emphasis on potential racial and ethnic disparities. Data were from the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), 2021 –2022, a large, cross-sectional, nationally representative, population-based study of United States children aged 0–17. The associations of cumulative ACEs with depression and anxiety among 104,205 children and adolescents were assessed via multivariable logistic regression, including adjustment for age, sex, race, household income, and parental educational attainment. ACEs were associated with depression and anxiety in a linear, dose-dependent manner. After adjustment for covariates, compared to no ACE exposures, participants with exposures to one, two, and three ACEs exhibited significantly higher odds of depression (fully-adjusted ORs and 95 % CIs = 2.18 [2.03, 2.35], 4.95 [4.55, 5.39], and 11.39 [10.18, 12.75], respectively). For anxiety, compared to no ACEs exposures, participants with exposure to one, two, and three ACEs had significantly higher odds of anxiety (fully-adjusted ORs and 95 % CIs = 1.90 [1.81, 2.00], 3.66 [3.44, 3.90], and 6.91 [6.30, 7.58], respectively). Notably, stratified analyses indicated potential effect modification by race, wherein the associations of ACEs with depression and anxiety were strongest in Black and White participants. ACEs were robustly associated with depression and anxiety in a national sample of U.S. children and adolescents, with differential impacts of ACES on mental health observed across racial and ethnic groups. These findings underscore the need for urgent government and healthcare interventions and policies to ameliorate ACEs' health effects, especially among disproportionately impacted minority groups. • ACEs were associated with elevated depression and anxiety in U.S. youths • Black and White youth were most vulnerable, indicating disparities in ACE impact • NSCH 2021–2022 data capture the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic • Critical need for mental health interventions designed for minority groups [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black and Latinx youth are more likely to be placed into foster care compared to non-Latinx white youth. Foster care placement can facilitate mental health service use, yet youth from marginalized and oppressed racial and ethnic groups in foster care are still less likely to receive mental health services compared to non-Latinx white youth. This study aims to examine this discrepancy Black and Latinx youth face by testing (a) whether mental health need moderates the relationship between race or ethnicity and foster care placement and (b) whether race or ethnicity moderates the relationship between foster care placement and mental health service use. Data come from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW II), a longitudinal national probability study of youth in contact with the child welfare system. Internalizing need was associated with a decreased likelihood of foster care placement for non-Latinx white youth compared to those with no need; findings showed the opposite for Latinx youth. Race and ethnicity did not significantly moderate the relationship between foster care placement and mental health service use, although predicted probabilities suggest that differences in mental health service use were more pronounced for Black and Latinx youth in in-home and kinship care compared to non-kinship foster care. Results suggest that despite main effects of race and ethnicity on foster care placement and mental health service use, discrepancies across these outcomes are not explained by race and ethnicity alone. Findings highlight the need to comprehensively examine predictors together, rather than separately, when assessing foster care care placement and mental health service use. A multi-pronged approach is outlined for child welfare reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Understanding Why Youth Depart Early from Summer Camp" explores the reasons behind early departures of youth from summer camps, particularly focusing on those from low-income backgrounds. Factors such as mental, emotional, and social health, as well as staffing ratios and camper needs, were found to influence early departures. The study suggests implications for practice, including additional support for campers with unique needs, staffing considerations, programmatic changes, and staff training. Continuous improvement efforts were implemented based on the study findings to reduce early departure rates in future camp seasons. [Extracted from the article]

Substance abuse is a serious mental health concern and reoffense risk factor for justice-involved youth. The Drug Abuse Screening Test for Adolescents (DAST-A) is used to assess drug abuse in different contexts, yet its psychometric properties have not yet been thoroughly explored in youth justice samples. We examined the measurement invariance and psychometrics of the DAST-A in a diverse sample of 741 justice-involved youth (N young men = 636). The tool showed strong reliability in the overall sample and subgroups (ω =.88–.94), and good convergent and concurrent validity. Logistic regression results indicated that, with each unit increase in DAST-A score, the odds of an substance use disorder (SUD) diagnosis increased by 23% (overall sample). The predictive validity findings were more robust for White youth than Black youth and as a result, a different cut-off score was explored for Black youth. The DAST-A demonstrated measurement invariance across gender and race. Practice implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symbolic interactionism is useful for examining how various socialization contexts (e.g., family and media) inform adolescents' identity construction and role making. Some research supports the theory's application in understanding White adolescents' racial socialization and identity development. The theory has yet to be applied to understanding the critical components that are essential for understanding how individuals interact with a digital society where racial inequality is pervasive. We propose a model of White adolescents' racial identity in response to racial socialization, and how that relationship manifests in social media contexts. We discuss how racial and social media literacies interact with family socialization and identity‐related experiences to promote White adolescents' critical race consciousness and introduce a novel application of digital critical racial literacy and digital anti‐racist action. The model advances symbolic interactionism by incorporating a critical lens, and can inform interventions aimed to educate parents, White youth, and social‐media developers on anti‐racist development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine and compare the relationship between minimum wage increases and youth homicide rates in three groups: all youth, White youth only, and Black youth only. Using 2001–2019 mortality data from the National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) for all 50 states and Washington DC, we apply a difference in differences (DD) design to compare the change in youth homicides across states with varying changes in the state-specific minimum wage. With the inclusion of state-specific linear time trends, we find that a $1 increase in minimum wage leads to a significant 4% reduction (RR = 0.96, 95%CI [0.92, 0.99]) in homicides among White youth, but no significant reduction among Black youth (RR = 0.98, 95%CI [0.91, 1.04]). Findings are consistent with research on marginalization-related diminished returns for Black youth. While minimum wage increases are a promising step to reduce youth homicides overall, reducing homicide disparities experienced by Black youth requires additional components. Future research should examine policies with the specific intention to dismantle structural racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth of color are often exposed to racism at both systemic and individual levels. Interpersonal