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Both the history of obesity and weight loss may change how menopause affects metabolic health. The purpose was to determine whether obesity and/or weight loss status alters energy balance ( EB) and subsequent weight gain after the loss of ovarian function. Female lean and obese Wistar rats were randomized to 15% weight loss ( WL) or ad libitum fed controls ( CON). After the weight loss period, WL rats were kept in EB at the reduced weight for 8 weeks prior to ovariectomy ( OVX). After OVX, all rats were allowed to eat ad libitum until weight plateaued. Energy intake ( EI), spontaneous physical activity, and total energy expenditure ( TEE) were measured with indirect calorimetry before OVX, immediately after OVX, and after weight plateau. Changes in energy intake ( EI), TEE, and weight gain immediately after OVX were similar between lean and obese rats. However, obese rats gained more total weight and fat mass than lean rats over the full regain period. Post- OVX, EI increased more ( P ≤ 0.03) in WL rats (58.9 ± 3.5 kcal/d) than CON rats (8.5 ± 5.2 kcal/d), and EI partially normalized (change from pre OVX: 20.5 ± 4.2 vs. 1.5 ± 4.9 kcal/day) by the end of the study. As a result, WL rats gained weight (week 1:44 ± 20 vs. 7 ± 25 g) more rapidly (mean = 44 ± 20 vs. 7 ± 25 g/week; P < 0.001) than CON. Prior obesity did not affect changes in EB or weight regain following OVX, whereas a history of weight loss prior to OVX augmented disruptions in EB after OVX, resulting in more rapid weight regain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the influence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) therapy on nutritional status and weight across observational and interventional studies. Two authors searched major electronic databases from inception until 10/14/2015 for longitudinal, open-label and randomised double-blind placebo controlled (randomised controlled trials (RCTs)) studies of AChEIs in patients with dementia reporting nutritional status outcome data. Out of 3551 initial hits, 25 studies (12 open-label trials, 9 RCTs and 4 longitudinal studies) including 10 792 patients with dementia were meta-analysed. In longitudinal studies (median follow-up 6 months), a significant cumulative incidence of weight loss between baseline and follow-up evaluation was observed (studies=2; 5%; 95% CI 1% to 34%, p<0.0001; I2=95%). These findings were confirmed in open-label trials (6%; 95% CI 4% to 7%, p<0.0001; I2=78%). In 9 RCTs (median follow-up 5 months), those taking AChEIs more frequently experienced weight loss than participants taking placebo (OR=2.18; 95% CI 1.50 to 3.17, p<0.0001; I2=29%). AChEIs therapy contributes to weight loss in patients with dementia, with a 2-fold increased risk observed in the meta-analysis of RCTs. Clinicians should carefully consider the benefit and risk of prescribing AChEIs. Nutritional status should be routinely evaluated in patients with dementia treated with AChEIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyse weight change, body composition change and Body Mass Index change in patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. Design: A service evaluation was undertaken in orthognathic patients pre-operatively and at 4 weeks post-surgery. Setting: Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham outpatient department. Subjects: Thirty-one patients scheduled for single- or two-jaw orthognathic surgery and rigid internal fixation. Methods: Immediately pre-operatively and at 4 weeks post-surgery the following information was gathered: (1) patient height; (2) patient weight (kg); (3) Patient Body Mass Index; and (4) patient body fat percentage. Results: In the 4-week post-operative period, the average weight loss was −4·96 kg (range: −9·6 to +3·0 kg), with a body fat reduction of −3·07% (range: −5·80% to +2·30%) and an average reduction in Body Mass Index of −1·63 (range: −3·4 to +0·8). There was no statistically significant difference in weight loss (P = 0·1562) or body fat composition change (P = 0·2391) between single- or two-jaw surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in weight loss (P = 0·4858) or body fat composition change (P = 0·5321) between male and female patients. Conclusions: Weight loss observed was similar to that reported in studies using inter-maxillary fixation. Closer psychological and dietetic support is needed for patients who have a low normal or underweight Body Mass Index. Better and more bespoke tailored Oral Nutritional Supplementation must be provided for all orthognathic surgery patients to potentially reduce this significant weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our knowledge of whole organism physiology has greatly advanced in the past decades through mouse genetics. In particular, genetic studies have revealed that most organs interact with one another through hormones to maintain normal physiological functions and the homeostasis of the entire organism. Remarkably, through these studies, many unexpected novel endocrine means to regulate physiological functions have been uncovered. The skeletal system is one example. In this article, we review a series of studies that over the years have identified bone as an endocrine organ. The mechanism of action, pathological relevance and therapeutic implications of the functions of the bone-derived hormone osteocalcin are discussed. In the last part of this review, we discuss the possibility that additional endocrine functions of the skeleton may exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of weight loss studies fail to standardize conditions such as diet and exercise via