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4. De-pollution efficacy of photocatalytic roofing granules

Author

Tang, X, Ughetta, L, Shannon, SK, Houzé de l'Aulnoit, S, Chen, S, Gould, RAT, Russell, ML, Zhang, J, Ban-Weiss, G, Everman, RLA, Klink, FW, Levinson, R, and Destaillats, H

Subjects
Asphalt roofing shingle, Titanium dioxide, Aging, Weathering, NOx, Nitrate, Building & Construction, Environmental Science and Management, Architecture, Building
Abstract

Photocatalytic building surfaces can harness sunlight to reduce urban air pollution. The NOx abatement capacity of TiO2-coated granules used in roofing products was evaluated for commercial product development. A laboratory test chamber and ancillary setup were built following conditions prescribed by ISO Standard 22197-1. It was validated by exposing reference P25-coated aluminum plates to a 3 L min−1 air flow enriched in 1 ppm NO under UVA irradiation (360 nm, 11.5 W m−2). We characterized prototype granule-surfaced asphalt shingles and loose granules prepared with different TiO2 loadings and post-treatment formulations. Tests performed at surface temperatures of 25 and 60 °C showed that NOx abatement was more effective at the higher temperature. Preliminary tests explored the use of 1 ppm NO2 and of 1 ppm and 0.3 ppm NO/NO2 mixtures. Specimens were aged in a laboratory accelerated weathering apparatus, and by exposure to the outdoor environment over periods that included dry and rainy seasons. Laboratory aging led to higher NO removal and NO2 formation rates, and the same catalyst activation was observed after field exposure with frequent precipitation. However, exposure during the dry season reduced the performance. This inactivation was mitigated by cleaning the surface of field-exposed specimens. Doubling the TiO2 loading led to a 50–150% increase in NO removal and NOx deposition rates. Application of different post-treatment coatings decreased NO removal rates (21–35%) and NOx deposition rates (26–74%) with respect to untreated granules. The mass balance of nitrogenated species was assessed by extracting granules after UV exposure in a 1 ppm NO-enriched atmosphere.

Published
2019

5. Correlating the nanostructure of Al-oxide with deposition conditions and dielectric contributions of two-level systems in perspective of superconducting quantum circuits

Author

Fritz, S., Seiler, A., Radtke, L., Schneider, R., Weides, M., Weiß, G., and Gerthsen, D.

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity
Abstract

This work is concerned with Al/Al-oxide(AlO$_{x}$)/Al-layer systems which are important for Josephson-junction-based superconducting devices such as quantum bits. The device performance is limited by noise, which has been to a large degree assigned to the presence and properties of two-level tunneling systems in the amorphous AlO$_{x}$ tunnel barrier. The study is focused on the correlation of the fabrication conditions, nanostructural and nanochemical properties and the occurrence of two-level tunneling systems with particular emphasis on the AlO$_{x}$-layer. Electron-beam evaporation with two different processes and sputter deposition were used for structure fabrication, and the effect of illumination by ultraviolet light during Al-oxide formation is elucidated. Characterization was performed by analytical transmission electron microscopy and low-temperature dielectric measurements. We show that the fabrication conditions have a strong impact on the nanostructural and nanochemical properties of the layer systems and the properties of two-level tunneling systems. Based on the understanding of the observed structural characteristics, routes are derived towards the fabrication of Al/AlO$_{x}$/Al-layers systems with improved properties., Comment: 28 pages, 4 figures

Published
2017
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6. Long Distance Transport of Subsurface Sediment‐Derived Iron From Asian to Alaskan Margins in the North Pacific Ocean.

Author

Sieber, M., Lanning, N. T., Steffen, J. M., Bian, X., Yang, S.‐C., Lee, J. M., Weiss, G., Hunt, H. R., Charette, M. A., Moore, W. S., Hautala, S. L., Hatta, M., Lam, P. J., John, S. G., Fitzsimmons, J. N., and Conway, T. M.

Subjects
DUST, IRON isotopes, MANGANESE isotopes, CIRCULATION models, OCEAN circulation, TRACE metals, IRON
Abstract

The international GEOTRACES program has been instrumental in demonstrating how marine sediments are a critical source of dissolved Fe to the world's oceans. Here, we present dissolved iron (dFe) from the GEOTRACES North Pacific GP15 section, which, alongside other sediment‐source tracers (including dissolved δ56Fe, Mn, 228Ra, and particulate Fe), allows for identification of the dFe provenance of three distinct dFe depth maxima at the Alaskan margin. Two of these (shelf and abyssal depths) are of local Alaskan sedimentary origin. The third, a mid‐depth dFe maximum with an absence of 228Ra, is an advected signal that, based on tracer data from Western Pacific GEOTRACES transects and circulation models, must be advected from sedimentary sources on the Asian margin, ∼5,000 km away. This study illustrates the importance of measuring diagnostic sedimentary tracers like radium when assigning local margins as sedimentary sources of marine trace metal budgets. Plain Language Summary: Iron is an essential, yet limiting, micronutrient for marine primary producers, and thus influences patterns of global oceanic primary productivity and carbon exchange. In recent years, the International GEOTRACES program has highlighted that marine sediments, hydrothermal vents, and atmospheric dust all supply dissolved iron to the oceans. Here, we investigated the sources of dissolved iron to the Eastern North Pacific Ocean, using samples collected on the U.S. GEOTRACES GP15 Pacific Meridional Cruise that sailed from Alaska to Tahiti in 2018. We identified three elevated dissolved iron features close to the Alaskan continental margin, with two originating from local sedimentary sources (shelf and abyss). The third, an intermediate depth dissolved iron plume that extends south into the gyre, is not of local sedimentary origin, but instead results from long‐distance transport of dissolved iron from Asian marginal sediment sources. A critical aspect of this study is the use of multiple chemical tracers such as radium, iron, and manganese, coupled with ocean circulation models, to correctly attribute the sources of trace metals to the ocean. Key Points: Three distinct dFe maxima were identified close to the Alaskan margin at different depths. Two are of local origin (shelf and abyssal)An intermediate depth dFe plume with an absence of Mn and Ra, is a distal advected signal from Asian margin sedimentary sources (5,000 km away)A multiple tracer approach of Fe, Mn, and Ra was necessary to rule out what appeared to be a local margin source [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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7. Air-temperature response to neighborhood-scale variations in albedo and canopy cover in the real world: Fine-resolution meteorological modeling and mobile temperature observations in the Los Angeles climate archipelago

Author

Taha, H, Levinson, R, Mohegh, A, Gilbert, H, Ban-Weiss, G, and Chen, S

Abstract

To identify and characterize localized urban heat- and cool-island signals embedded within the temperature field of a large urban-climate archipelago, fine-resolution simulations with a modified urbanized version of the WRF meteorological model were carried out as basis for siting fixed weather monitors and designing mobile-observation transects. The goal was to characterize variations in urban heat during summer in Los Angeles, California. Air temperatures measured with a shielded sensor mounted atop an automobile in the summers of 2016 and 2017 were compared to model output and also correlated to surface physical properties focusing on neighborhood-scale albedo and vegetation canopy cover. The study modeled and measured the temperature response to variations in surface properties that already exist in the real world, i.e., realistic variations in albedo and canopy cover that are attainable through current building and urban design practices. The simulated along-transect temperature from a modified urbanized WRF model was compared to the along-transect observed temperature from 15 mobile traverses in one area near downtown Los Angeles and another in an inland basin (San Fernando Valley). The observed transect temperature was also correlated to surface physical properties characterizations that were developed for input to the model. Both comparisons were favorable, suggesting that (1) the model can reliably be used in siting fixed weather stations and designing mobile-transect routes to characterize urban heat and (2) that except for a few cases with opposite co-varying influences, the correlations between observed temperature and albedo and between observed temperature and canopy cover were each negative, ranging from -1.0 to -9.0 °C per 0.1 increase in albedo and from -0.1 to -2.2 °C per 0.1 increase in canopy cover. Observational data from the analysis domains pointed to a wind speed threshold of 3 m/s. Below this threshold the variations in air temperature could be explained by land use and surface properties within a 500-m radius of each observation point. Above the threshold, air temperature was influenced by the properties of the surface within a 1-km upwind fetch. Of relevance to policy recommendations, the study demonstrates the significant real-world cooling effects of increasing urban albedo and vegetation canopy cover. Based on correlations between the observed temperature (from mobile transects) and surface physical properties in the study domains, the analysis shows that neighborhood-scale (500-m) cooling of up to 2.8 °C during the daytime can be achieved by increasing albedo. A neighborhood can also be cooled by up to 2.3 °C during the day and up to 3.3 °C at night by increasing canopy cover. The analysis also demonstrates the suitability of using fine-resolution meteorological models to design mobile-transect routes or site-fixed weather monitors in order to quantify urban heat and the efficacy of albedo and canopy cover countermeasures. The results also show that the model is capable of accurately predicting the geographical locations and the magnitudes of localized urban heat and cool islands. Thus the model results can also be used to devise urban-heat mitigation measures.

