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• Zinfandel vines at various stages of flower and fruit dev,elopment were sprayed in the years 1954, 1955, and 1956 with NAA in the range from 0 to 500 ppm. NAA at 5 to 10 ppm applied at bloom stage or 10 ppm NAA applied at fruit-set stage resulted in suitable loosening of clusters. • In order to destroy the second-crop clusters, Zinfandel and Muscat of Alexandria vines were sprayed with NAA in a range from 0 to 300 ppm. Spraying was done when the second crop was in full-bloom or fruit-set stage, and the berries on primary clusters were larger and less susceptible to injury. NAA at 25 to 50 ppm sharply reduced the secondary crop without injury to the primary crop. • DN-289 (dinitro-sec-butylphenol) in a range from 0.001 % to 0.3% was applied to Muscat of Alexandria vines at bloom and Zinfandel vines at fruit-set stage to determine its value in flower cluster and cluster thinning. DN-289 at 0.05% killed 95% of the clusters in both varieties; in Muscat only 3 to 5% of the leaves showed injury., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 4 No. 1 (1963): Vitis

• Paired treatments with and without application of GA at bloom were applied to Thompson Seedless vines that were • cluster-thinned at prebloom, and berrythinned at shatter, • cluster-thinned and berry-thinned at prebloom, or • cluster-thinned and berry-thinned at shatter stage following bloom. Unsprayed clusters from vines that were cluster-thinned at prebloom or cluster- and berrythinned at prebloom stage were very compact. All combinations of thinning that included applications of GA at bloom produced clusters that were looser than the corresponding unsprayed clusters. GA increased berry size, and clusters that received GA usually had fewer shot berries than did corresponding unsprayed clusters. • Prebloom thinning increased the number of berries per cm. of lateral, but applications of GA at bloom greatly decreased the amount of set. • A reduction of flower shatter occurred as a results of prebloom thinning., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 6 No. 3 (1967): Vitis

• Flowering clusters on ungirdled, nondefoliated shoots of 'Black Corinth', and girdled shoots defoliated to 1 /ia leaf, were dipped in 4-CPA at 15 ppm, or GA3 at 5 or 15 ppm. In nondefoliated shoots the set was decreased about 13 °/o at 15 ppm, but there were no significant differences among the other treatments. All treatments produced heavier rachises, berries, and clusters than the ungirdled, untreated controls. In defoliated shoots the set was decreased approximately 85 °/o by GA3 at 15 ppm. 4-CPA significantly increased set, but a mixture of GA3 and 4-CPA did not alter set. • Similar experiments were carried on with the seeded varieties 'Pinot Chardonnay', 'Muscat of Alexandria', and 'Grenache'. Clusters on ungirdled nondefoliated shoots were dipped in GA3, 4-CPA, or a mixture of the two compounds. Like treatments were made on other clusters on shoots defoliated to 1/4 leaf. There was a varietal difference in response among the seeded varieties. The compounds injured the Muscat and reduced the set and berry size. • All treatments increased the set of seedless berries on nondefoliated shoots of 'Pinot'. In both 'Chardonnay' and 'Grenache' there was a shift from seeded to seedless berries. Application of 4-CPA resulted in a significantly greater set in total number of berries on defoliated shoots of 'Chardonnay' and 'Muscat'. • All solutions containing GA3 increased siz'e of seedless berries on nondefoliated shoots of 'Pinot'. GA3 applied at shatter stage increased size of seedless 'Muscat' berries. With one exception, there was no increase in size of one-, two-, or three-seeded berries. • Percentage set was significantly increased in defoliated shoots of 'Muscat' by 4-CPA, and in 'Pinot' by 4-CPA or a mixture of 4-CPA and GA3. • A kinin, benzyladenine, failed to increase set or berry size, but intensified the development of a purple anthocyanin pigment in 'Muscat'. • The possible importance of the ratio of a leaf-produced set factor to gibberellin in berry set in 'Black Corinth' is discussed., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 3 No. 2 (1962): Vitis