a weight maintenance period prior to commencement of the trial. This study aimed to determine whether a weight stabilization period is necessary to establish stable baseline hormone concentrations. Fifty-one obese male participants with a body mass index of 30-40 kg m−2 and aged 25-54 years underwent 4 weeks on an energy balance diet that was designed to achieve weight stability. Blood samples were collected in the fasting state at commencement and completion of the 4-week period, and circulating concentrations of 18 commonly measured hormones were determined. During the 4-week weight maintenance period, participants achieved weight stability within −1.5 ± 0.2 kg (−1.4 ± 0.2%) of their initial body weight. Significant reductions in serum insulin (by 18 ± 6.5%) and leptin (by 21 ± 6.0%) levels occurred, but no significant changes were observed for gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and peptide YY), nor thyroid, adrenal, gonadal or somatotropic hormones. There were no significant correlations between the change in body weight and the change in circulating concentrations of insulin or leptin over the 4-week period, indicating that the observed changes were not due to weight loss, albeit significant negative correlations were observed between the changes in body weight and plasma ghrelin and peptide YY levels. This study demonstrates the need for baseline weight maintenance periods to stabilize serum levels of insulin and leptin in studies specifically investigating effects on these parameters in the obese. However, this does not apply to circulating levels of gut-derived appetite-regulating hormones (ghrelin and peptide YY), nor thyroid, adrenal, gonadal or somatotropic hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomized trials have shown significant blood pressure (BP) reductions after increased protein compared with carbohydrate intake, but the effect on BP maintenance after initial weight loss is unclear. We examined the effect of a high-protein diet on the maintenance of reduced BP after weight loss in 420 overweight adults from the Diet, Obesity and Genes study. After an 8-week weight-loss period (>8% BW), subjects (42±6 years) were randomized to either a high-protein diet (23-28 en% protein) or a lower-protein control diet (10-15 en% protein) for 26 weeks. BMI after weight loss was 30.3±4.3 kg m−2, BP was 118/73 mm Hg and 28 subjects (6.5%) used antihypertensive agents. Systolic BP during 26 weeks of weight maintenance dietary intervention increased in both treatment groups, but it was 2.2 mm Hg less (95% CI: −4.6 to 0.2 mm Hg, P=0.08) in the high-protein group than in the lower-protein control group. In 191 (pre)hypertensive subjects (baseline systolic BP⩾120 mm Hg), a larger difference was observed (−4.2 mm Hg (−7.7, −0.7), P=0.02). The effect was attenuated after adjustment for initial BP (−3.4 mm Hg (−6.9, −0.03), P=0.048), and after additional adjustment for weight change (−2.7 mm Hg (−6.1, 0.4), P=0.11). Adjustment for 24-h urinary excretion of sodium and potassium did not change the results. Diastolic BP yielded similar results. These findings suggest that a BP reduction after weight loss is better maintained when the intake of protein is increased at the expense of carbohydrates. This effect is partly mediated by body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Laparoscopic greater curvature plication (LGCP) introduces no implantable device, requires no gastric or intestinal resection or intestinal bypass, and one of the most important advantages is that this technique is potentially reversible; also it can be followed by more extensive procedures. Aim of our study is to evaluate the excess weight loss (EWL) and the ghrelin levels changes in a series of obese patients that underwent LGCP. Methods: This is a prospective non-randomized study and includes all the patients operated with LGCP during 2012 in Second Surgical Unit of the Timisoara County Hospital. Data were collected from the patients' files, questionnaires and from specified followup visits at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. All the patients fulfilled the follow up at 12 months at the moment of this writing. Main intervention was considered the LGCP. Main outcome was excess body weight loss (EWL), secondary outcomes were ghrelin levels, modified hunger and satiety sensations, weight regain, surgical complications, readmissions, intra-operative data - operating time, blood loss. Results:14 patients were included in the study - they underwent LGCP, 12 females, 2 males. All the procedures were performed entirely laparoscopic. EWL was at 1 month - 25.7%, 3 months - 34.9%, 6 months - 44.9%, 12 months - 57.6%. Before surgery the median level of ghrelin was 283.05 pg/ml, after surgery the level dropped at 160.60 pg/ml at 1 month and to 65.40 pg/ml at 3 months. Comorbidities resolve in 4 patients out of 8 patients. There were two minor complications - nausea and vomiting that prolonged the hospital stay and needed conservative treatment. Two patients had less weight loss due to diet and lack of motivation. Conclusion: LGCP can be a successful bariatric procedure performed by a trained bariatric surgeon on a population of selected patients with strong motivation. EWL is satisfactory; complications are rare and mild and usually need only conservative treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hormone leptin has a variety of functions. Originally known for its role in satiety andweight loss, leptin more recently has been shown to augment tumor growth in a variety of cancers. Within gliomas, there is a correlation between tumor grade and tumor expression of leptin