racial/ethnic discrimination is the behavioral manifestation of individual racism.1,2 While direct individual experiences of racism (eg, comments directed at the individual) have deleterious effects for the socioemotional well-being of youth of color,3 research also points to the negative effects of broader exposure to racism (eg, viewing racist comments, images, or videos online1,2) that is not experienced directly. Now that social media (SM) has become a prominent and ubiquitous source of social interactions for adolescents, research on the influence of racism on youth must contend with this new medium. This is especially the case for youth of color, particularly Black and Hispanic/Latine youth, who report more SM use than White youth who do not identify as Hispanic/Latine.4 The unique features of SM, including its permanence, publicness, and personalized algorithms, may increase both direct and indirect experiences of online racism for youth of color, particularly due to its constant availability and highly visual nature, which likely expose and re-expose youth of color to a variety of online racist experiences. Approximately 20% of all Black adolescents sampled in a large national survey reported that they were the target of online bullying or harassment because of their racial or ethnic identity.4 Indeed, exposure to direct and indirect online racism is associated with negative mental health outcomes for youth of color,5,6 including posttraumatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rather than apprehending race or ethnicity as a predetermined social fact that then informs young people's experiences of engagement or inclusion, youth citizenship studies would benefit from more critical perspectives that enable investigation of the racialised construction of what is legible as civic participation or national belonging. Processes of racialisation operate in the production of youth as citizen-subjects in Australian nation-making through approaches in youth policy and research that simultaneously centre and invisibilise whiteness. This paper considers the role of racialisation in ways of knowing and regulating Australian youth as citizens through a critical review of the ways different groups of young people become meaningful and knowable as racialised citizens. It explores the representation and constitution of Indigenous, ethnic minority and white youth citizenship in youth research and policy as in turn non-existent/provisional, integrative/integratable, and vulnerable/healthy, to contribute to deepened understandings of the social construction of youth in the service of white nation-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose an integrative model for the development of anti-racism in white adolescents that unpacks and combines critical consciousness, color consciousness, anti-racism, and Critical Race Theory frameworks. Black and Brown youth in the U.S. face increasing rates of peer-directed racism, which contribute to long-term negative physical, psychological, academic, and behavioral outcomes. Despite increased focus on how critical consciousness and anti-racism develop uniquely in adolescence, there are no existing theories that provide an integrated, comprehensive model of anti-racist development in white adolescents. Our model unpacks and reorganizes the core features of four prominent theories into cognitive, psychological, and behavioral components of anti-racism development in white adolescents based on existing research to support a next-generation of hypotheses for future research. In doing so, we aim to provide a contemporary theoretical foundation for research that will elucidate anti-racism development among white youth, and help to dismantle structural racism against Black and Brown people in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language proficiencies have implications for how parents and children can communicate effectively and how culture and heritage can be transferred across generations. Previous research has sought to understand the relationship between parent language (mainstream, heritage) proficiencies and the ethnic‐racial orientation of their children, though prior studies have not investigated the relationship between child language proficiencies and parent ethnic‐racial orientation. This study examined the actor–partner effects of Latine mother–child dyads (N = 175; youth mean age = 12.86 years) regarding their proficiencies in English and Spanish and their Latine and White orientations. Our results revealed that youth Spanish language proficiency was positively linked to youth White orientation, and youth English proficiency was also positively associated with youth White orientation but only in instances when youth‐reported acculturation conflict was lower or average. There were two partner effects observed, with youth English proficiency positively relating to mother's White orientation and mothers' Spanish proficiency being negatively related to youth White orientation. Regarding Latine orientation, both English and Spanish were positively related to greater Latine orientation for both mothers and their children. However, at higher levels of mother‐reported acculturation conflict, higher mother English proficiency was related to lower youth Latine orientation. Overall, language proficiencies for Latine mothers and their children contribute to the development of bicultural orientations, though varying degrees of acculturation conflict can have differential impacts on these linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide deaths among Black youth in the US have increased rapidly over the past decade. Direct or vicarious racial trauma experienced through exposure to police brutality may underlie these concerning trends. We obtained nationally aggregated monthly counts of suicides for non-Hispanic Black and White youth (age ≤ 24 years) and adults (age > 24 years) from the National Mortality Vital Statistics restricted-use data files provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from 2013 to 2019. Monthly counts of Black youth suicides constituted our main outcome. We defined our exposure as the monthly counts of police killings of unarmed Black persons over 84 months (2013 to 2019), retrieved from the Mapping Police Violence database. We used ARIMA (AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average) time-series analyses to examine whether Black youth suicides increased within 0 to 3 months following police killings of unarmed Black persons, controlling for autocorrelation and corresponding series of White youth suicides. Suicides among Black youth increase by ∼1 count three months following an increase in police killings of unarmed Black persons (exposure lag 0 coefficient = 0.16, p > 0.05; exposure lag 1 coefficient = −0.70, p > 0.05; exposure lag 2 coefficient = −0.54, p > 0.05; exposure lag 3 coefficient = 0.95, p < 0.05). The observed increase in suicides concentrates among Black male youth (exposure lag 3 coefficient = 0.88, p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Racial/ethnic disparities in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders have been reported, but have not accounted for the prevalence of the traits that underlie these disorders. Examining rates of diagnoses in relation to traits may yield a clearer understanding of the degree to which racial/ethnic minority youth in Canada differ in their access to care. We sought to examine differences in self/parent-reported rates of diagnoses for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety disorders after adjusting for differences in trait levels between youth from three racial/ethnic groups: White, South Asian and East Asian. Method: We collected parent or self-reported ratings of OCD, ADHD and anxiety traits and diagnoses for 6- to 17-year-olds from a Canadian general population sample (Spit for Science). We examined racial/ethnic differences in trait levels and the odds of reporting a diagnosis using