Twelve thinning compounds were tested at 0.1 to 4,000 ppm on 'Carignane' and 'Thompson Seedless' clusters at 4 developmental stages (prebloom, bloom, fruit-set, and 2 weeks after fruit-set). Clusters were usually least sensitive to the compounds ut post fruit-set and, in general, 'Thompson Seedless' was more sensitive than 'Carignane'. On 'Thompson Seedless' the morphactin IT 5733 had a wider activity range than IT 5732 or IT 4433. Potassium iodide reduced set when applied at prebloom or bloom. Ethephon was usually effective at some concentration at all growth stages. Ascorbic acid, iso-ascorbic acid, and Pennthin usually were not significantly effective in thinning either cultivar. The 3-CPA had a wide range of activity on both cultivars at most stages of growth, and this compound at 10 ppm reduced number of berries at bloom and fruit set for 'Carignane' and 'Thompson Seedless', respectively. Iodoacetic acid at 1,000 ppm was effective in reducing number of berries in both cultivars at all growth stages. The 4-CPA at 100 ppm was effective at prebloom stage en 'Carignane', and .'.lt bloom on 'Thompson Seedless'. Salicylic acid at 1,000 ppm effectively reduced number of berries of each cultivar when applied at fruit-set stage., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 10 No. 3 (1971): Vitis

A large varietal difference was noted in time required for grape buds to terminate rest. 'Pearl of Csaba' and seedless varieties terminated rest most rapidly. Exogenous applications of benzyladenine (BA) at 1000 ppm or of N-dimethylamino succinamic acid (B-9) at 2000 ppm hastened termination of rest. Benzothiazole-2(-oxyacetic acid (BOA) at 1000 ppm and 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride CCC) at 200 or 2000 ppm markedly delayed it. In cuttings of 'St. Emilion' treated with exogenous BA, much inhibitor disappeared from the treated buds within 10 days after treatment. We suggest that the effect of BA in terminating rest may be due to its destructive effect on inhibitor concentration in the bud. Inhibitory substances were present in buds from 'St. Emilion' from December 5 through the dormant season. The compounds disappeared and stimulatory activity increased at the start of shoot growth., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 7 No. 3 (1968): Vitis

The relationship between growth and development of potassium gibberellate (KGA3 )-treated 'Black Corinth' berries and changes in the level of hormones was studied from anthesis to maturity. Growth rate curves for fresh weight and volume had peaks corresponding to stages I and III. The curve for dry weight showed only one large pea k that occurred in stage III. Associated with the first period of rapid growth (stage I) was a rapid increase in concentration of hormone. Application of KGA3 increased auxin activity within 3 hours after treatment, and berries from KGA3-treated vines maintained a higher level of auxin activity during stage I and stage II than did berries from untreated vines. Hormone content decreased during the period of retarded growth (stage II), and continued at a low level until harvest., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 10 No. 4 (1971): Vitis

Immersing seeds of 'Tokay' for 24 hours in water ranging from 27 ° to 54 °C failed to terminate rest. KGA3 terminated rest in 50% of the seeds, ancl morphactin at 100 ppm and ethephon at 5,000 ppm resulted in some enhancement of germination. However, SADH, CCC, and ABA treatments were not effective. KGA3 at 1 ppm caused 33% germination of scarified resting seeds. SADH increased the germination rate of nonresting seeds, but ABA, BOA, CCC, ethyl alcohol, and sulphuric acid clecreased the rate. Der Einfluß von Wachstumsregulatoren und Wärmebehandlung auf die Keimung von Samen der Rebsorte Tokay Samen der Rebsorte „Tokay", die 24 Stunden in Wasser mit Temperaturen von 27 ° bis 54 °C getaucht worden waren, beendeten die Dormanz nicht. KGA3 hob die Dormanz bei 50% der Samen auf, während Behandlung mit 100 ppm Morphaktin oder mit 5000 ppm Ethephon die Keimung erhöhten. Die Anwendung von SADH, CCC und ABA war jedoch wirkungslos. 1 ppm KGA3 verursachte bei angeritzten dormanten Samen eine Keimung von 33%. SADH steigerte die Keimungsrate der nichtruhenden Samen, während ABA, BOA, CCC, Äthylalkohol und Schwefelsäure die Keimungsrate herabsetzten., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 12 No. 4 (1973): Vitis