and its receptor. This suggests that autocrine signaling within the tumor microenvironment may promote the growth of high-grade gliomas. Leptin does this through stimulation of cellular pathways that are also advantageous for tumor growth and recurrence: antiapoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration. Conversely, a loss of leptin expression attenuates tumor growth. In animal models of colon cancer and melanoma, a decline in the expression and secretion of leptin resulted in a reduction of tumor growth. In these models, positive mental stimulation through environmental enrichment decreased leptin secretion and improved tumor outcome. This review explores the link between leptin and glioblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to examine randomized clinical trials (RCT) regarding long-term effects of weight loss (WL) on biological markers in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: We searched for articles published in English and Spanish recorded in the databases of Pubmed and Cochrane, and the journal collections platforms of Ebsco and Scielo between January 1,2000 and January 1,2010. Inclusion criteria included RCT with follow-up ≥ 12 months. Results: A total of 842 articles were identified, 95 of them contained information on the effect of WL on biological markers. Twenty studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. WL percentage ranged from 0.8 to 20%. A reduction of A1C was observed in nine studies, blood glucose in seven, of total cholesterol and LDL in four, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in three, and the use of hypoglycemic drugs in four; an increase of HDL was observed in seven studies. Remission of T2DM was reported in only one study, which included surgical treatment. The quality of the studies ranged from very low to high; however, the study with the longest follow-up that did not involve surgical treatment, was 52 months. Conclusion: The evidence of the beneficial effect of WL on biological markers on long-term studies in people with T2DM is inconclusive. These results warrant longer and better designed studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41 (9): 937-942 Abstract Background Cumulating evidence suggests that the broadly acting neurotrophic pigment epithelium-derived factor is associated with visceral adiposity, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes and exerts beneficial effects on atherosclerosis. To further elucidate the relationship between pigment epithelium-derived factor and metabolic perturbations characteristic of obesity, we examined the effect of pronounced weight loss on serum levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor. Materials and methods Thirty-six severely obese adults were examined before and 18 months after bariatric surgery. Abdominal fat distribution was determined by ultrasound, metabolic parameters by standard methods, pro-inflammatory biomarkers and serum pigment epithelium-derived factor levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Bariatric surgery resulted in a mean body mass index (BMI) reduction of 9·0 ± 5·0 kg m−2 and concomitant improvements in glucose homoeostasis and lipid profile. Pigment epithelium-derived factor serum levels decreased from a median 11·0 μg mL−1 (interquartile range: 3·8) to 9·2 μg mL−1 (interquartile range: 4·5) ( P < 0·0001). In univariate analysis, relative change in pigment epithelium-derived factor levels was significantly associated with change in weight, BMI, fat mass, visceral fat diameter, insulin, homoeostasis model for insulin resistance, triglyceride and leptin levels (all r > 0·370, P < 0·05). No associations were observed for C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 or tumour necrosis factor alpha. After adjustment for age, sex and smoking status, associations remained significant. Conclusions The beneficial effects of bariatric surgery-induced pronounced weight loss on glucose homoeostasis may partially be attributable to visceral adipose tissue reduction and concomitantly decreasing pigment epithelium-derived factor concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on weight loss and metabolic disorders associated with obesity using a high-fat diet-induced obese mouse model under a high-fat diet regimen. Obese male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were fed either a high-fat (60% kcal), low-fat (10% kcal), or high-fat diet plus HPMC (4% and 8%) for 5 weeks. Body, mesenteric adipose, and liver weights were determined at the end of the study. In addition, plasma cholesterol, insulin, glucose, adiponectin, and leptin were analyzed to determine the effects of HPMC. Hepatic and fecal lipids were measured to determine the effect of HPMC on lipid absorption and metabolism. Supplementation of the high-fat diet with 4% and 8% HPMC resulted in significant weight loss in obese B6 mice. Furthermore, significant decreases were seen in adipose (30%-40%), liver weights (15%-26%), and concentrations of plasma cholesterol (13%-20%) and hepatic lipids (13%-36%). Supplementation with 8% HPMC led to significant improvements in glucose homeostasis and leptin concentrations. Reductions in plasma cholesterol, glucose, and insulin levels were strongly correlated with reduced leptin concentrations. Moreover, increases in fecal secretion of total bile acids, sterols, and fats indicated altered fat absorption when HPMC was incorporated in the diet. The data indicate that HPMC not only reduces body weight, but also normalizes the metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity and suggest that the effects of HPMC on glucose and lipid homeostasis in B6 