Published
2018

10. Energy and environmental consequences of a cool pavement campaign

Author

Gilbert, HE, Rosado, PJ, Ban-Weiss, G, Harvey, JT, Li, H, Mandel, BH, Millstein, D, Mohegh, A, Saboori, A, and Levinson, RM

Subjects
Life cycle assessment, Cool pavement, Building energy use, Heating, Cooling, Materials and construction, Supplementary cementitious materials, Urban climate, Global warming potential, Global cooling, Building & Construction, Engineering, Built Environment and Design
Abstract

Raising the albedo (solar reflectance) of streets can lower outside air temperature, reduce building energy use, and improve air quality in cities. However, the production and installation of pavement maintenance and rehabilitation treatments with enhanced albedo (“cool” pavements) may entail more or less energy consumption and carbon emission than that of less-reflective treatments. We developed several case studies in which a cool surface treatment is substituted for a more typical treatment (that is, a cool technology is selected instead of a more typical technology). We then assessed over a 50-year analysis period the changes in primary energy demand (PED, excluding feedstock energy) and global warming potential (GWP, meaning carbon dioxide equivalent) in Los Angeles and Fresno, California. The analysis considers two stages of the pavement life cycle: materials and construction (MAC), comprising material production, transport, and construction; and use, scoped as the influence of pavement albedo on cooling, heating, and lighting energy consumption in buildings. In Los Angeles, substituting a styrene acrylate reflective coating or a chip seal for a slurry seal in routine maintenance, or a bonded concrete overlay on asphalt (BCOA) without supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) for mill-and-fill asphalt concrete in conventional or long-life rehabilitation, induced MAC-stage PED and GWP penalties that substantially exceeded use-stage savings, primarily due to material production. Modified rehabilitation cases in which SCM comprised 21% to 50% of the BCOA's total cementitious content by mass (portland cement + SCM) yielded smaller total (MAC + use) PED and GWP penalties, or even total PED and GWP savings. Trends in Fresno were similar, with some differences in GWP outcomes that result from Fresno's longer heating season. The modified rehabilitation cases using BCOA with high SCM content yielded total GWP savings in each city; all other cases yielded total GWP penalties. The magnitude of the one-time GWP offset offered by global cooling from the increased albedo itself always, and sometimes greatly, exceeded the 50-year total GWP penalty or savings. In Los Angeles, the annual building conditioning (cooling + heating) PED and energy cost savings intensities yielded by cool pavements were each about an order of magnitude smaller than the corresponding savings from cool roofs.

Published
2017

11. Modeling the climate impacts of deploying solar reflective cool pavements in California cities

Author

Mohegh, A, Rosado, P, Jin, L, Millstein, D, Levinson, R, and Ban-Weiss, G

Subjects
Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

Solar reflective “cool pavements” have been proposed as a potential heat mitigation strategy for cities. However, previous research has not systematically investigated the extent to which cool pavements could reduce urban temperatures. In this study we investigated the climate impacts of widespread deployment of cool pavements in California cities. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model, we simulated the current climate of California at 4 km spatial resolution. Comparing this simulation to 105 weather stations in California suggested an overall mean bias (model minus observation) of -0.30°C. Widespread pavement albedo increases of 0.1 and 0.4 in California cities were then simulated. Comparing temperature reductions for each scenario showed that the climate response to pavement albedo modification was nearly linear. Temperature reductions at 14:00 local standard time were found to be 0.32°C per 0.1 increase in grid cell average albedo. Temperature reductions were found to peak in the late morning and evening when (a) boundary layer heights were low and (b) solar irradiance (late morning) and heat accumulation in the pavement (evening) was high. Temperature reductions in summer were found to exceed those in winter, as expected. After scaling the results using realistic data-derived urban canyon morphologies and an off-line urban canyon albedo model, annual average surface air temperature reductions from increasing pavement albedo by 0.4 ranged from 0.18°C (Palm Springs) to 0.86°C (San Jose). The variation among cities was due to differences in baseline climate, size of the city, urban fraction, and urban morphology.

Published
2017

12. Influence of street setbacks on solar reflection and air cooling by reflective streets in urban canyons

Author

Rosado, PJ, Ban-Weiss, G, Mohegh, A, and Levinson, RM

Subjects
Energy, Engineering, Built Environment and Design
Abstract

The ability of a climate model to accurately simulate the urban cooling effect of raising street albedo may be hampered by unrealistic representations of street geometry in the urban canyon. Even if the climate model is coupled to an urban canyon model (UCM), it is hard to define detailed urban geometries in UCMs. In this study, we relate simulated surface air temperature change to canyon albedo change. Using this relationship, we calculate scaling factors to adjust previously obtained surface air temperature changes that were simulated using generic canyon geometries. The adjusted temperature changes are obtained using a proposed multi-reflection urban canyon albedo model (UCAM), avoiding the need to rerun computationally expensive climate models. The adjusted temperature changes represent those that would be obtained from simulating with city-specific (local) geometries. Local urban geometries are estimated from details of the city's building stock and the city's street design guidelines. As a case study, we calculated average citywide seasonal scaling factors for realistic canyon geometries in Sacramento, California based on street design guidelines and building stock. The average scaling factors are multipliers used to adjust air temperature changes previously simulated by a Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to an urban canyon model in which streets extended from wall to wall (omitting setbacks, such as sidewalks and yards). Sacramento's scaling factors ranged from 2.70 (summer) to 3.89 (winter), demonstrating the need to consider the actual urban geometry in urban climate studies.

Published
2017

13. Benefit/Risk Profile of Single-Inhaler Triple Therapy in COPD

Author

Bourbeau J, Bafadhel M, Barnes NC, Compton C, Di Boscio V, Lipson DA, Jones PW, Martin N, Weiss G, and Halpin DMG

Subjects
all-cause mortality, exacerbations, hospitalizations, ics, laba, lama, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract

Jean Bourbeau,1 Mona Bafadhel,2 Neil C Barnes,3,4 Chris Compton,3 Valentina Di Boscio,3 David A Lipson,5,6 Paul W Jones,3,7 Neil Martin,3,8 Gudrun Weiss,3 David MG Halpin9 1Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; 2Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK; 3Respiratory Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, UK; 4William Harvey Institute, Bart’s and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK; 5Clinical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, USA; 6Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; 7Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, UK; 8University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; 9University of Exeter Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UKCorrespondence: Jean BourbeauMcGill University Health Centre (MUHC), 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, H4A 3J1, CanadaTel +1 514 934-1934Fax +1 514 934-8577Email jean.bourbeau@mcgill.caAbstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with major healthcare and socioeconomic burdens. International consortia recommend a personalized approach to treatment and management that aims to reduce both symptom burden and the risk of exacerbations. Recent clinical trials have investigated single-inhaler triple therapy (SITT) with a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), long-acting β2-agonist (LABA), and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) for patients with symptomatic COPD. Here, we review evidence from randomized controlled trials showing the benefits of SITT and weigh these against the reported risk of pneumonia with ICS use. We highlight the challenges associated with cross-trial comparisons of benefit/risk, discuss blood eosinophils as a marker of ICS responsiveness, and summarize current treatment recommendations and the position of SITT in the management of COPD, including potential advantages in terms of improving patient adherence. Evidence from trials of SITT versus dual therapies in symptomatic patients with moderate to very severe airflow limitation and increased risk of exacerbations shows benefits in lung function and patient-reported outcomes. Moreover, the key benefits reported with SITT are significant reductions in exacerbations and hospitalizations, with data also suggesting reduced all-cause mortality. These benefits outweigh the ICS-class effect of higher incidence of study-reported pneumonia compared with LAMA/LABA. Important differences in trial design, baseline population characteristics, such as exacerbation history, and assessment of outcomes, have significant implications for interpreting data from cross-trial comparisons. Current understanding interprets the blood eosinophil count as a continuum that can help predict response to ICS and has utility alongside other clinical factors to aid treatment decision-making. We conclude that treatment decisions in COPD should be guided by an approach that considers benefit versus risk, with early optimization of treatment essential for maximizing long-term benefits and patient outcomes.Keywords: all-cause mortality, exacerbations, hospitalizations, ICS, LABA, LAMA