BA at 1,000 ppm hastenecl termination of bucl rest in 'St. Emilion' cuttings, but ethephon at 2,000 ppm ancl morphactin at 20, 200, and 2,000 ppm markedly clelayecl rest. With nonresting buds, SADH at 20 and 200 ppm hastened time of bud break, but ABA at 1,000 ppm clelayed bucl break. A basal treatment of the cuttings with ABA was less effective than immersion of entire cuttings. BOA, ethephon, KGA3 , ancl a morphactin all clelayed bud break of nonresting bucls, at least when used at high concentrations. BOA was effective in clelaying bud break. When resting cuttings were subjectecl to temperatures ranging from 38 to 49 °C for 6 to 24 hr, many of the treatments hastened termination of rest. Drying resting cuttings for 5 clays at 24-27 °C was very effective in breaking rest; but after 20 days of clrying, no cuttings grew. Die Wirkung von Wachstumsregulatoren, Temperatur und Trocknen auf Knospen von Vitis vinifera 1.000 ppm BA beschleunigte die Beendigung der Knospenruhe von Stecklingen der Sorte „St. Emilion", während 2.000 ppm Ethephon und 20, 200 oder 2.000 ppm Morphaktin die Knospenruhe merklich verzögerten. Bei Knospen außerhalb der Dormanz beschleunigten 20 oder 200 ppm SADH die Zeit des Austriebs, 1.000 ppm ABA dagegen verzögerte den Austrieb. Basale Behandlung des Holzes mit ABA war weniger wirksam als das Tauchen ganzer Stecklinge. BOA, Ethephon, KGA3 und ein Morphaktin verzögerten alle den Austrieb nichtruhender Knospen, zumindest in hohen Konzentrationen. BOA war bei der Verzögerung des Austriebs wirksam. Wenn dormante Stecklinge 6 bis 24 Stunden lang Temperaturen von 38 bis 49 °C ausgesetzt wurden, beschleunigten viele Behandlungen die Beendigung der Knospenruhe. 5 Tage dauerndes Trocknen ruhender Stecklinge bei 24-27 °C brach sehr wirksam die Ruhe; nach 20tägigem Trocknen jedoch wuchsen keine Stecklinge mehr., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 13 No. 1 (1974): Vitis

Gibberellin-treated 'Thompson Seedless' grapes were thinned at initiation of berry shatter following bloom or at 1 to 6 weeks thereafter. The results indicate that for maximum increase in berry size, thinning should be done during fruit-set or as soon after as possible. Der Einfluß des Ausdünnungstermins auf die Beerengröße von geringelten, gibberellinbehandelten „Thompson Seedless"-Trauben Gibberellin-behandelte „Thompson-Seedless"-Trauben wurden bei Beginn des Durchrieselns oder 1-6 Wo chen danach ausgedünnt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß für einen maximalen Zuwachs der Beerengröße das Ausdünnen während des Fruchtansatzes oder sobald wie möglich danach erfolgen sollte., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 12 No. 2 (1973): Vitis

'Zinfandel' grapevines were sprayed with KGA3 at 10 ppm when shoots were about 12, 25, or 50 cm long, or at bloom (50% calyptra fall). On 13 subsequent dates (April 29 to June 10), and at fruit maturity, various parameters were measured. Early applications of KGA3 increased shoot length, but by June 1 there were no differences among treatments. The first 3 treatments caused rapid increases in cluster length, but by June 10 lengths were not significantly different from the controls. Development of the basal lateral followed a similar trend. Pedicel length increased rapidly as a result of treatment, and on June 10 all treated pedicels were longer than those of the controls. At maturity, berries sprayed at the first 3 stages were smaller than control berries. The cessation of growth in length occurred first in clusters, followed by pedicels, laterals, and shoots, respectively. Einfluß des Anwendungszeitpunktes von Kalium-Gibberellat auf die Traubenentwicklung von Reben der Sorte Zinfandel Reben der Sorte Zinfandel wurden mit 10 ppm Kalium-Gibberellat besprüht, und zwar wenn die Triebe 12, 25 oder 50 cm lang waren, oder wenn 50% der Blütenkäppchen abgefallen waren. An 13 verschiedenen Daten (29. April bis 10. Juni) sowie zur Beerenreife wurden mehrere Parameter ermittelt. Frühzeitige Anwendungen förderten das Längenwachstum der Triebe; bis zum 1. Juni waren die Unterschiede zwischen den Varianten jedoch wieder ausgeglichen. Die ersten drei Behandlungen hatten ein schnelleres Längenwachstum der Trauben zur Folge; bis zum 10. Juni waren aber auch diese Unterschiede gegenüber den Kontrollen nicht mehr signifikant. Die Entwicklung der basalen Geiztriebe verlief ähnlich. Die Beerenstiele wuchsen nach Behandlung schneller und waren am 10. Juni durchweg länger als die der Kontrolle. Bei der Reife waren die in den ersten drei Wachstumsphasen besprühten Beeren kleiner als die Kontrollbeeren. Der Wachstumsstillstand trat zuerst bei den Trauben, dann bei den Beeerenstielen, den Geiztrieben und zuletzt bei den Trieben auf., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 14 No. 2 (1975): Vitis