mice are mediated by improvements in leptin sensitivity resulting from reduced fat absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rats with bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) fail to exhibit sodium appetite. Lesions of the parabrachial nuclei (PBN) also block salt appetite. The PBN projection to the LH is largely ipsilateral. If these deficits are functionally dependent, damaging the PBN on one side and the LH on the other should also block Na appetite. First, bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the LH were needed because the electrolytic damage used previously destroyed both cells and axons. The ibotenic LH lesions produced substantial weight loss and eliminated Na appetite. Controls with ipsilateral PBN and LH lesions gained weight and displayed robust sodium appetite. The rats with asymmetric PBN-LH lesions also gained weight, but after sodium depletion consistently failed to increase intake of 0.5 M NaCl. These results dissociate loss of sodium appetite from the classic weight loss after LH damage and prove that Na appetite requires communication between neurons in the LH and the PBN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased eating frequency is postulated to increase metabolism, reduce hunger, improve glucose and insulin control, and reduce body weight, making it an enticing dietary strategy for weight loss and/or the maintenance of a healthy body weight. Because past research has primarily focused on the effects of eating frequency on changes in energy expenditure and body weight, limited data exist surrounding the impact of eating frequency on appetite control and energy intake. We provide a brief review of the controlled-feeding studies that primarily targeted the appetitive, hormonal, and food intake responses potentially altered with eating frequency. The 3 meal/d pattern served as the reference for defining increased or reduced eating frequency. In general, increased eating frequency led to lower peaks (P < 0.05) in perceived appetite, satiety, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY responses compared with reduced eating frequency. However, when examining these responses over the course of the day (i.e. using area under the curve assessments(, no differences in any of these outcomes were observed, The rate of gastric emptying also appears to be unaltered with increased eating frequency. Subsequent food intake was examined in several studies with conflicting results. Regarding the effect of reduced eating frequency, several studies indicate significant increases in perceived appetite and reductions in perceived satiety when 1 or 2 meals were eliminated from the daily diet. Taken together, these findings suggest that increased eating frequency (>3 eating occasions/dI has minimal, if any, impact on appetite control and food intake, whereas reduced eating frequency (<3 eating occasions/dI negatively effects appetite control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased eating frequency is postulated to increase metabolism, reduce hunger, improve glucose and insulin control, and reduce body weight, making it an enticing dietary strategy for weight loss and/or the maintenance of a healthy body weight. Because past research has primarily focused on the effects of eating frequency on changes in energy expenditure and body weight, limited data exist surrounding the impact of eating frequency on appetite control and energy intake. We provide a brief review of the controlled-feeding studies that primarily targeted the appetitive, hormonal, and food intake responses potentially altered with eating frequency. The 3 meal/d pattern served as the reference for defining increased or reduced eating frequency. In general, increased eating frequency led to lower peaks (P < 0.05) in perceived appetite, satiety, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and PYY responses compared with reduced eating frequency. However, when examining these responses over the course of the day (i.e. using area under the curve assessments(, no differences in any of these outcomes were observed, The rate of gastric emptying also appears to be unaltered with increased eating frequency. Subsequent food intake was examined in several studies with conflicting results. Regarding the effect of reduced eating frequency, several studies indicate significant increases in perceived appetite and reductions in perceived satiety when 1 or 2 meals were eliminated from the daily diet. Taken together, these findings suggest that increased eating frequency (>3 eating occasions/dI has minimal, if any, impact on appetite control and food intake, whereas reduced eating frequency (<3 eating occasions/dI negatively effects appetite control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBariatric surgery is now widely reported to ameliorate or resolve type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. Some clinical investigators even suggest its use as an early therapeutic intervention for type 2 diabetes in patients not meeting standard criteria for bariatric surgery. However, little is known about the exact mechanisms explaining the metabolic consequences, and much active investigation is underway to identify hormonal changes leading to diabetes resolution. This review includes a detailed description of various bariatric surgical procedures, including the latest less-invasive techniques, and a summary of current data providing insight into the short- and long-term metabolic effects. We outline current hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which these surgical procedures affect diabetes and report on morbidity and mortality. Finally, we discuss the available data on bariatric surgery in adolescent patients, including special considerations in this potentially vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the manipulation of human brown adipose tissue to burn body fats by switching calorie storage to an energy-burning mode. Brown adipose tissue is noted to be responsible in dissipating energy by mitochondrial uncoupling and heat production. The role of gut microbiome in balancing energy and the use of cold-induced browning in promoting weight loss are also discussed.