mixed-effects linear models and logistic regression models. Results: East Asian (N = 1301) and South Asian (N = 730) youth reported significantly higher levels of OCD and anxiety traits than White youth (N = 6896). East Asian and South Asian youth had significantly lower odds of reporting a diagnosis for OCD (odds ratio [ OR ]East Asian = 0.08 [0.02, 0.41]; OR South Asian = 0.05 [0.00, 0.81]), ADHD (OR East Asian = 0.27 [0.16, 0.45]; OR South Asian = 0.09 [0.03, 0.30]) and anxiety (OR East Asian = 0.21 [0.11, 0.39]; OR South Asian = 0.12 [0.05, 0.32]) than White youth after accounting for psychiatric trait levels. Conclusions: These results suggest a discrepancy between trait levels of OCD, ADHD and anxiety and rates of diagnoses for East Asian and South Asian youth. This discrepancy may be due to increased barriers for ethnically diverse youth to access mental health care. Efforts to understand and mitigate these barriers in Canada are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of electronic vapor products (EVPs) increases the risks of nicotine addiction, drug-seeking behavior, mood disorders, and avoidable premature morbidities and mortality. We explored temporal trends in EVP use among US adolescents. Methods: We used data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey for school grades 9 through 12 from 2015 (earliest available data) to 2021 (the most recently available data) from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n=57,006). Results: Daily use of EVPs increased from 2.0% in 2015 to 7.2% in 2019, a greater than 3.5-fold increase. Although the percentage decreased to 5.0% in 2021, it was still a >2.5-fold increase since 2015. In 2015, the percentage of EVP use was significantly higher in boys (2.8%) than girls (1.1%). By 2021, the percentage of EVP use was higher in girls (5.6%) than boys (4.5%), a 1.24-fold increase. In addition, the percentage of EVP use in 2021 was higher in White youth (6.5%) vs Black (3.1%), Asian (1.2%), and Hispanic/Latino (3.4%) youth compared to 2015, but White and Black adolescents had the highest increases of approximately 3.0-fold between 2015 and 2021. Adolescents in grade 12 had the highest percentages of EVP use at all periods. Conclusion: These data show alarming statistically significant and clinically important increases in EVP use in US adolescents in school grades 9 through 12. The magnitude of the increases may have been blunted by coronavirus disease 2019, a hypothesis that requires direct testing in analytic studies. These trends create clinical and public health challenges that require targeted interventions such as mass media campaigns and peer interventions to combat the influences of social norms that promote the adoption of risky health behaviors during adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the prevalence of past 30-day cannabis use among U.S. youth by cigarette use, alcohol use, demographics, and state-of-residence cannabis legal status in 2021 and examined whether changes in cannabis use prevalence were modified by these factors from 2013 to 2021. Data were drawn from the 24 states that collected cannabis use data participating in the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System from 2013 to 2021. Logistic regression analyses estimated past 30-day cannabis prevalence in 2021 and produced AORs by current cigarette, alcohol, and state-of-residence cannabis legal status. The same method was used with year as the exposure, adjusting for sex, race, and ethnicity, to assess trends in prevalence from 2013 to 2021. In 2021, cannabis use was more common among female youth (16.75% vs 13.83% [AOR=1.26, 95% CI=1.16, 1.37]) and non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic youth than among non-Hispanic White youth (17.19%, 16.14% vs 14.60% [AOR=1.25, 95% CI=1.12, 1.39 and AOR=1.16, 95% CI=1.04, 1.29, respectively]). Cannabis use was much more common among youth who reported any past 30-day cigarette or alcohol use (44.90% vs 6.48% [AOR=11.80, 95% CI=10.57, 13.18]). Declines in cannabis use were observed independent of state-level cannabis law from 2013 to 2021, and cannabis use prevalence did not differ significantly by state-of-residence cannabis legal status among the 24 participating states in 2021. Public health officials should carefully consider the potential impact of expanding commercialization of cannabis as a wellness product on youth cannabis use, especially with regard to minoritized populations and co-use with tobacco and alcohol. National and state-level public health education on cannabis use and youth-oriented prevention of cannabis uptake are long overdue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Points: Question: Was there a change between 2019 and 2021 in the percentage of US children and adolescents with severe mental health impairment and the percentage of youth using outpatient mental health care? Findings: This survey study including 8331 participants found that the percentage of youth with severe mental health impairment was 9.7% in 2019 and 9.4% in 2021. Controlling for age, sex, and impairment, outpatient mental health care declined among Black youth and increased among White youth. Meaning: There was no overall increase in parent-reported youth impairment during the pandemic, while expansion of the outpatient mental health treatment gap between Black and White youth increases the urgency to eliminate this disparity. Importance: Despite a federal declaration of a national child and adolescent mental health crisis in 2021, little is known about recent national trends in mental health impairment and outpatient mental health treatment of US children and adolescents. Objective: To characterize trends in mental health impairment and outpatient mental health care among US children and adolescents from 2019 to 2021 across demographic groups and levels of impairment. Design, Setting, and Participants: Survey study with a repeated cross-sectional analysis of mental health impairment and outpatient mental health care use among youth (ages 6-17 years) within the 2019 and 2021 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, nationally representative surveys of US households. Race and ethnicity were parent reported separately from 15 racial categories and 8 ethnic categories that were aggregated into Black, non-Hispanic; Hispanic; Other, non-Hispanic; and White, non-Hispanic. Exposure: Time period from 2019 to 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age- and sex-adjusted differences between 2019 and 2021 in mental health impairment measured with the Columbia Impairment Scale (a score ≥16 indicates severe; 1-15, less severe; and 0, no impairment) and age-, sex-, and Columbia Impairment Scale strata–adjusted differences in the use of any outpatient mental health care in 2019 and 2021. Results: The analysis involved 8331 participants, including 4031 girls and 4300 boys; among them, 1248 were Black and 3385 were White. The overall mean (SE) age was 11.6 (3.4) years. The percentage of children and adolescents with severe mental health impairment was 9.7% in 2019 and 9.4% in 2021 (adjusted difference, −0.3%; 95% CI, −1.9% to 1.2%). Between 2019 and 2021, there was also no significant difference in the percentage of children and adolescents with less severe impairment and no impairment. The overall annual percentages of children with any outpatient mental health care showed little change: 11.9% in 2019 and 13.0% in 2021 (adjusted difference, 1.3%; 95% CI, −0.4% to 3.0%); however, this masked widening differences by race. Outpatient mental health care decreased for Black youth from 9.2% in 2019 to 4.0% in 2021 (adjusted difference, −4.3%; 95% CI, −7.3% to −1.4%) and increased for White youth from 15.1% to 18.4% (adjusted difference, 3.0%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 6.0%). Conclusions and Relevance: Between 2019 and 2021, there was little change in the overall percentage of US children and adolescents with severe mental health impairment. During