Published
2021

16. Investigating the climate impacts of urbanization and the potential for cool roofs to counter future climate change in Southern California

Author

Vahmani, P, Sun, F, Hall, A, and Ban-Weiss, G

Subjects
Los Angeles, urban heat island, global climate change, urbanization, cool roofs, mitigation and adaptation, land cover change, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

The climate warming effects of accelerated urbanization along with projected global climate change raise an urgent need for sustainable mitigation and adaptation strategies to cool urban climates. Our modeling results show that historical urbanization in the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas has increased daytime urban air temperature by 1.3 °C, in part due to a weakening of the onshore sea breeze circulation. We find that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can meaningfully offset this daytime warming, reducing temperatures by 0.9 °C relative to a case without cool roofs. Residential cool roofs were responsible for 67% of the cooling. Nocturnal temperature increases of 3.1 °C from urbanization were larger than daytime warming, while nocturnal temperature reductions from cool roofs of 0.5 °C were weaker than corresponding daytime reductions. We further show that cool roof deployment could partially counter the local impacts of global climate change in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Assuming a scenario in which there are dramatic decreases in greenhouse gas emissions in the 21st century (RCP2.6), mid- and end-of-century temperature increases from global change relative to current climate are similarly reduced by cool roofs from 1.4 °C to 0.6 °C. Assuming a scenario with continued emissions increases throughout the century (RCP8.5), mid-century warming is significantly reduced by cool roofs from 2.0 °C to 1.0 °C. The end-century warming, however, is significantly offset only in small localized areas containing mostly industrial/commercial buildings where cool roofs with the highest albedo are adopted. We conclude that metropolis-wide adoption of cool roofs can play an important role in mitigating the urban heat island effect, and offsetting near-term local warming from global climate change. Global-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are the only way of avoiding long-term warming, however. We further suggest that both climate mitigation and adaptation can be pursued simultaneously using 'cool photovoltaics'.

Published
2016

17. Next-Generation Factory-Produced Cool Asphalt Shingles: Phase 1 Final Report

Author

Levinson, RM, chen, S, ban-weiss, G, gilbert, H, berdahl, P, rosado, P, destaillats, H, sleiman, M, and kirchstetter, T

Abstract

As the least expensive category of high-slope roofing in the U.S., shingles are found on the roofs of about 80% of U.S. homes, and constitute about 80% (by product area) of this market. Shingles are also among the least reflective high-slope roofing products, with few cool options on the market. The widespread use of cool roofs in the two warmest U.S. climate zones could reduce annual residential cooling energy use in these zones by over 7%. This project targets the development of high-performance cool shingles with initial solar reflectance at least 0.40 and a cost premium not exceeding US$0.50/ft².Phase 1 of the current study explored three approaches to increasing shingle reflectance. Method A replaces dark bare granules by white bare granules to enhance the near-infrared reflectance attained with cool pigments. Method B applies a white basecoat and a cool-color topcoat to a shingle surfaced with dark bare granules. Method C applies a visually clear, NIR-reflecting surface treatment to a conventionally colored shingle. Method A was the most successful, but our investigation of Method B identified roller coating as a promising top-coating technique, and ourstudy of Method C developed a novel approach based on a nanowire mesh.Method A yielded red, green, brown, and black faux shingles with solar reflectance up to 0.39 with volumetric coloration. Since the base material is white, these reflectances can readily be increased by using less pigment. The expected cost premium for Method A shingles is less than our target limit of $0.50/ft², and would represent less than a 10% increase in the installed cost of a shingle roof. Using inexpensive but cool (spectrally selective) iron oxide pigments to volumetrically colorwhite limestone synthesized from sequestered carbon and seawater appears to offer high albedo at low cost.In Phase 2, we plan to refine the cool shingle prototypes, manufacture cool granules, and manufacture and market high-performance cool shingles.

Published
2016

18. Climatic consequences of adopting drought‐tolerant vegetation over Los Angeles as a response to California drought

Author

Vahmani, P and Ban‐Weiss, G

Subjects
climate, native vegetation, urban heat island, Los Angeles, urban land cover, regional climate model, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences
Abstract

During 2012–2014, drought in California resulted in policies to reduce water consumption. One measure pursued was replacing lawns with landscapes that minimize water consumption, such as drought-tolerant vegetation. If implemented at broad scale, this strategy would result in reductions in irrigation and changes in land surface characteristics. In this study, we employ a modified regional climate model to assess the climatic consequences of adopting drought-tolerant vegetation over the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Transforming lawns to drought-tolerant vegetation resulted in daytime warming of up to 1.9°C, largely due to decreases in irrigation that shifted surface energy partitioning toward higher sensible and lower latent heat flux. During nighttime, however, adopting drought-tolerant vegetation caused mean cooling of 3.2°C, due to changes in soil thermodynamic properties and heat exchange dynamics between the surface and subsurface. Our results show that nocturnal cooling effects, which are larger in magnitude and of great importance for public health during heat events, could counterbalance the daytime warming attributed to the studied water conservation strategy. A more aggressive implementation, assuming all urban vegetation was replaced with drought-tolerant vegetation, resulted in an average daytime cooling of 0.2°C, largely due to strengthened sea breeze patterns, highlighting the important role of land surface roughness in this coastal megacity.

Published
2016

19. Probing the TLS Density of States in SiO Films using Superconducting Lumped Element Resonators

Author

Skacel, S. T., Kaiser, Ch., Wuensch, S., Rotzinger, H., Lukashenko, A., Jerger, M., Weiss, G., Siegel, M., and Ustinov, A. V.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity
Abstract

We have investigated dielectric losses in amorphous SiO thin films under operating conditions of superconducting qubits (mK temperatures and low microwave powers). For this purpose, we have developed a broadband measurement setup employing multiplexed lumped element resonators using a broadband power combiner and a low-noise amplifier. The measured temperature and power dependences of the dielectric losses are in good agreement with those predicted for atomic two-level tunneling systems (TLS). By measuring the losses at different frequencies, we found that the TLS density of states is energy dependent. This had not been seen previously in loss measurements. These results contribute to a better understanding of decoherence effects in superconducting qubits and suggest a possibility to minimize TLS-related decoherence by reducing the qubit operation frequency., Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures

Published
2014

20. A survey on subideals of operators and an introduction to subideal-traces

Author

Patnaik, S. and Weiss, G.

Subjects
Mathematics - Operator Algebras, Mathematics - Functional Analysis, Primary: 47L20, 47B10, 47B07, Secondary: 47B47, 47B37, 13C05, 13C12
Abstract

Operator ideals in B(H) are well understood and exploited but ideals inside them have only recently been studied starting with the 1983 seminal work of Fong and Radjavi and continuing with two recent articles by the authors of this survey. This article surveys this study embodied in these three articles. A subideal is a two-sided ideal of J (for specificity also called a J-ideal) for J an arbitrary ideal of B(H). In this terminology we alternatively call J a B(H)-ideal. This surveys these three articles in which we developed a complete characterization of all J-ideals generated by sets of cardinality strictly less than the cardinality of the continuum. So a central theme is the impact of generating sets for subideals on their algebraic structure. This characterization includes in particular finitely and countably generated J-ideals. It was obtained by first generalizing to arbitrary principal J-ideals the 1983 work of Fong-Radjavi who determined which principal K(H)-ideals are also B(H)-ideals. A key property in our investigation turned out to be J-softness of a B(H)-ideal I inside J, that is, IJ = I, a generalization of a recent notion of K(H)-softness of B(H)-ideals introduced by Kaftal-Weiss and earlier exploited for Banach spaces by Mityagin and Pietsch. This study of subideals and the study of elementary operators with coefficient constraints are closely related. Here we also introduce and study a notion of subideal-traces where classical traces (unitarily invariant linear functionals) need not make sense for subideals that are not B(H)-ideals., Comment: 9 pages preprint