The objective of this review is twofold: 1. to report the trends and perspectives of the cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology with focus on adaptation to exercise and stress; 2. to summarize the research performed by our team on this topic. The main problems concerning the cardiovascular physiology are the following: impact of the simpathoadrenal hyperactivation on the heart and vessels elicited by intense exertion and psycho-emotional stress; modern methods to explore the cardiovascular system (CVS); individual adaptive peculiarities; severe exercise and distress as risk factors for CVS; sudden death in youngsters; principles of the preventive cardiology; CVS and doping; cardiovascular reactivity in physical and mental distress. Research made by our team on various groups of subjects have outlined the typological features of cardiovascular reactions during occupational stress, cardiovascular changes elicited by administration of some pharmacological substances, cardiovascular reactions during hyperbaric stress as a distinct risk factor for the heart. Experiments on rats outlined the cardiovascular, metabolic and endocrine reactions produced by training and on a model of induced exercise on dogs. Two theoretical works described features of the neuroendocrine control of the CVS during exercise. The review deals also with the management of distress and severe exercise and with the principles to prevent cardiovascular disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: One of the most frequently misused steroid precursors (prohormones) is 19-norandrostenedione (estr-4-ene-3,17-dione, NOR). Recently we have show that NOR stimulates skeletal muscle growth after s.c. administration in a highly selective manner but exhibits only weak androgenic activity in rats. Because most abusers take NOR orally, the aim of this study was to compare the anabolic and androgenic potency of NOR between s.c. and oral application. Orchiectomised rats were treated with NOR either s.c. (1mg/kg BW/day) or orally (0.1, 1 and 10mg/kg BW/day). The tissue weights of the levator ani, the seminal vesicle and the prostate were analysed to determine the anabolic and androgenic activity. Heart and liver wet weights were examined to identify side effects. Serum concentrations of NOR and its metabolite nandrolone (NT) were determined. GCMC analysis revealed that free and glucuronidated NOR and NT were detectable in the serum after oral and s.c. administration and that NOR was converted to NT in comparable amounts independent of the route of administration. In agreement to our previous study s.c. application of NOR stimulates skeletal muscle growth but has only weak androgenic effects. In contrast, after oral administration of NOR neither stimulation of the prostate nor the levator ani could be observed in the doses administered in this study. Interestingly, and in contrast to s.c. treatment, oral administration of NOR resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of body weight. In summary, oral administration of NOR, at least in the rat, seems to be a very ineffective strategy for stimulating skeletal muscle mass increases but may be associated with side effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective: To investigate possible short-term effects of voluntary weight loss on ovarian steroid profiles in young women, in light of better established long-term effects in older women. Design: We tested for an association of voluntary weight change over the course of a menstrual cycle with salivary E2 and P profiles in the same menstrual cycle. Setting: Students were recruited in a college residence hall, and they provided daily saliva samples to a researcher living nearby. Patient(s): The 65 women who participated were all college students and ranged in age between 18 and 23 years. Intervention(s): None. Main Outcome Measure(s): Weight was assessed in the first week of the menstrual cycle and first week of the following menstrual cycle. Estradiol and P were measured by radioimmunoassay in daily saliva samples. Result(s): We did not detect a suppressive effect of weight loss on the overall level of either hormone. However, we did find evidence for more distinct follicular and luteal E2 peaks in women who gained weight. Peak luteal P also arrived about 2 days earlier in women who gained weight. Conclusion(s): This finding adds to evidence that short-term response of ovarian function to weight loss in young women is less pronounced than long-term response in older women. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a two-year study that compares weight-loss diets which are based on different compositions of fat, proteins, or carbohydrates. The conclusion is that reduced-calorie diets are effective in treating overweight people and it does not matter which macronutrients that the diets are based on. The four diets had a positive effect on fasting insulin levels and lipid-related risk factors in the 811 overweight adults who participated in the research. There was also an association between attendance at group sessions and weight loss.