this period, however, there was a significant increase in the gap separating outpatient mental health care of Black and White youth. This survey study using a repeated cross-sectional analysis investigated trends in mental health impairment and outpatient mental health care in US children and adolescents overall and by race between 2019 and 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study examined racial-ethnic differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and treatment during adolescence and early adulthood. Methods: A national health care claims database was used to identify a cohort of 4,216,757 commercially insured youths with at least 1 year of coverage during 2014–2019. Racial-ethnic differences in the prevalence of visits with a recorded ADHD diagnosis (identified through ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM codes) and of ADHD treatment (identified through medical claims for psychosocial treatments and pharmacy claims for ADHD medications) were examined. Period prevalence rates were determined within five age categories, stratified by race-ethnicity. Poisson regression with a natural log link was used within each age category to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) comparing prevalence in each racially and ethnically minoritized group with prevalence in the White group. Results: The overall prevalence of ADHD diagnosis was 9.1% at ages 12–14 and 5.3% at ages 24–25. In each age category, Asian, Black, and Hispanic youths had lower prevalence of ADHD diagnosis than did White youths (PR=0.29–0.77). Among youths with an ADHD diagnosis, relative racial-ethnic differences in treatment were small (PR=0.92–1.03). Conclusions: Throughout adolescence and early adulthood, racially and ethnically minoritized youths were less likely than White youths to have health care visits with recorded ADHD diagnoses and, among those with diagnoses, were also slightly less likely to receive treatment. More research is needed to understand the processes underlying these differences and their potential health consequences among racially and ethnically minoritized youths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Points: Question: What causes of death are associated with the widening disparities in mortality among US youth of different races and ethnicities in recent years? Findings: In this cross-sectional study of mortality in youth aged 1 to 19 years in the US, injuries, especially firearm injuries, were associated with worsening disparities between Black and American Indian or Alaska Native and White youth. Between 2016 and 2020, the homicide rate in Black youth was 12.81 per 100 000 youth (rate ratio with White youth, 10.20), and the suicide rate for American Indian or Alaska Native youth was 11.37 per 100 000 youth (rate ratio with White youth, 2.60). Meaning: In this study, racial and ethnic disparities were observed for almost all leading causes of injury and disease and were associated with recent increases in US mortality rates. Importance: Mortality rates in US youth have increased in recent years. An understanding of the role of racial and ethnic disparities in these increases is lacking. Objective: To compare all-cause and cause-specific mortality trends and rates among youth with Hispanic ethnicity and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Black, and White race. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study conducted temporal analysis (1999-2020) and comparison of aggregate mortality rates (2016-2020) for youth aged 1 to 19 years using US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database. Data were analyzed from June 30, 2023, to January 17, 2024. Main Outcomes and Measures: Pooled, all-cause, and cause-specific mortality rates per 100 000 youth (hereinafter, per 100 000) for leading underlying causes of death were compared. Injuries were classified by mechanism and intent. Results: Between 1999 and 2020, there were 491 680 deaths among US youth, including 8894 (1.8%) American Indian or Alaska Native, 14 507 (3.0%) Asian or Pacific Islander, 110 154 (22.4%) Black, 89 251 (18.2%) Hispanic, and 267 452 (54.4%) White youth. Between 2016 and 2020, pooled all-cause mortality rates were 48.79 per 100 000 (95% CI, 46.58-51.00) in American Indian or Alaska Native youth, 15.25 per 100 000 (95% CI, 14.75-15.76) in Asian or Pacific Islander youth, 42.33 per 100 000 (95% CI, 41.81-42.86) in Black youth, 21.48 per 100 000 (95% CI, 21.19-21.77) in Hispanic youth, and 24.07 per 100 000 (95% CI, 23.86-24.28) in White youth. All-cause mortality ratios compared with White youth were 2.03 (95% CI, 1.93-2.12) among American Indian or Alaska Native youth, 0.63 (95% CI, 0.61-0.66) among Asian or Pacific Islander youth, 1.76 (95% CI, 1.73-1.79) among Black youth, and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.88-0.91) among Hispanic youth. From 2016 to 2020, the homicide rate in Black youth was 12.81 (95% CI, 12.52-13.10) per 100 000, which was 10.20 (95% CI, 9.75-10.66) times that of White youth. The suicide rate for American Indian or Alaska Native youth was 11.37 (95% CI, 10.30-12.43) per 100 000, which was 2.60 (95% CI, 2.35-2.86) times that of White youth. The firearm mortality rate for Black youth was 12.88 (95% CI, 12.59-13.17) per 100 000, which was 4.14 (95% CI, 4.00-4.28) times that of White youth. American Indian or Alaska Native youth had a firearm mortality rate of 6.67 (95% CI, 5.85-7.49) per 100 000, which was 2.14 (95% CI, 1.88- 2.43) times that of White youth. Black youth had an asthma mortality rate of 1.10 (95% CI, 1.01-1.18) per 100 000, which was 7.80 (95% CI, 6.78-8.99) times that of White youth. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, racial and ethnic disparities were observed for almost all leading causes of injury and disease that were associated with recent increases in youth mortality rates. Addressing the increasing disparities affecting American Indian or Alaska Native and Black youth will require efforts to prevent homicide and suicide, especially those events involving firearms. This cross-sectional study compares all-cause and cause-specific mortality trends and rates among youth from different races and ethnicities between 1999 and 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To systematically review the prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Black children and adolescents compared to White, Latino and Asian children and adolescents. Peer-reviewed articles were identified in seven databases and included if they reported prevalence of ADHD among Black children and adolescents living in a minority context and compared rates to at least one of White, Latino or Asian samples. A total of 7050 articles were retrieved and 155 articles were subjected to full evaluation. Twenty-three studies representing 26 independent samples were included. The pooled sample size was n = 218,445 (k = 26), n = 835,505 (k = 25), n = 493,417 (k = 24), and n = 66,413 (k = 7) of Black, White, Latino, and Asian participants, respectively. Pooled prevalence rate of ADHD was 15.9% (95%CI 11.6% – 20.7%) among Black children and adolescents, 16.6% (95%CI 11.6% – 22.2%) among Whites, 10.1% (95%CI 6.9% – 13.8%) among Latinos and 12.4% (95%CI 1.4% – 31.8%) among Asians. There was no significant difference in prevalence between ethnic groups, whereas both Black and White children and adolescents had marginally statistically significant higher prevalence than Asians. The results of a meta-regression analysis showed no moderating effects of the type of sample and the year of publication of studies. A significant publication bias was observed, suggesting that other moderators were not identified in the present systematic review. In contrast to the assertion in the DSM-5 that clinical identification among Black children and adolescents is lower than among White children and adolescents, the present meta-analysis suggests similar rates of ADHD among these two groups. The importance of considering