Published
2013

22. Intensive blood pressure reduction with intravenous thrombolysis therapy for acute ischaemic stroke (ENCHANTED): an international, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, phase 3 trial

Author

Anderson, Craig S., Huang, Yining, Lindley, Richard I., Chen, Xiaoying, Arima, Hisatomi, Chen, Guofang, Li, Qiang, Billot, Laurent, Delcourt, Candice, Bath, Philip M., Broderick, Joseph P., Demchuk, Andrew M., Donnan, Geoffrey A., Durham, Alice C., Lavados, Pablo M., Lee, Tsong-Hai, Levi, Christopher, Martins, Sheila O., Olavarria, Veronica V., Pandian, Jeyaraj D., Parsons, Mark W., Pontes-Neto, Octavio M., Ricci, Stefano, Sato, Shoichiro, Sharma, Vijay K., Silva, Federico, Song, Lili, Thang, Nguyen H., Wardlaw, Joanna M., Wang, Ji-Guang, Wang, Xia, Woodward, Mark, Chalmers, John, Robinson, Thompson G., Kim, Jong S., Stapf, Christian, Simes, R. John, Hankey, Graeme J., Sandercock, Peter, Bousser, Marie-Germaine, Wong, K.S. Lawrence, Scaria, Anish, Hirakawa, Yoichiro, Moullaali, Tom J., Carcel, Cheryl, Gordon, Penny, Fuentes-Patarroyo, Sully X., Benito, Dino, Chen, Ruiqi, Cao, Yongjun, Kunchok, Amy, Winters, Stephen, Coutts, Shelagh, Yoshimura, Sohei, You, Shoujiang, Yang, Jie, Wu, Guojun, Zhang, Shihong, Manning, Lisa, Mistri, Amit, Haunton, Victoria, Minhas, Jatinder, Malavera, Alejandra, Lim, Joyce, Liu, Leibo, Kumar, Namrata N., Tay, Nicole, Jenson, Kerry, Richtering, Sarah, Tucker, Sharon, Knight, Elizabeth, Ivanova, Elizaveta, Thembani, Emma, Odgers, Elizabeth, Sanders, Elizabeth, Small, Sabrina, Vaghasiya, Ruchita, Armenis, Manuela, Donnelly, Paul, Baig, Merza A., Blacklock, Nick, Naidu, Bala, Monaghan, Helen, Smith, Phillipa, Glass, Parisa, Bai, Xuejie, Li, Qiancheng, Zhu, Pingping, Kong, Liang, He, Ruihong, Zhao, He, Lv, Jiajie, Jia, Haijing, Xi, Zhen, Cong, Yuhan, Cui, Buliang, Deng, Hua, Guo, Ying, He, Lingyu, Jia, Ruolan, Li, Nan, Li, Wei, Liu, Mengxiao, Zhang, Meng, Xu, Ziwei, Zhang, Ting, Zhao, Yan, Gregory, Philip, In, Yunjeong, Kim, Su J., Ahn, Jung E., Kim, Sul H., Hong, Young L., González-McCawley, Francisca, Martins, Magda C.O., Portales, Bernardita, Wang, Ching-Yi, Ryu, Shan-Jen, Aujla, Hardeep, Lewin, Sue, Kumar, Tracy, Barrows, Sara, Ebraimo, Ahtasam, Uyen, Hong H., Giang, Nguyen A., Linh, Le T.M., An, Le T.T., Phuong, Do M., Ngoc, Pham V.B., Hang, Nguyen M., Tran, Nguyen T.B., Hien, Ha T.T., Yen, Mai B., Tram, Ngo T.B., Truc, Tran T.T., Hoa, Nguyen A., Thuan, Nguyen T.B., Oanh, Ha T.K., Arora, Deepti, Verma, Shweta J., Krause, M., Priglinger, M., Day, S., Jala, S., Davies, L., Ray, E., Celestino, S., Law, L.Y., Wijeratne, T., Ng, G., Nagao, K., Weiss, G., Titton, N., Batista, C., Zãn, D., Carbonera, L., Ferreira, K., Castro, R., Martins Filho, R.K., Carvalho, M., Libardi, M., Martins, G., Fagundes, D., Baron, G., Boehringer, A., Barbosa, J., Bazan, R., Braga, G., Luvizutto, G., Ribeiro, P., Winckler, F., Moro, C., Longo, A., Liberato, R., Barbosa, R., Magalhães, P., Portal, M., Martin, K., Souza, A., Cuervo, D., Perin, D., Marques, L., Oliveira, F., Battaglini, M., Lourenço, F., Silva, G., Duarte, L., Alves, M., Sousa, J., Uhehara, M., Brunser, A., Mazzón, E., Spencer, M., Acosta, I., Rojo, A., Rivas, R., Klapp, C., Carvallo, L., Carvallo, P., Mansilla, E., Flores, J., Alvarado, M., Herrera, A., Reyes, C., Jurado, F., Bustamante, G., Bravo, L., Matamala, J.M., Guerrero, R., Zhou, S., Ping, L., Liu, W., Liu, L., Tian, Y., Xu, H., Wang, J., Wang, L., Zhen, Z., Zhang, J., Yan, M., Zhang, Q., Tao, X., Liu, C., Shi, J., Zhang, X., Tai, L., Xu, L., Lu, H., Nie, H., Li, X., Zhou, J., Liu, Y., Gong, P., Zhao, H., Li, R., Wang, X., Chen, Q., Li, Y., Wu, L., Jia, L., Guo, X., Chen, G., Lin, B., Zhu, W., Yang, K., Zhang, Z., Xie, C., Wu, D., Wang, Y., Liu, D., Liu, Z., Liang, L., Cao, Q., Xia, J., Weng, Y., Li, J., Xu, T., Geng, D., Yan, X., Wang, D., Zhao, N., Tang, Z., Yin, W., Wang, S., Huang, W., Yang, Y., Song, A., Hao, Y., Zhang, A., Qiao, B., Yang, J., Yan, H., Wei, X., Tao, Z., Liu, H., Lv, Y., Yang, H., Han, L., Mao, X., Ge, L., Zhang, Y., He, S., Jiang, J., Wu, W., Wang, H., Yang, L., Tang, Y., Sun, H., Li, F., Li, G., Sun, Y., Zhang, H., Wu, Y., Huang, L., Geng, C., Jin, Z., Zhu, J., Zhang, F., Zheng, R., Shen, H., Liu, F., Chen, C., Chen, S., Zhou, L., Hu, B., Zou, Z., Liu, J., Chang, X., Zhang, S., Huang, Q., Liu, X., Liu, S., He, W., Feng, J., Li, L., Chen, X., Zhuang, X., Zheng, W., Lai, Y., Zhou, Y., Duan, H., Yang, Q., Du, J., Lin, Q, Xu, E., Zhan, L., Wu, J., Feng, X., Wei, C., He, J., Wang, B., Li, W, Chen, P, Guo, F, Dai, H, Dai, M, Zeng, X., Chen, B., Long, F., Su, Q., Bao, B., Wu, T., Wu, X., Shao, Y., Li, S., Xu, Y., Castellanos, J.A., Muñoz-Collazos, M., Solano, E., Leung, W.H.T., Sureshbabu, S., Sharma, S.N., George, S., Shekhar, S., Singla, S., Saini, L., Sunita, Kate, M., Sarvotham, R., William, A.G., Deepak, A., BK, M., Benny, R., Bolegave, V., Basle, M., Gore, S., George, P., Kumaravelu, S., Rahamath, S., Raj, P.G., Devi, A.R., Sharma, A., Prajapati, J., Parmar, M., Patel, D., Panchal, T., Gorthi, S.P., Prabhu, V., Prabhu, A., Chandran, V., Chatterjee, A., Nair, R., Nambiar, V.K., TS, D., TP, S., Ajai, V., Paul, S., Natarajan, P.C., Chittibabu, D., Borah, N.C., Ghose, M., Choudhury, N., Gohain, P., Kalita, K., Duberkar, D., Pawar, N., Bhaviskar, R., Caterbi, E., Cenciarelli, S., Condurso, R., Gallinella, E., Greco, L., Marando, C., Mastrocola, S., Mattioni, A., Sacchini, E., Sicilia, I., Gallina, A., Giannandrea, D., Marsili, E., Mazzoli, T., Padiglioni, C., Corea, F., Guidubaldi, A., Micheli, S., Barbi, M., Kim, J., Song, H.J., Jeong, H.S., Lim, J.G., Park, S.M., Lee, K.B., Hwang, H.W., Kwon, S.U., Kang, D.W., Kim, Y.J., Kim, B.J., Park, J.M., Kang, K., Kim, B., Kwon, O., Kim, Y.W., Lee, J.J., Hwang, Y.H., Kwon, H.S., Koo, J., Lee, K., Kim, T., Ahn, A., Rha, J.H., Park, H.K., Yoon, C.W., Chan, B., Teoh, H.L., Paliwal, P., Wong, L.Y.J., Chen, J.T., De Silva, D.A., Chang, H.M., Fabiaña, N., Marti, J., Delgado, R., Martínez, A., Prats, L., Camps, P., Liou, C.W., Tan, T.Y., Liu, C.F., Cheng, H.H., Po, H.L., Lin, Y.J., Chou, C.L., Lin, C.H., Yen, C.C., Chang, Y.T., Hsu, Y.T., Lee, J.D., Lee, M., Huang, Y.C., Wu, C.Y., Suwanwela, N.C., Chutinet, A., Likitjaroen, Y., Roongpiboonsopit, D., Charnwut, S., Dyker, A., Hossain, M., Muddegowda, G.K., Sanyal, R., Roffe, C., Natarajan, I., Finney, K., Sztriha, L., Teo, J., Chan, F.K., Lim, J., Chitando, B., Clarke, B., Patel, B., Khan, U., Ghatala, R., Trippier, S., Kalra, L., Manawadu, D., Sikondari, N., Aeron-Thomas, J., Sunman, W., Wilkes, G., Richardson, C., Buch, A., Jackson, B., Halse, O., Mashate, S., Wilding, P., Nguyen, V., Qadiri, M.R., Rashed, K., Board, S., Buckley, C., Smith, C., James, M., Keenan, S., Bouring, A., England, T., Donnelly, R., Scott, J., Maddula, M., Beavan, J., Perry, R., Francia, N., Watchhurst, C., Banaras, A., Ashton, A., Mistri, A., Musarrat, K., Eveson, D., Kallingal, J., Perez, J., Harrison, L., Marsden, T., Furnace, J., Clarke, R., Reid, J., Warburton, E., Macleod, M.J., Mitchell, J., Day, D., Church, N., Amis, E., Price, C., Rodgers, H., Whiting, R., Hussain, M., Harvey, M., Brown, S., Foot, J., Tryambake, D., Broughton, D., Bergin, A., Annamalai, A., Dixon, L., Weir, N., Blank, C., Harkness, K., Ali, A., Richards, E., Stocks, K., Bruce, D.W., Wani, M., Anjum, T., Krishnan, M., Nguyen Huy, T., Le Tuan, A. Truong, Cam, L. Dam Thi, Kim, T. Ngo Thi, Nguyen, B. Pham, Dat, A. Nguyen, Van, C. Nguyen, Duy, T. Mai, Viet, P. Dao, Tien, D. Nguyen, Van, T. Vo, Le Kim, K., Ngoc, T. Bui, Le Thanh, T. Tran, Hoanh, S. Nguyen, Phuoc, S. Pham, Van, T. Tran, Thi, B. Doan, Thu, H. Nguyen Thi, Duy, M. Nguyen, Van, D. Ngo, Anderson, Craig S, Lindley, Richard I, Bath, Philip M, Broderick, Joseph P, Demchuk, Andrew M, Donnan, Geoffrey A, Durham, Alice C, Lavados, Pablo M, Martins, Sheila O, Olavarria, Veronica V, Pandian, Jeyaraj D, Parsons, Mark W, Pontes-Neto, Octavio M, Sharma, Vijay K, Thang, Nguyen H, Wardlaw, Joanna M, and Robinson, Thompson G