Application of NAA on Carignane grapes at 70 % calyptra fall reduced berryset and weight per cluster. Crop yield per vine was decreased both by application of NAA at bloom at 10 and 25 ppm and at 2 weeks after bloom at 25 ppm. °Brix was usually increased by NAA applied at bloom or 2 weeks after bloom. However, total titratable acidity did not change as a result of NAA in any of the treatments. The looseness of clusters treated at the bloom stage tended to increase with higher levels of NAA. NAA has not been cleared for use on grapes as a thinning agent in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency. Einfluß der Naphthylessigsäure-Behandlung auf das Ausdünnen der Trauben bei der Rebsorte Carignane Wurden die Infloreszenzen der Sorte Carignane mit NES behandelt, wenn 70 % der Calyptren abgefallen waren, so waren sowohl der Beerenansatz als auch das Gewicht je Traube herabgesetzt. Der Traubenertrag je Rebe war bei Anwendung von 10 und 25 ppm NES zur Blütezeit und ebenso bei Behandlung mit 25 ppm NES 2 Wochen nach der Blüte verringert. Die gesamte titrierbare Säure war jedoch bei keiner Variante verändert. Die durch NES-Anwendung in der Blühphase erzielte Lockerbeerigkeit der Trauben verstärkte sich durch höhere Konzentrationen. Das Umweltschutzamt der USA hat über die Zulassung von NES als Ausdünnungsmittel noch nicht entschieden., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 17 No. 4 (1978): Vitis

The defoliation responses of several grapevine cultivars to postharvest ethephon sprays at 0, 500, 2000, 5000 ppm were observed. Sprays were applied at the beginning of October to vines of Barbera, Carignane, Emerald Seedless, Ribier, Ruby Seedless, Thompson Seedless and Flame Tokay cultivars. The most effective concentration was 5000 ppm. The defoliation response varied greatly among the varieties. Barbera and Carignane were almost completely defoliated 20-30 d after treatment, whereas Flame Tokay showed no response. However, high concentrations of ethephon resulted in a considerable delay in shoot development the following spring. Défoliation induite en différents cépages par un traitement avec de l'éthéphon après la vendange La défoliation causée par des traitements d'éthephon (0, 500, 2000, 5000 ppm) a été étudiée sur différents cépages (V. vinifera). Les applications ont été faites le 10 octobre sur les cépages à raisin de table et de cuve ci-après: Barbera, Carignane; Emerald Seedless, Ribier, Ruby Seedless, Thompson Seedless et Flame Tokay. La concentration de 5000 ppm se révéla la plus efficace. La défoliation des plantes traitées a été très différente selon les cépages: Barbera et Carignane par exemple ont été presque complètement privés des feuilles après 20-30 d du traitement, tandis que le Flame Tokay ne donna qu'une très faible réponse. Il faut signaler en tout cas que les concentrations les plus fortes d'éthéphon ont causé un retard considerable dans le débourrement du printemps suivant., VITIS - Journal of Grapevine Research, Vol. 22 No. 2 (1983): Vitis

The cytochromes P450, epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferases are several of the major groups of enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and these enzymes may have a role in influencing the response of tumours to anti-cancer drugs. In this study the cell specific expression of individual xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes has been investigated using immunohistochemistry in primary transitional cell tumours of the urinary bladder. The cytochromes P450 CYP1A, CYP2C and CYP3A, were present in 68, 28 and 68% of tumours respectively and the expression of CYP1A correlated with bladder tumour grade (P = 0.03). Epoxide hydrolase was identified in 84% of tumours while the alpha, mu and pi forms of glutathione S-transferase were expressed in 56, 72 and 52% of tumours respectively. In normal bladder epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase pi were the main enzymes expressed while there was no expression of CYP2C.