cultural appropriateness of assessment tools and processes is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intervening in White youths' ethnic-racial identity (ERI) development during adolescence can support the development of positive anti-racist ideologies and behaviors that challenge privilege and oppression, increase awareness of and reduce implicit bias, and embrace positive intergroup contact attitudes; yet, little is known within developmental science regarding how White adolescents develop their ERI within the United States' sociohistorical context. Thus, this paper reviews the current literature on White ERI development and applies the Integrative Model (Garcia Coll et al., 1996), through its keen attention to how structures of power, privilege, and oppression have a direct impact on various environments and experiences for young people, to White youths' ERI development. The social stratification of whiteness, school ethnic-racial socialization, color-evasive and anti-racist adapting cultural systems, and ethnic-racial socialization in White families are explored as mechanisms that impact White adolescents' ERI development within a macrosystem characterized by white supremacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the establishment of the Rhodes Scholarship program in Alabama and the involvement of prominent figures such as Cecil Rhodes and Booker T. Washington. It discusses the initial exclusion of Black students from the scholarships and the subsequent adjustments made to the selection process. The experiences of Alain Locke, the first Black Rhodes Scholar, are also highlighted, along with the challenges he faced at Oxford. The article further examines the college experiences of W.H. Dinkins and Edwin H. Lee, two African American individuals who applied for the Rhodes Scholarship but were not selected. Despite the discrimination they faced, both Dinkins and Lee went on to achieve success and contribute to their fields. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on Carol Gilligan's influential work in her book "In a Different Voice," which challenged conventional psychology by exploring women's moral decision-making, particularly regarding abortion. Topics include Gilligan's critique of psychology's historical biases and the importance of listening to marginalized voices to broaden scientific knowledge.

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are a common type of functional neurological disorder in which patients experience seizurelike episodes. Health disparities based on race and socioeconomics, documented in children with epilepsy and adults with PNES, have not been reported in children and adolescents with PNES. We hypothesize that disparities exist in this population, which impact overall care and therefore influence outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed youth referred to our multidisciplinary clinic from 2018 to 2020. All patient charts were screened by social work before the visit to identify potential barriers to care, and a nurse conducted follow-up calls. Patients' race was identified from the electronic health record and compared with several variables. Outcomes were collected via phone follow-up. Descriptive statistics were produced, and comparisons between white patients and patients of other races were completed using Fisher exact tests and multivariable logistic regressions. During the study period, 237 patients were eligible for the analysis. Sixty-eight patients (29%) identified as a race other than white. Only 60%, 56%, and 40% of the cohort were reached for follow-up at one, three, and 12 months, respectively. In general, outcomes were similar between racial groups; however, we found that patients of nonwhite race were more likely to receive support from social work due to barriers identified in screening (P = 0.045). Health disparities based on race may exist in youth with PNES. A multidisciplinary clinic including social work may help mitigate barriers leading to more equitable care and similar outcomes for white and nonwhite youth with PNES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Prospectively examine racial and ethnic disparities in exposure to COVID-19-related stressors and their impact on families. Methods A racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse cohort of caregivers of youth (n  =   1,581) representative of the population served by a pediatric healthcare system completed the COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Scales in Oct/Nov 2020 and March/April 2021. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine exposure to COVID-19-related events (Exposure), impact of the pandemic on family functioning and well-being (Impact), and child and parent distress (Distress) across time and as a function of race and ethnicity, adjusting for other sociodemographic variables. Results Exposure and Distress increased over time for all participants. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, caregivers of Black and Hispanic youth reported greater Exposure than caregivers of White youth and caregivers of Black youth had a greater increase in Exposure over time than caregivers of White youth. Caregivers of White youth reported greater Impact than caregivers of Black and Other race youth. Conclusions Exposure to and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on family psychosocial functioning varied by race and ethnicity. Although exposure to COVID-19-related events was greater among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black families, those of marginalized races reported less family impact than non-Hispanic White families, suggesting resiliency to the pandemic. Research should examine such responses to public health crises in communities of color, with a focus on understanding protective factors. These findings suggest the importance of culturally tailored interventions and policies that support universal psychosocial screenings during times of public health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: End of pediatric cancer treatment requires family adjustment. Caregivers who struggle to incorporate the child's condition into family life have poorer family outcomes. To better understand factors that contribute to successful transition off active childhood cancer treatment, we sought to examine caregiver perceived management ability of the youth's condition and family functioning as predictors of caregiver distress, evaluate family functioning as a mediator between perceived ability and distress, and explore race and ethnicity as a moderator between perceived ability and family functioning. Methods: Caregivers (N = 141) completed measures assessing family management (condition management ability; CMA), family functioning, and distress as part of a clinical education and screening program within 1 year of the end of treatment. Bias‐corrected bootstrap regression analyses examined mediation and moderated mediation models with patient race and ethnicity as the moderator. Results: The overall mediation model was statistically significant for CMA→family functioning→distress. Race and ethnicity moderated the relationship between CMA and family functioning, but the full model was not significant. CMA was related to family functioning for caregivers of non‐Hispanic white youth, but not caregivers of Hispanic youth. Family functioning was related to distress for all caregivers. Conclusions: Family functioning serves as an initial intervention target to reduce caregiver distress. Caregiver perceived management ability of their child's condition is a meaningful predictor of family functioning and distress for caregivers of non‐Hispanic white youth, yet CMA may be limited as a screener of family management patterns for diverse populations, and other family management dimension may be more applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many racial–ethnic minoritized individuals are repeatedly exposed to subtle actions reflecting racial