Published
2019
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24. Subideals of operators

Author

Patnaik, S. and Weiss, G.

Subjects
Mathematics - Operator Algebras, Mathematics - Functional Analysis, Primary: 47L20, 47B10, 47B07, Secondary: 47B47, 47B37, 13C05, 13C12
Abstract

A subideal is an ideal of an ideal of B(H) and a principal subideal is a principal ideal of an ideal of B(H). We determine necessary and sufficient conditions for a principal subideal to be an ideal of B(H). This generalizes to arbitrary ideals the 1983 work of Fong and Radjavi characterizing principal subideals of the ideal of compact operators that are also ideals of B(H). We then characterize all principal subideals. We also investigate the lattice structure of subideals as part of the general study of ideal lattices such as the often studied lattice structure of ideals of B(H). This study of subideals and the study of elementary operators with coefficient constraints are closely related., Comment: 22 pages, Journal of Operator Theory, to appear

Published
2012

25. Subideals of operators II

Author

Patnaik, S. and Weiss, G.

Subjects
Mathematics - Operator Algebras, Mathematics - Functional Analysis, Primary: 47L20, 47B10, 47B07, Secondary: 47B47, 47B37, 13C05, 13C12
Abstract

A subideal (also called a J-ideal) is an ideal of a B(H)-ideal J. This paper is the sequel to Subideals of operators where a complete characterization of principal and then finitely generated J-ideals were obtained by first generalizing the 1983 work of Fong and Radjavi who determined which principal K(H)-ideals are also B(H)-ideals. Here we determine which countably generated J-ideals are B(H)-ideals, and in the absence of the continuum hypothesis which J-ideals with generating sets of cardinality less than the continuum are B(H)-ideals. These and some other results herein are based on the dimension of a related quotient space. We use this to characterize these J-ideals and settle additional questions about subideals. A key property in our investigation turned out to be J-softness of a B(H)-ideal I inside J, that is, IJ = I, a generalization of a recent notion of softness of B(H)-ideals introduced by Kaftal-Weiss and earlier exploited for Banach spaces by Mityagin and Pietsch., Comment: 9 pages, J. Integral Equations and Operator Theory, to appear

Published
2012

26. Majorization and arithmetic mean ideals

Author

Kaftal, V. and Weiss, G.

Subjects
Mathematics - Functional Analysis, 15A51, 47L20
Abstract

Following "An infinite dimensional Schur-Horn theorem and majorization theory", Journal of Functional Analysis 259 (2010) 3115-3162, this paper further studies majorization for infinite sequences. It extends to the infinite case classical results on "intermediate sequences" for finite sequence majorization. These and other infinite majorization properties are then linked to notions of infinite convexity and invariance properties under various classes of substochastic matrices to characterize arithmetic mean closed operator ideals and arithmetic mean at infinity closed operator ideals., Comment: To appear in Indiana University Mathematics Journal

Published
2012

27. Learning When Training Data are Costly: The Effect of Class Distribution on Tree Induction

Author

Provost, F. and Weiss, G. M.

Subjects
Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

For large, real-world inductive learning problems, the number of training examples often must be limited due to the costs associated with procuring, preparing, and storing the training examples and/or the computational costs associated with learning from them. In such circumstances, one question of practical importance is: if only n training examples can be selected, in what proportion should the classes be represented? In this article we help to answer this question by analyzing, for a fixed training-set size, the relationship between the class distribution of the training data and the performance of classification trees induced from these data. We study twenty-six data sets and, for each, determine the best class distribution for learning. The naturally occurring class distribution is shown to generally perform well when classifier performance is evaluated using undifferentiated error rate (0/1 loss). However, when the area under the ROC curve is used to evaluate classifier performance, a balanced distribution is shown to perform well. Since neither of these choices for class distribution always generates the best-performing classifier, we introduce a budget-sensitive progressive sampling algorithm for selecting training examples based on the class associated with each example. An empirical analysis of this algorithm shows that the class distribution of the resulting training set yields classifiers with good (nearly-optimal) classification performance.

Published
2011
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28. A geometric approach to generalized Stokes conjectures

Author

Varvaruca, E. and Weiss, G. S.

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 35R35, 76B15, 76B07
Abstract

We consider Stokes' conjecture concerning the shape of the extremal two-dimensional water wave. By new geometric methods including a nonlinear frequency formula, we prove Stokes' conjecture in the original variables. Our results do not rely on structural assumptions needed in previous results such as isolated singularities, symmetry and monotonicity. Part of our results extends to the mathematical problem in higher dimensions., Comment: accepted for publication in Acta Mathematica; 39 pages, 1 figure

Published
2009

29. Existence of a degenerate singularity in the high activation energy limit of a reaction-diffusion equation

Author

Weiss, G. S. and Zhang, G.