Aim:To review economic evaluations of weight loss drugs and compare reported incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs).Methods:A literature search was conducted for cost-effectiveness (CEAs) and cost-utility analyses (CUAs) of sibutramine, orlistat and rimonabant.Results:Fourteen unique articles were identified (11 CUAs and 3 CEAs; 9 orlistat, 4 sibutramine and 1 rimonabant). All used diet and exercise as comparator, whereas none included indirect costs. Time horizons varied from treatment period only (1–4 years) to 80 years (median 7.5 years). Longer studies modeled effects on diabetes, micro- and macrovascular complications, coronary heart disease and death. Of the CUAs, the median ICER was \[euro]200716 000/QALY (quality-adjusted life-year; range 10 000–88 000), with the worst cost-effectiveness when recommended stop rules for non-responding patients were not applied. All studies but three were funded by the manufacturing company, and the median ICER was considerably higher for independent than for sponsored analyses (\[euro]62 000 vs \[euro]15 000/QALY). However, two of the three independent CUAs did not use recommended stop rules, as compared with one of eight manufacturer-sponsored analyses. The results were most sensitive to assumptions regarding weight loss sustainability and utility per kilogram lost. Side effects and dropout because of reasons other than lack of efficacy were generally not incorporated.Conclusion:Published economic evaluations indicate that orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant are within the range of what is generally regarded as cost-effective. Uncertainty remains about weight loss sustainability, utility gain associated with weight loss and extrapolations from transient weight loss to long-term health benefits. Modeling of head-to-head comparisons and attrition is needed, as are analyses conducted independently of manufacturing companies.International Journal of Obesity (2008) 32, 1752–1763; doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.189; published online 4 November 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the ability of weight loss therapy to improve the pancreatic endocrine function in obese older adults in the U.S. based on a study. The plasma glucose concentration at 2 hours of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) had significantly reduced in the treatment group at 22 weeks. The overall disposition index (DI) that adjusts β-cell insulin response had increased significantly in the treatment group. There were no significant differences in insulin clearance and glucagon reduction in control and treatment groups.

OBJECTIVE: Interleukin (IL)-18 is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. The present study compared 1) IL-18 in adipocytes versus stromal vascular (SV) cells, 2) IL-18 in plasma and adipose tissue (AT) in obese versus lean subjects, and 3) IL-18 in plasma, AT, and skeletal muscle (SM) in obese subjects after weight loss. Subjects and methods: At baseline, plasma and AT IL-18 in 23 obese subjects were compared with that in 12 lean subjects. The obese subjects were submitted to a 15-week life-style intervention (hypocaloric diet and daily exercise) after which plasma samples, AT, and SM biopsies were obtained. Analyses were performed by ELISA and RT-PCR respectively. RESULTS: IL-18 expression in isolated adipocytes was approximately 2% of that in SV cells. Plasma IL-18 was higher in obese subjects (P < 0.001) and associated with insulin resistance (HOMA; P < 0.001). AT expression of IL-18, CD14, and CD68 was higher in obese (P < 0.01). The intervention reduced body weight (P < 0.001), plasma IL-18 (P < 0.001), and increased insulin sensitivity (HOMA; P < 0.05). AT and SM expression of IL-18 remained unchanged after the intervention. Changes in plasma IL-18 were associated with changes in insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05) but not with BMI or AT expression of IL-18. CONCLUSION: Plasma IL-18 is associated with changes in insulin resistance and reduced after weight loss. AT expression of IL-18 is increased in obesity but not affected by weight loss, indicating that changes in plasma IL-18 are related to insulin resistance rather than changes in obesity per se. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine 1) whether the extent of weight loss is predictive of the degree of changes in hormone and lipid levels; 2) the interactions between energy regulating hormones after weight loss through an energy deficit/exercise protocol diet and exercise; 3) whether initial metabolic parameters are indicative of the extent of weight loss.Methods: Thirty-five hyperlipidemic females (BMI 28-39 kg/m2) 35-60 years old participated in a six month weight loss trial. Weight loss resulted from a diet and exercise program that when combined produced a 30% energy deficit. Fasting plasma taken during 2 wk stabilization periods at the beginning and end of the study was analysed for lipids, hormone and glucose levels.Results: Average weight loss was 11.7 +/- 2.5 kg (p < 0.0001). TC, LDL-C, and triacylglycerols decreased 9.3 +/- 9.5% (p < 0.0001), 7.4 +/- 12.2% (p < 0.001), and 26.8 +/- 19.6% (p < 0.05), respectively, while HDL-C increased (p < 0.05) by 8.2 +/- 16.3%. Leptin levels declined (p < 0.001) 48.9 +/- 16.0% and ghrelin levels rose (p < 0.001) 21.2 +/- 26.7%. While overall levels of adiponectin did not differ, individual values changed such that weight loss predicted increases in adiponectin levels. Though initial weight did not predict weight loss, baseline lipid and insulin levels positively predicted weight loss.Conclusion: Initial metabolic parameters may be predictors of weight loss. Beneficial effects of weight loss as achieved through diet and exercise on measured parameters indicate moderate weight loss reduces key risk factors of cardiovascular disease in overweight individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study on the relation of hormones and nutrient in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Topics mentioned include the common characteristics of PCOS are insulin resistance, hirsutism, infertility and weight loss, the use of oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT) and euenergetic protein challenge, euvolemic in comparing the effects of protein with glucose challenges on hormones, and the result support on sugar intake restriction and increasing protein intake in a PCOS diet.

Presents information on a study which examined the independent effects of diet and exercise on plasma leptin levels in moderately obese men in the presence or absence of weight loss. Overview of the mechanism of action of leptin in obesity; Methodology and results; Analysis of results.

The aim of this study was to calculate extent of weight loss (in kilograms) due to Maxillomandibular fixation in patients after trauma. Study design was prospective observational study. The study was conducted in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi from February 2014 to July 2014 over a period of 06 months. A total of 30 patients with only mandibular fracture were included in the study. Out of these 30 patients 27 patients were males and 03 patients were females. All patients were treated with Maxillomandibular fixation for 04 weeks. Weight of the patient was noted pre-operatively, 1st week post operatively and 4th week post operatively. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. The study included 30 patients with mean age of 36.67 (SD +9.743) out which 90% were male and 10% were female. The overall weight loss sustained by patients in this study was 6 kilograms (kgs) at the end of first week post operatively and 5kilograms (kgs) at fourth week post operatively when compared with their weights before surgery. Within the limitations of this study, significant weight loss was observed at the first week post operatively among all patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Describes studies on the involvement of central corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors in the initiation of temporary hypophagia and a sustained reduction in body weight of rats in response to stress. Cannalulas fitted in rats' lateral ventricle; Infusion with saline; Receptor antagonist's inhibition of hypophagia and weight loss on the first day.