slights, termed racial microaggressions (RMAs), which are associated with adjustment problems in early adult and adult populations. Early adolescence represents a unique developmental period when minoritized youth begin their racial–ethnic identity exploration and are subjected to stereotypes and prejudice, thereby making them vulnerable to RMAs. Based upon the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist, a systematic literature search, screening and review of RMA literature focusing on high schoolers and younger youth was conducted and yielded 54 publications. This paper reviewed the publications and identified gaps in the field such as the need for systematic research on early adolescents including the frequency and severity of RMAs and the important contributions of peers, parents and teachers for RMA victims, and the need for more evidence-based programming for middle schoolers. Findings suggest that developing school-based microaggression antiracism programs is clearly needed for minoritized and White youth. Impact Statement Racial microaggressions are harmful to minoritized youth's well-being, including higher rates of suicidal ideation even after accounting for experiences of overt discrimination. The current systematic review suggests a great need for helping school staff provide an inclusive, equitable classroom and for empowering other adults to better support minoritized youth in handling racial microaggressions. The authors propose that school psychologists can fill this critical gap given their important role in providing socio–emotional support to both students and staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are distinct individual trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence which are most often differentiated into low, moderate/stable, and high/increasing groups. Research has found genetic predisposition for depression associated with trajectories characterized by greater depressive symptoms. However, the majority of this research has been conducted in White youth. Moreover, a separate literature indicates that trajectories with elevated depressive symptoms can result in substance use. It is critical to identify depressive symptom trajectories, genetic predictors, and substance use outcomes in diverse samples in early adolescence to understand distinct processes and convey equitable benefits from research. Using data from the Adolescent Cognitive Brain Development Study (ABCD), we examined parent-reported depressive symptom trajectories within Black/African American (AA, n = 1783), White/European American (EA, n = 6179), and Hispanic/Latinx (LX, n = 2410) youth across four annual assessments in early adolescence (age 9–10 to 12–13). We examined racially/ethnically aligned polygenic scores (Dep-PGS) as predictors of trajectories as well as substance use intent and perceived substance use harm as outcomes at age 12–13. Differential trajectories were found in AA, EA, and LX youth but low and high trajectories were represented within each group. In EA youth, greater Dep-PGS were broadly associated with membership in trajectories with greater depressive symptoms. Genetic effects were not significant in AA and LX youth. In AA youth, membership in the low trajectory was associated with greater substance use intent. In EA youth, membership in trajectories with higher depressive symptoms was associated with greater substance use intent and less perceived harm. There were no associations between trajectories and substance use intent and perceived harm in LX youth. These findings indicate that there are distinct depressive symptom trajectories in AA, EA, and LX youth, accompanied by unique associations with genetic predisposition for depressive symptoms and substance use outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the independent and interactive effects of alcohol use disorder genome-wide polygenic scores (AUD-PGS) and parenting and family conflict on early adolescent externalizing behaviors. Data were drawn from White (N = 6181, 46.9% female), Black/African American (N = 1784, 50.1% female), and Hispanic/Latinx (N = 2410, 48.0% female) youth from the adolescent brain cognitive development Study (ABCD). Parents reported on youth externalizing behaviors at baseline (T1, age 9/10), 1-year (T2, age 10/11) and 2-year (T3, age 11/12) assessments. Youth reported on parenting and family environment at T1 and provided saliva or blood samples for genotyping. Results from latent growth models indicated that in general externalizing behaviors decreased from T1 to T3. Across all groups, higher family conflict was associated with more externalizing behaviors at T1, and we did not find significant associations between parental monitoring and early adolescent externalizing behaviors. Parental acceptance was associated with lower externalizing behaviors among White and Hispanic youth, but not among Black youth. Results indicated no significant main effect of AUD-PGS nor interaction effect between AUD-PGS and family variables on early adolescent externalizing behaviors. Post hoc exploratory analysis uncovered an interaction between AUD-PGS and parental acceptance such that AUD-PGS was positively associated with externalizing rule-breaking behaviors among Hispanic youth, but only when parental acceptance was very low. Findings highlight the important role of family conflict and parental acceptance in externalizing behaviors among early adolescents, and emphasize the need to examine other developmental pathways underlying genetic risk for AUD across diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fall of 2021, an engaged group of NYU graduate students assembled to discuss Angie Thomas' YA novel The Hate U Give. The class was composed of one Black student among a group of white students. On the night the group discussed The Hate U Give, the freedom of discourse broke down significantly. The white students became terrified of saying anything that could be perceived as racist, while the Black student felt resentful that she should be expected to 'teach' the rest of the group about being Black in America. In this article, the white professor and the single Black student in the class reflect on what factors disrupted the group from having a meaningful conversation about race. The piece aims to help both Black and white students and educators more successfully navigate difficult conversations centred around race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cigarette smoking remains the leading avoidable cause of premature death in the United States, accounting for approximately 500,000, or 1 in 5, deaths annually. We explored trends in cigarette smoking among US adolescents. Methods: We used data for adolescents in grades 9 through 12 from 1991 to 2021 from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey provided by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We explored trends overall as well as by sex, race/ethnicity, and school grade. Results: All cigarette use—assessed as ever, occasional, frequent, or daily—among adolescents declined markedly from 1991 to 2021. Specifically, ever use significantly decreased from 70.1% in 1991 to 17.8% in 2021 (P<0.05), an almost 4-fold decline. Occasional use significantly decreased from 27.5% in 1991 to 3.8% in 2021 (P<0.05), a greater than 7-fold decline. Frequent use significantly decreased from 12.7% to 0.7%, a greater than 18-fold decline. Daily use declined from 9.8% in 1991 to 0.6% in 2021, a greater than 16-fold decline. Cigarette smoking significantly decreased from 1999 to 2021 across sex, race/ethnicity, and school grade (P<0.05). In 2021, daily use was higher in boys vs girls; Hispanic/Latino and White youth vs Black and Asian youth; and 12th graders vs 9th, 10th, and 11th graders. Conclusion: These data show large and significant decreases in cigarette use among US adolescents in high school grades 9 through 12 from 1991 to 2021. Nonetheless, the data also suggest residual clinical and public health challenges that will require targeted interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the association between trauma patterns, gender identity, ethnicity, foster care involvement, and mental health needs in a sample of low-income youth. Our community sample included 2,175 clients aged 6 or older (Mage = 11.9), has a closely-even gender ratio (55% female and 45% male and others) and is ethnically diverse (37% Black, 31% Multiracial, 14% Latinx, 9% White, 10% Others). 