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 35R35, 35J60
Abstract

We consider the singular perturbation problem $$ \Delta u_\epsilon=\beta_\epsilon(u_\epsilon), $$ where $\beta_\epsilon(s)=\frac{1}{\epsilon}\beta(\frac{s}{\epsilon})$, $\beta$ is a Lipschitz continuous function such that $\beta>0$ in $(0, 1)$, $\beta\equiv 0$ outside $(0, 1)$ and $\int_0^1\beta(s) ds={1/2}$. We construct an example exhibiting a {\em degenerate singularity} as $\epsilon_k\searrow 0$. More precisely, there is a sequence of solutions $u_{\epsilon_k}\to u$ as $k\to \infty$, and there exists $x^0\in\partial\{u>0\}$ such that $$ \frac{u(x^0+r\cdot)}{r} \to 0 \textrm{as} r\to 0.$$ Known results suggest that this singularity must be {\em unstable}, which makes it hard to capture analytically and numerically. Our result answers a question raised by Jean-Michel Roquejoffre at the FBP'08 in Stockholm., Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures

Published
2009

31. The continuous time random walk formalism in financial markets

Author

Masoliver, J., Montero, M., Perello, J., and Weiss, G. H.

Subjects
Physics - Physics and Society, Quantitative Finance - Statistical Finance
Abstract

We adapt continuous time random walk (CTRW) formalism to describe asset price evolution and discuss some of the problems that can be treated using this approach. We basically focus on two aspects: (i) the derivation of the price distribution from high-frequency data, and (ii) the inverse problem, obtaining information on the market microstructure as reflected by high-frequency data knowing only the daily volatility. We apply the formalism to financial data to show that the CTRW offers alternative tools to deal with several complex issues of financial markets., Comment: 33 pages, 11 figures

Published
2006
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32. A parabolic free boundary problem with Bernoulli type condition on the free boundary

Author

Andersson, J. and Weiss, G. S.

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 35R35, 35K55
Abstract

Consider the parabolic free boundary problem $$ \Delta u - \partial_t u = 0 \textrm{in} \{u>0\}, |\nabla u|=1 \textrm{on} \partial\{u>0\} . $$ For a realistic class of solutions, containing for example {\em all} limits of the singular perturbation problem $$\Delta u_\epsilon - \partial_t u_\epsilon = \beta_\epsilon(u_\epsilon) \textrm{as} \epsilon\to 0,$$ we prove that one-sided flatness of the free boundary implies regularity. In particular, we show that the topological free boundary $\partial\{u>0\}$ can be decomposed into an {\em open} regular set (relative to $\partial\{u>0\}$) which is locally a surface with H\"older-continuous space normal, and a closed singular set. Our result extends the main theorem in the paper by H.W. Alt-L.A. Caffarelli (1981) to more general solutions as well as the time-dependent case. Our proof uses methods developed in H.W. Alt-L.A. Caffarelli (1981), however we replace the core of that paper, which relies on non-positive mean curvature at singular points, by an argument based on scaling discrepancies, which promises to be applicable to more general free boundary or free discontinuity problems.

Published
2006

33. Hidden dynamics and the origin of pulsating waves in Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis

Author

Monneau, R. and Weiss, G. S.

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 80A25, 80A22, 35K55, 35R35
Abstract

We derive the precise limit of SHS in the high activation energy scaling suggested by B.J. Matkowksy-G.I. Sivashinsky in 1978 and by A. Bayliss-B.J. Matkowksy-A.P. Aldushin in 2002. In the time-increasing case the limit coincides with the Stefan problem for supercooled water {\em with spatially inhomogeneous coefficients}. In general it is a nonlinear forward-backward parabolic equation {\em with discontinuous hysteresis term}. In the first part of our paper we give a complete characterization of the limit problem in the case of one space dimension. In the second part we construct in any finite dimension a rather large family of pulsating waves for the limit problem. In the third part, we prove that for constant coefficients the limit problem in any finite dimension {\em does not admit non-trivial pulsating waves}. The combination of all three parts strongly suggests a relation between the pulsating waves constructed in the present paper and the numerically observed pulsating waves for finite activation energy in dimension $n\ge 1$ and therefore provides a possible and surprising explanation for the phenomena observed. All techniques in the present paper (with the exception of the remark in the Appendix) belong to the category far-from-equilibrium-analysis/far-from-bifurcation-point-analysis., Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures, the revised paper (version 2) is an extended version of the old paper

Published
2006

34. Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis (SHS) in the high activation energy regime

Author

Monneau, Regis and Weiss, G. S.

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 80A25, 80A22, 35K55, 35R35
Abstract

We derive the precise limit of SHS in the high activation energy scaling suggested by B.J. Matkowksy-G.I. Sivashinsky in 1978 and by A. Bayliss-B.J. Matkowksy-A.P. Aldushin in 2002. In the time-increasing case the limit turns out to be the Stefan problem for supercooled water with spatially inhomogeneous coefficients. Although the present paper leaves open mathematical questions concerning the convergence, our precise form of the limit problem suggest a strikingly simple explanation for the numerically observed pulsating waves.

Published
2006

35. Cross-shaped and Degenerate Singularities in an Unstable Elliptic Free Boundary Problem

Author

Andersson, J. and Weiss, G. S.

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 35R35, 35J60
Abstract

We investigate singular and degenerate behavior of solutions of the unstable free boundary problem $$\Delta u = -\chi_{\{u>0\}} .$$ First, we construct a solution that is not of class $C^{1,1}$ and whose free boundary consists of four arcs meeting in a {\em cross}-shaped singularity. This solution is completely unstable/repulsive from above and below which would make it hard to get by the usual methods, and even numerics is non-trivial. We also show existence of a degenerate solution. This answers two of the open questions in a recent paper by R. Monneau-G.S. Weiss.

Published
2005
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36. An Unstable Elliptic Free Boundary Problem arising in Solid Combustion

Author

Monneau, Regis and Weiss, G. S.

Subjects
Mathematics - Analysis of PDEs, 35R35, 35J60
Abstract

We prove a regularity result for the unstable elliptic free boundary problem $\Delta u = -\chi_{\{u>0\}}$ related to traveling waves in a problem arising in solid combustion. The maximal solution and every local minimizer of the energy are regular, that is, $\{u=0\}$ is locally an analytic surface and $u|_{\bar{\{u>0\}}}, u|_{\bar{\{u<0\}}}$ are locally analytic functions. Moreover we prove a partial regularity result for solutions that are non-degenerate of second order: here $\{u=0\}$ is analytic up to a closed set of Hausdorff dimension $n-2$. We discuss possible singularities.