In the 2 to 6 weeks after completion of refeeding and termination of a weight restoration program, patients with anorexia nervosa required greater than normal caloric intake to maintain a stable weight and had elevated levels of activity. By contrast, such patients studied 6 months or longer after weight recovery had normal caloric intake and activity levels. The prolonged delay in normalization of caloric intake and activity is mirrored by the slow resolution to normal of the neuroendocrine dysregulation that characterizes this disorder. This suggests that treatment for weight maintenance in anorexia nervosa should be extended aggressively for months after the return of a healthy weight so as to restore normal neuroendocrine function and thereby enhance the likelihood of permanent recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone growth is abnormal in anorexia nervosa, possibly connected with the immature hormonal status associated with low body weight. Measuring the serum levels of the bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase is used as a sensitive indicator of renewed bone growth in a group of refeeding anorectics. Initial results show a marked and maintained increase in levels of the enzyme, possibly due to a rise in body weight above a postulated critical level associated with hormonal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intravenously administered bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) reached the guinea-pig thymus during involution of the gland. Involution occurred either in association with the animal's weight loss, or was produced by local X-irradiation. The latter procedure markedly increased the uptake of bacilli in the thymus. Bacteria were found in greatest concentration in the cortex where globoid cells were seen. However, organisms were also evident inside Hassall's corpuscles. These observations support the concept that Hassall's corpuscles might play a role in long-term immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is considered an inherited disease in several dog breeds. Affected dogs show polyphagia, weight loss and voluminous faeces of light colour due to the lack of pancreatic enzymes. In the study described herein, we performed a segregation analysis using thesingles method for three families of the Eurasian dog breed. Our data were consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In addition, we performed a linkage analysis in these families using four microsatellite markers on CFA3 and two microsatellites on CFA23. Based on our results, we excluded the canine orthologs of the human cholecystokinin ( CCK) and the cholecystokinin A receptor ( CCKAR) genes as candidates for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the inflammatory and hormonal mediators of cachexia. Relationship between body composition and metabolism; Hormonal determinants of quotidian metabolism; Injury response and the role of immune system; Role of cytokines in cachexia.

Background: Physical inactivity and being overweight are modifiable lifestyle risk factors that consistently have been associated with a higher risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in observational studies. One biologic hypothesis underlying this relationship may be via endogenous sex hormone levels. It is unclear if changes in dietary intake, physical activity, or both, are most effective in changing these hormone levels.Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the effect of reduced caloric dietary intake and/or increased exercise levels on breast cancer-related endogenous sex hormones.Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane's Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) up to March 2017. Main outcome measures were breast cancer-related endogenous sex hormones. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting effects of reduced caloric intake and/or exercise interventions on endogenous sex hormones in healthy, physically inactive postmenopausal women were included. Studies including women using hormone therapy were excluded. The methodological quality of each study was assessed by the Cochrane's risk of bias tool.Results: From the 2599 articles retrieved, seven articles from six RCTs were included in this meta-analysis. These trials investigated 1588 healthy postmenopausal women with a mean age ranging from 58 to 61 years. A combined intervention of reduced caloric intake and exercise, with durations ranging from 16 to 52 weeks, compared with a control group (without an intervention to achieve weight loss) resulted in the largest beneficial effects on estrone treatment effect ratio (TER) = 0.90 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.83-0.97), total estradiol TER = 0.82 (0.75-0.90), free estradiol TER = 0.73 (0.66-0.81), free testosterone TER = 0.86 (0.79-0.93), and sex hormone biding globulin (SHBG) TER = 1.23 (1.15-1.31). A reduced caloric intake without an exercise intervention resulted in significant effects compared with control on total estradiol TER = 0.86 (0.77-0.95), free estradiol TER = 0.77 (0.69-0.84), free testosterone TER = 0.91 (0.84-0.98), and SHBG TER = 1.20 (1.06-1.36). Exercise without dietary change, versus control, resulted in borderline significant effects on androstenedione TER = 0.97 (0.94-1.00), total estradiol TER = 0. 97 (0.94-1.00), and free testosterone TER = 0. 0.97 (0.95-1.00).Conclusions and Relevance: This meta-analysis of six RCTs demonstrated that there are beneficial effects of exercise, reduced caloric dietary intake or, preferably, a combination of exercise and diet on breast cancer-related endogenous sex hormones in physically inactive postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two black broody hens of breed Gallus domesticus both laid their eggs and brooded in the same nest, with no conflicts. The nest was in a high place away from water, both brooded and shared the same brooding cycle, (brooding, dust-bathing, eating, drinking and brooding). In spite of their cooperation, they both still manifested clinical signs of anorexia, weight loss, wasting of pectorialis muscle, and loss of feather luster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the search for a hormonal switch for obesity. Factors causing obesity; Complexity of the regulation of feeding behavior; Synthesis of classical hormones in the brain and the periphery.

The article focuses on hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. It suggests that the presence of a goitre in pregnant women may indicate hyperthyroidism. Several symptoms of hyperthyroidism include an increased sleeping pulse rate, failure to gain weight or weight loss. It discusses some of the forms of treatment of hyperthyroidism including radioiodine therapy and the used of several groups of drugs including imidazoles.