61% of youth in this sample have involvement with the foster care system. Latent class analysis was used to identify trauma patterns, explore predictors of latent class membership, and estimate the cumulative mental health needs for each trauma class. Results revealed four trauma patterns (Low Trauma, Caregiving Disruption, Community Violence, and Multiple Trauma). Girls were more likely than boys to be in the high-trauma groups. Compared to Black youth, Latinx youth were more likely to be in the Multiple Trauma class, whereas White youth were less likely to be in the high trauma classes. Youth with past or current involvement with the foster care system were more likely than those without to be in the high-trauma classes. Mental health needs for youth in Low Trauma and Caregiving Disruption were comparable, but were highest for those in Community Violence. Contrary to expectation, the Multiple Trauma group did not have the highest-level mental health needs. Interventions for low-income youth can benefit from knowing which trauma patterns are associated with various levels of mental health needs. Newer models of care focusing on building healthy communities may be the way forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the book "Last Best Hope: America in Crisis and Renewal," political journalist and novelist George Packer analyzes the current state of the United States, explaining the country's descent into chaos and fragmentation. Packer identifies four distinct groups with different national narratives: Free America, Smart America, Real America, and Just America. He argues for the need to address conflicts and create an Equal America through changes in economic structures, the social safety net, and the distribution of power and wealth. Packer's analysis offers a thought-provoking examination of the challenges facing the country and proposes solutions for recovery. [Extracted from the article]

Individuals enter police encounters with expectations about how these interactions will unfold. These expectations are often rooted in racialized personal, vicarious, and collective experiences with the police. Bayesian updating posits that the way youth perceive treatment by the police during stops and arrests combines with prior expectations and perceptions to shape current views of the law, whereas subtyping suggests this process differs by race. This study examines intra‐ and interracial variability in these processes using longitudinal survey data from 3,085 Black and White youth. Regardless of race, youth who indicate they were treated with disrespect during police encounters had lower perceptions of procedural justice than did those with no contact, whereas contact perceived as respectful had no significant effects. For White but not Black youth, police encounters rated as "neutral" are associated with more negative views of the police. Other forms of legal socialization are also racialized, including messages conveyed in the media and by parents. Limited evidence exists that prior views of the police moderate the effect of police encounters on procedural justice or that these conditioning effects vary by race. Findings support updating, but race differences do not neatly align with findings expected with updating or subtyping theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While dialogues with the youth in the EU are understood as an important mechanism for co-shaping the EU youth policies, they are constantly confronted with the problem of the non-inclusion of unorganized youth. Applying the Foucauldian analytical problematization approach, the article illuminates three historical periods that led to the formation of the contemporary problem of the non-inclusion of unorganized youth in dialogues in the EU. The first period is the 1970s when, as a response to the youth protest, the European Community organized the first dialogues. The second at the beginning of the 2000s with political struggles on how to conduct dialogues with young people in the EU. Finally, the third period relates to the processes of institutionalization of dialogues with youth after the adoption of 2001 White Paper on Youth that resulted in the adoption of the Structured Dialogue as an official mechanism for co-shaping EU youth policies. In the article, we show that the inclusion of unorganized youth is a persisting problem that always represents an unfulfilled goal. This enables unorganized youth to be formed and framed as an object to be known and a target of political interventions of the EU youth policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2016 U.S. Presidential election led to a rise in mental health concerns among marginalized youth. We consider how LGBTQ+ and ally youth responded in Gender-Sexuality Alliances (GSAs). In this secondary analysis, we used survey data to assess for associations between frequency of discussions of the election in GSAs and mental health outcomes. We found that youth in GSAs that discussed the election and its sequelae more frequently reported lower depressive symptoms at the end of the year, but this association held true only for White youth and not racial/ethnic minority youth and only in the 2016 to 2017 academic year and not the 2017 to 2018 academic year. Implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to conceptually replicate a multi-indicator construct of economic hardship in a national sample of adolescents with and without disabilities (N = 9,230). Using data from the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2012 (NLTS2012), the latent construct economic hardship was confirmed from six theoretically relevant indicators: household income, parent education level, parent employment status, one- or two-parent household, household internet access, and participation in government-assisted social programs (e.g., Supplemental Security Income benefits, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families). In addition, we examined group differences on the latent mean of economic hardship based on disability category, race and ethnicity, and school and family factors. Mean differences showed significantly lower economic hardship for youth on 504 plans, youth with autism, and for White non-Hispanic youth; whereas there was significantly greater hardship for youth with intellectual disability and youth with emotional disturbance and among youth of color. The implications of the replicated and expanded findings for adolescents with and without disabilities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined (1) disparities in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) care by insurance coverage, and by child race and ethnicity among Medicaid-insured children (MIC), and (2) healthcare utilization changes after OSA care. IBM MarketScan insurance claims were used to index OSA care 1-year before and after initial OSA diagnosis in 2017 among 2-17-year-old children (n = 31,787, MIC: 59%). OSA care and healthcare utilization analyses adjusted for child age, sex, obesity, and complex chronic conditions. We identified 8 OSA care pathways, including no care, which occurred in 34.4% of the overall sample. MIC had 13% higher odds of no OSA care compared to commercially-insured children (CIC). MIC had 32–48% lower odds of any treatment pathway involving specialty care, but a 13–46% higher likelihood of receiving surgical care without polysomnogram (PSG) and PSG only. In MIC, non-Latinx Black/African American (Black) and Hispanic/Latinx children were 1.3–2.2 times more likely