Published
2005

37. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial

Author

Abdelhamid, N, Abdul Rahman, D, Abdul-Saheb, M, Abreu, P, Abroskina, M, Abu Ahmad, F, Accassat, S, Acciaresi, M, Adami, A, Ahmad, N, Ahmed, F, Alberto Hawkes, M, Alemseged, F, Ali, A, Altavilla, R, Alwis, L, Amarenco, P, Amaro, S, Amaya Sanchez, LE, Amelia Pinto, A, Ameriso, SF, Amin, H, Amino, T, Amjad, AK, Anagnostou, E, Andersen, G, Anderson, C, Anderson, DC, Andrea Falco, M, Andres Mackinnon, F, Andreu, D, Androulakis, M, Angel Gamero, M, Angel Saredo, G, Angeles Diaz, R, Angels Font, M, Anticoli, S, Arauz, A, Arauz Gongora, AA, Araya, P, Arenillas Lara, JF, Arias Rivas, S, Arnold, M, Augustin, S, Avelar, W, Azevedo, E, Babikian, V, Bacellar, A, Badalyan, K, Bae, HJ, Baez Martinez, EM, Bagelmann, H, Bailey, P, Bak, Z, Baker, M, Balazs, A, Baldaranov, D, Balogun, I, Balueva, T, Bankuti, Z, Bar, M, Baranowska, A, Bardutzky, J, Barker Trejo, S, Barlinn, J, Baronnet, F, Barroso, C, Barteys, M, Bartolottiova, T, Barulin, A, Bas, M, Bashir, S, Basile, V, Bathe-Peters, R, Bathula, R, Batista, C, Batur Caglayan, H, Baumgartner, P, Bazan, R, Bazhenova, O, Beaudry, M, Beer, J, Behnam, Y, Beilei, C, Beinlich, A, Bejot, Y, Belkin, A, Benavente, OR, Benjamin, A, Berardi, V, Bereczki, D, Berkowitz, SD, Berlingieri, J, Berrios, W, Berrouschot, J, Bhandari, M, Bhargavah, M, Bicker, H, Bicsak, T, Bilik, M, Bindila, D, Birchenall, J, Birnbaum, L, Black, T, Blacker, D, Blacquiere, D, Blanc-Labarre, C, Blank, C, Blazejewska-Hyzorek, B, Bloch, S, Bodiguel, E, Bogdanov, E, Boos, L, Borcsik, L, Bornstein, N, Bouly, S, Braga, G, Bragado, I, Bravi, MC, Brokalaki, C, Brola, W, Brouns, R, Bruce, D, Brzoska-Mizgalska, J, Buck, B, Buksinska-Lisik, M, Burke, J, Burn, M, Bustamante, G, Cabrejo, L, Cai, K, Cajaraville, S, Calejo, M, Calvet, D, Campillo, J, Campos Costa, E, Camps, P, Can Alaydin, H, Candeloro, E, Canepa, C, Cantu Brito, CG, Cappellari, M, Carcel, C, Cardona Portela, P, Cardoso, F, Carek, M, Carletti, M, Carlos Portilla, J, Caruso, P, Casado-Naranjo, I, Castellini, P, Castro, D, Castro Meira, F, Cavallini, A, Cayuela Caudevilla, N, Cenciarelli, S, Cereda, C, Cerrone, P, Chakrabarti, A, Chaloulos-Iakovidis, P, Chamorro, A, Chandrasena, D, Chang, DI, Che, C, Chembala, J, Chen, J, Chen, Z, Chen, T, Chen, H, Chen, X, Chen, G, Chen, L, Chen, S, Cheripelli, B, Chin, M, Chiquete Anaya, E, Chorazy, M, Christensen, H, Christensen, T, Christian, L, Chu, F, Chung, CS, Clark, W, Clarke, R, Claverie, S, Clemente Agostoni, E, Clissold, B, Coelho, J, Cohen, D, Colakoglu, S, Collas, D, Condurso, R, Connolly, SJ, Consoli, D, Constantin, C, Constantino Silva, AB, Contardo, L, Corlobe, A, Correia, M, Correia, C, Cortijo Garcia, E, Coull, B, Coutts, S, Coveney, S, Cras, P, Crols, R, Crozier, S, Csanyi, A, Csiba, L, Csontos, K, Csuha, R, Cui, L, Cunha, L, Curtze, S, Czerska, M, Czlonkowska, A, Czurko, M, Czuryszkiewicz, M, Dagnino, M, Dai, C, Daineko, A, Dalek, G, Damgaard, D, Danese, A, Dani, K, Danku, V, Dario Toledo, W, Dávalos, A, De Havenon, A, De Keyser, J, De Klippel, N, De La Torre, J, De Pauw, A, De Smedt, A, De Torres, R, De Vries Basson, MM, Dearborn, J, Deganutto, R, Degeorgia, M, Deguchi, I, Del Giudice, A, Delcourt, C, Delgado-Mederos, R, Della Marca, G, Delpont, B, Deltour, S, Demets, DL, Dennis, M, Desai, J, Devine, J, Dhollander, I, Di Mascio, MT, Diaconu, M, Diaz Otero, F, Dietzel, J, Diez-Tejedor, E, Ding, N, Ding, J, Diomedi, M, Dioszeghy, P, Distefano, M, Domigo, V, Dorodnicov, E, Dossi, D, Doubal, F, Druzenko, I, Du, P, Du, J, Duman, T, Duodu, Y, Dutta, D, Dylewicz, L, Eckstein, J, Ehrensperger, E, Ehrlich, S, Einer Allende, G, Elena Halac, B, Elyas, S, Endres, M, Engelbrecht, JM, Engelter, S, Epinat, M, Eren, F, Esbjornsson, M, Escribano, B, Escudero, I, Esisi, B, Essa, B, Esterbauer, M, Evans, N, Eveson, D, Fabio, S, Fang, L, Fanta, S, Fares, M, Fatar, M, Faust, K, Favate, A, Fazekas, F, Federica Denaro, M, Fedin, A, Felipe Amaya, P, Feng, J, Ferencova, K, Fernanda Gilli, M, Fernandez, MD, Fernandez Pirrone, PN, Fernandez 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Schillinger, N, Schindler, J, Schlachetzki, F, Schneider, I, Schuppner, R, Schurig, J, Schwarzbach, CJ, Sebejova, M, Seidel, G, Sekaran, L, Selcuk, D, Selvarajah, J, Semerano, A, Semjen, J, Semushina, D, Sen, S, Seok Park, M, Serena, J, Serhat Tokgoz, O, Serles, W, Serrano, F, Sevin, M, Seynaeve, L, Shah, S, Shamalov, N, Shang, T, Sharma, M, Sharrief, A, Shazam Hussain, M, Shchukin, I, Shen, W, Shepeleva, E, Shinsuke, I, Shmonin, A, Shoamanesh, A, Shuaib, A, Shulga, A, Sibolt, G, Sibon, I, Sicilia, I, Siebert, M, Sieczkowska, E, Sila, C, Silva, AA, Silva, D, Silva, P, Silva, Y, Silvestrini, M, Simony, Z, Simpkins, A, Singh, B, Sinha, D, Sipos, I, Skoda, O, Skowron, P, Skowronska, M, Sliwinska, B, Slonkova, J, Smolkin, A, Smyth, A, Sobolewski, P, Sobota, A, Sohn, SI, Soldatov, M, Solganov, I, Soloveva, L, Solovyeva, E, Sonntag, N, Soors, P, Sorgun, M, Soriano, C, Spence, D, Spengos, K, Sposato, L, Staaf, G, Stadler, K, Stakhovskaya, L, Stamatelopoulos, K, Steinert, S, Stetkarova, I, Stiehm, M, Stocker, R, Stoinski, J, Stoll, A, Stotts, G, Stumpp, A, Sucapane, P, Suenaga, T, Sun, X, Sundararajan, S, Sung Kim, J, Suzuki, H, Svaneborg, N, Szasz, G, Szczuchniak, W, Szczyrba, S, Szegedi, N, Szekely, A, Szewczyk, Z, Szilagyi, G, Szlufik, S, Szoboszlai, K, Szpisjak, L, Sztajzel, R, Sztriha, L, Ta Wil, SE, Taggeselle, J, Takamatsu, K, Takao, M, Taki, W, Takizawa, S, Talahma, M, Tamayo, A, Tan, J, Tanne, D, Tapanainen, A, Tapiola, T, Tarasiuk, J, Tatlisumak, T, Tayal, A, Tcvetkova, S, Teal, P, Tejada Garcia, J, Tejada Meza, H, Tenora, D, Terceno, M, Terentiou, A, Tezcan, S, Thaler, D, Thomson, A, Thouvenot, E, Tiainen, M, Timberg, I, Timsit, S, Tinchon, A, Tirschwell, D, Togay Isikay, C, Tokunaga, K, Tolino, M, Toloza, C, Tomelleri, G, Tomoyuki, K, Tomppo, LM, Tong, Z, Tong, L, Toni, D, Torres, J, Tossavainen, C, Toth, G, Tountopoulou, A, Touze, E, Tovar, M, Toyoda, K, Trillo, S, Trommer, A, Tropepi, D, Tryambake, D, Tu, H, Tuetuencue, S, Tumova, R, Tumpula, O, Turc, G, 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Windt, J, Winkler, A, Winska-Tereszkiewicz, A, Wisniewska, A, Wittayer, M, Wlodek, A, Wojnarowska-Arendt, A, Wolf, M, Wolff, V, Wolter, C, Wong, A, Wook Nah, H, Worthmann, H, Wu, W, Wu, S, Wunderlich, S, Wurzinger, H, Wyse, DG, Xiao, B, Xiaopeng, W, Ximenez-Carrillo, A, Xiong, L, Xiong, Y, Xiong, W, Xu, Y, Xu, J, Xu, Z, Yalo, B, Yamada, T, Yamasaki, M, Yang, L, Yang, Y, Yang, X, Yang, Q, Yang, B, Yang, J, Yasuhiro, I, Yee Lam, M, Yegappan, C, Yip, S, Ylikallio, E, Ylikotila, P, Yongwon Jin, A, Yoon, BW, Yoshida, Y, Yperzeele, L, Yuan, H, Yuasa, H, Zalewska, J, Zanferrari, C, Zapata, E, Zboznovits, D, Zelenka, I, Zhang, C, Zhang, B, Zhang, S, Zhang, M, Zhang, X, Zhang, J, Zhao, L, Zhirnova, O, Zhou, L, Zielinska-Turek, J, Zinchenko, I, Ziomek, M, Zitzmann, A, Zweifler, R, Zwiernik, J, Kasner, Scott E, Swaminathan, Balakumar, Lavados, Pablo, Sharma, Mukul, Muir, Keith, Veltkamp, Roland, Ameriso, Sebastian F, Endres, Matthias, Lutsep, Helmi, Messé, Steven R, Spence, J David, Nedeltechev, Krassen, Perera, Kanjana, Santo, Gustavo, Olavarria, Veronica, Lindgren, Arne, Bangdiwala, Shrikant, Shoamanesh, Ashkan, Berkowitz, Scott D, Mundl, Hardi, Connolly, Stuart J, and Hart, Robert G

Published
2018
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40. Magnetic Field Dependent Tunneling in Glasses

Author

Strehlow, P., Wohlfahrt, M., Janssen, A. G. M., Haueisen, R., Weiss, G., Enss, C., and Hunklinger, S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter
Abstract

We report on experiments giving evidence for quantum effects of electromagnetic flux in barium alumosilicate glass. In contrast to expectation, below 100 mK the dielectric response becomes sensitive to magnetic fields. The experimental findings include both, the complete lifting of the dielectric saturation by weak magnetic fields and oscillations of the dielectric response in the low temperature resonant regime. As origin of these effects we suggest that the magnetic induction field violates the time reversal invariance leading to a flux periodicity in the energy levels of tunneling systems. At low temperatures, this effect is strongly enhanced by the interaction between tunneling systems and thus becomes measurable., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

Published
1999
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42. 24-norursodeoxycholic acid ameliorates experimental alcohol-related liver disease and activates hepatic PPARγ

Author

Grander, C., primary, Meyer, M., additional, Steinacher, D., additional, Claudel, T., additional, Hausmann, B., additional, Pjevac, P., additional, Grabherr, F., additional, Oberhuber, G., additional, Grander, M., additional, Brigo, N., additional, A, Jukic, additional, Schwärzler, J., additional, Weiss, G., additional, Adolph, T.E., additional, Trauner, M., additional, and Tilg, H., additional

Published
2023
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44. High Intensity Concentric-Eccentric Exercise Under Hypoxia Changes the Blood Metabolome of Trained Athletes

Author

Dunnwald, T, Paglia, G, Weiss, G, Denti, V, Faulhaber, M, Schobersberger, W, Wackerhage, H, Dunnwald T., Paglia G., Weiss G., Denti V., Faulhaber M., Schobersberger W., Wackerhage H., Dunnwald, T, Paglia, G, Weiss, G, Denti, V, Faulhaber, M, Schobersberger, W, Wackerhage, H, Dunnwald T., Paglia G., Weiss G., Denti V., Faulhaber M., Schobersberger W., and Wackerhage H.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine alterations of the metabolome in blood plasma in response to concentric-eccentric leg exercise performed at a simulated altitude of 3,500 m. To do so, we recruited 11 well-trained subjects and performed an untargeted metabolomics analysis of plasma samples obtained before, 20 min after as well as on day 8 after five sets of maximal, concentric-eccentric leg exercises that lasted 90 s each. We identified and annotated 115 metabolites through untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics and used them to further calculate 20 sum/ratio of metabolites. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed differences in-between the overall metabolome at rest and immediately after exercise. Interestingly, some systematic changes of relative metabolite concentrations still persisted on day 8 after exercise. The first two components of the PCA explained 34% of the relative concentrations of all identified metabolites analyzed together. A volcano plot indicates that 35 metabolites and two metabolite ratios were significantly changed directly after exercise, such as metabolites related to carbohydrate and TCA metabolism. Moreover, we observed alterations in the relative concentrations of amino acids (e.g., decreases of valine, leucine and increases in alanine) and purines (e.g., increases in hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid). In summary, high intensity concentric-eccentric exercise performed at simulated altitude systematically changed the blood metabolome in trained athletes directly after exercise and some relative metabolite concentrations were still changed on day 8. The importance of that persisting metabolic alterations on exercise performance should be studied further.

Published
2022

48. Phase II trial of oral beta-all trans-retinoic acid in hepatocellular carcinoma (SWOG 9157).

Author

Meyskens, F L, Jr, Jacobson, J, Nguyen, B, Weiss, G R, Gandara, D R, and MacDonald, J S

Subjects
Administration, Oral, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular: drug therapy, Humans, Liver Neoplasms: drug therapy, Survival Rate, Tretinoin: adverse effects, therapeutic use, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatoma, Retinoic acid, Vitamin Abilirubin, creatinine, retinoic acid, anemia, antineoplastic activity, arthralgia, article, bilirubin blood level, cancer survival, clinical article, clinical trial, creatinine blood level, diarrhea, drug efficacy, dry skin, fatigue, headache, human, hypercalcemia, lethargy, liver cell carcinoma, liver function test, malaise, myalgia, nausea, oral drug administration, phase 2 clinical trial, priority journal, stomatitis, survival time, vomiting, Administration, Oral, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Survival Rate, Tretinoin
Abstract

Twenty-nine chemotherapy-naive patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with oral beta-all trans-retinoic acid (retinoic acid, TRA 50 mg/m2 t.i.d.) on a 3-week on/one week off schedule until progression or grade 3 or 4 toxicity. Eligibility requirements allowed abnormal liver function tests as long as the creatinine and bilirubin levels were normal. No responses were seen and the median survival was four months. Grade 3 side effects occurred in II patients and grade 4 in four and included a wide range of toxicities. The results indicate that oral TRA is ineffective against primary hepatocellular carcinoma and suggest that dose-modification of this retinoid may be required in patients with significant malignant hepatic involvement.

Published
1998

49. Präoperative Nüchternheit 2008

Author

Weiß, G. and Jacob, M.

Abstract

Zusammenfassung: Ziel präoperativer Nüchternheit ist die Minimierung des Aspirationsrisikos. Perioperative Sicherheit steigt jedoch nicht linear mit der Nüchternheitsdauer. Das traditionelle Gebot völliger Nüchternheit ab Mitternacht basiert auf lückenhaftem Datenmaterial, Überinterpretation und Expertenmeinung. Tatsächlich ist das Gesamtrisiko der klinisch relevanten Aspiration gering, klare Flüssigkeit verbleibt in der Regel nur kurz im Magen und eine Nüchternzeit von 6 h erlaubt beim Gesunden die vollständige Passage fester Nahrung. Die Identifikation der Patienten, die einem erhöhten Aspirationsrisiko ausgesetzt sind, bereitet nach wie vor große Schwierigkeiten. Insbesondere die Bedeutung von Schwangerschaft, Adipositas, Diabetes mellitus, Trauma, Rauchen oder Niereninsuffizienz ist letztlich nicht geklärt. Dies spiegeln auch nationale und internationale Richtlinien zur präoperativen Nahrungs- und Flüssigkeitskarenz wider, die den „Risikopatienten“ zwar z. T. erwähnen, aber nicht exakt definieren. Ein Verzicht auf klare Flüssigkeiten bis 2 h und auf feste Speisen bis 6 h vor anästhesiologischen Verfahren setzt sich zunehmend durch. Muttermilch bei Kindern wird bis 4 h präoperativ toleriert.

Published
2024
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50. Acute Type A Aortic Dissection in Under 30 Years: Demographics, Etiology, and Postoperative Outcomes of 139 Patients

Author

Luehr, M., additional, Yildiz, M., additional, Ma, W. G., additional, Heck, R., additional, Polycarpou, A., additional, Jassar, A., additional, Kreibich, M., additional, Dohle, D. S., additional, Weiss, G., additional, Hagl, C., additional, Rega, F., additional, Schachner, T., additional, Martens, A., additional, Corte, A. Della, additional, Osada, H., additional, Tsagakis, K., additional, and Schoenhoff, F., additional

Published
2023
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