than White children to receive treatment involving specialty care and/or PSG, while Black children were 31% less likely than White youth to undergo surgery. In the full sample, surgical care was associated with less outpatient and emergency healthcare utilization compared to those untreated or not surgically treated. Varied OSA management by insurance coverage suggests disparities in access to and engagement in care and potentially greater disease burden among MIC. Surgical care is associated with reduced healthcare utilization. The lower odds of surgery in Black MIC should be further evaluated in the context of OSA severity, healthcare biases, and family preferences. • OSA diagnosis is more prevalent in Medicaid-insured vs. commercially-insured children. • One-third of youth had no OSA care, including no PSG history, post-OSA diagnosis. • Surgical care is linked to less healthcare utilization 1-year post-diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Youth with incarcerated parents experience more adverse childhood experiences than other youth, placing them at higher risk for mental health and substance use disorders. Despite their increased risk, these youth may be less likely to access mental health services, particularly given their racial and ethnic makeup. Therefore, this study aimed to assess racial and ethnic disparities in access to mental health services for youth with incarcerated parents. This secondary data analysis used longitudinal data from 2016 to 2019 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Logistic regression models assessed the relationships among incarceration, cumulative childhood experiences, DSM-5 diagnoses, and mental health services. Additional analyses stratified these models by race and ethnicity. All analyses were performed in 2022. Youth with incarcerated parents were more likely to report 4 or more childhood experiences (51% vs 14%; AOR=3.92; 95% CI=3.3, 4.65; p <0.001) and to have received mental health services (25% vs 15%; AOR=1.89; 95% CI=1.6, 2.21; p <0.001) than unexposed youth. However, Black youth with incarcerated parents (19% vs 34%; AOR=0.38; 95% CI=0.27, 0.52; p <0.001) and Latinx youth with incarcerated parents (10% vs 17%; AOR=0.5; 95% CI=0.33, 0.76; p <0.001) were significantly less likely to report receiving mental health services than White youth with incarcerated parents and non-Latinx youth with incarcerated parents, respectively. Youth with incarcerated parents were more likely to report utilization of mental health services, but significant racial and ethnic disparities exist between Black and Latinx youth with incarcerated parents compared with that among White and non-Latinx youth with incarcerated parents. There is a continued need to expand mental health services to youth with incarcerated parents and to address racial and ethnic disparities in access to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the interaction of mental health needs and race and ethnicity on juvenile justice placement decisions. Mental health diagnoses and placement decisions were collected for a large (n = 9765) sample of justice‐involved youth in the state of Texas from 2007 to 2008. Analyses revealed Black and Hispanic youth were overrepresented in secure facilities, although race and ethnicity were not predictive of disposition decisions beyond legal variables. Substance use interacted with race and ethnicity such that Black and Hispanic youth with substance use diagnoses were less likely than non‐Hispanic White youth to be placed in secure settings. Youth with internalizing or externalizing mental health diagnoses received similar placement decisions regardless of race or ethnicity. Findings are in contrast to prior investigations of the interaction of race/ethnicity and mental health needs on placement decisions, perhaps due to the use of mental health diagnoses in the current study rather than other indicators of mental health need. Future research should investigate potential bias present within psychosocial evaluations and resulting mental health diagnoses within the juvenile justice system to inform their utility in the placement decision‐making process, and how these social identities interact to influence each step along the juvenile justice system pathway to identify potential points of biased decision making that may compound the adverse effects of juvenile justice system involvement for youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Mexican Americans with Moxie: A Transgenerational History of El Movimiento Chicano in Ventura County, California, 1945–1975" by Frank P. Barajas is a book that challenges the notion of generational divisions within the Chicano movement. Barajas focuses on Ventura County and reveals that Mexican Americans in the region collaborated across generations to support farmworkers, victims of police brutality, antiwar protests, and desegregation efforts. The book highlights the fluidity between rural and urban, migrant and native, and emphasizes the intergenerational cast that played a significant role in political campaigns in the area. Barajas also explores the experiences of ethnic Mexicans in relation to police brutality, educational discrimination, and the Vietnam War. The book reframes the understanding of ethnic Mexican political generations and sheds light on the history of Mexican Americans in the United States. [Extracted from the article]

Background & methods: Youth of color are surveilled and arrested by police at higher rates than their White peers, contributing to racial inequities across the life course and in population health. Previous research points to schools as an increasingly relevant site for youth criminalization, but existing studies emphasize within-school mechanisms, with limited analysis of policing in surrounding school areas. To fill this gap, we study changes in police arrests of youth after initial COVID-19 school closures in 2020 across four US cities overall and in relation to public school locations. We analyze geocoded arrest records and use interrupted time series negative binomial regression models with city and month fixed effects to estimate change in weekly arrest rates among White, Black, and Latinx youth. We estimate arrest densities within school areas before and after school closures using spatial buffers of 300 feet. Results: In the immediate weeks and months following COVID-19 pandemic school closures, youth arrest rates fell dramatically and with lasting impacts compared to other age groups. During the period of remote learning, weekly youth arrest rates declined by 54.0% compared to youth arrests rates in 2019, adjusting for city and seasonality (Incident Rate Ratio 0.46, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.52). We estimate Black youth weekly arrests fell from 43.6 to 16.8 per 100,000, vs. 4.6 to 2.2 per 100,000 among White youth. However, Black youth arrest rates during the remote learning period were still nearly 5 times that of White youth pre-pandemic. We also find that youth arrest rates declined during two school closure periods: at the start of the pandemic in 2020 and during Summer 2019. A spatial analysis shows Black and Latinx youth arrest densities in the surrounding 300 feet of K-12 schools were at least 15 and 8.5 times that of White youth, respectively, in both pre- and remote-learning periods. Conclusions: Black and Latinx youth face a higher likelihood of being arrested near a school than do White youth and older age groups, and racial inequities in arrests remains after school closures. Our findings show school closures significantly reduced arrests of urban youth of color, and policies addressing youth criminalization and structural racism should consider the joint spatial context of schools and policing. Although school closures may have resulted in learning loss and harms to youth wellbeing, closures interrupted comparatively high levels of arrest for Black and Latinx youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]