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This study uses a statistical survey over three consecutive years to show how the first-year students of a mid-sized Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) secondary international school perceive the impact of using their own iPad on their learning. The students' perceptions how awareness of the usefulness and challenges associated with using their iPads in school life as well as at home. The students indicate several perceived benefits relating to having instant access to a variety of learning opportunities via the internet. However, they also indicate the challenges of keeping a balanced approach and avoiding overuse of their iPads inside and outside school (e.g., for gaming and social media). The original rationale for implementing the BYOD scheme did not anticipate specific benefits for students' academic outcomes (grades). However, academic performance has continued to be monitored to identify any adverse effects associated with the scheme. Students' overall academic performance has not been adversely affected since the scheme was implemented.

Since the introduction of a Bring Your Own iPad scheme in the Middle Years section of a large International School, concerns have been raised from school community members regarding students' overuse of their devices, especially during lunch breaks. Hence, the device free lunch break (DFLB) programme was introduced with the aim of reinforcing existing guidance for students about achieving and maintaining a balanced approach to their use of devices. The DFLB programme was planned based on market research strategies and included all the school community members including students, parents/guardians and staff. The findings from statistical analysis of the data showed significant similarities between staff and parents/guardians' perceptions of student device use in terms of the student overuse of electronic devices. However, analysis showed that the opinions of parent/guardians and staff contrasted those expressed by students. The data also showed evidence that the introduction of the DFLB programme resulted in increased student recognition of the importance of making face-to-face social contacts with their classmates during their lunch break.

This paper describes aspects of the planning and delivery of a 10 credit module to learners participating in a full-time, Secondary Informational Communication Technology (ICT) PGCE course and the decision to replace an existing face-to-face delivery with a flexible, online delivery. The paper focuses upon four associated aspects of the module, including the conceptual framework for delivering the module, the online model implemented, the online tasks and the module evaluation.

This article presents a systematic literature review which synthesises current knowledge to advance a more sophisticated conceptual framework to measure the return on investment (ROI) in complaints management. Literature is examined from searches of ProQuest, EBSCO, Emerald Plus and Google Scholar to create a road map of extant knowledge published from 1987 to 2021 in marketing and consumer related fields. Five themes associated with ROI measurement research are identified across four time periods: Cost reduction, Organisational learning, Reputational effect, Current customer focus and Social benefits. Few studies develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for the calculation of the ROI. The current literature is then extended, with the development of a framework to assist complaint management researchers and practitioners to evaluate Customer Complaint Management practices. The framework also informs the necessary data collection. Finally, new research directions are outlined to guide scholarly enquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketamine is a pharmaceutical drug possessing both analgesic and anaesthetic properties. As an anaesthetic, it induces anaesthesia by producing analgesia with a state of altered consciousness while maintaining airway tone, respiratory drive, and hemodynamic stability. At lower doses, it has psychoactive properties and has gained popularity as a recreational drug. To review the epidemiology, mechanisms of toxicity, pharmacokinetics, clinical features, diagnosis and management of ketamine toxicity. Both OVID MEDLINE (January 1950–April 2023) and Web of Science (1900–April 2023) databases were searched using the term "ketamine" in combination with the keywords "pharmacokinetics", "kinetics", "poisoning", "poison", "toxicity", "ingestion", "adverse effects", "overdose", and "intoxication". Furthermore, bibliographies of identified articles were screened for additional relevant studies. These searches produced 5,268 non-duplicate citations; 185 articles (case reports, case series, pharmacokinetic studies, animal studies pertinent to pharmacology, and reviews) were considered relevant. Those excluded were other animal investigations, therapeutic human clinical investigations, commentaries, editorials, cases with no clinical relevance and post-mortem investigations. Following its introduction into medical practice in the early 1970s, ketamine has become a popular recreational drug. Its use has become associated with the dance culture, electronic and dubstep dance events. Ketamine acts primarily as a non-competitive antagonist on the glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, causing the loss of responsiveness that is associated with clinical ketamine dissociative anaesthesia. Absorption of ketamine is rapid though the rate of uptake and bioavailability is determined by the route of exposure. Ketamine is metabolized extensively in the liver. Initially, both isomers are metabolized to their major active metabolite, norketamine, by CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 isoforms. The hydroxylation of the cyclohexan-1-one ring of norketamine to the three positional isomers of hydroxynorketamine occurs by CYP2B6 and CYP2A6. The dehydronorketamine metabolite occurs either by direct dehydrogenation from norketamine via CYP2B6 metabolism or non-enzymatic dehydration of hydroxynorketamine. Norketamine, the dehydronorketamine isomers, and hydroxynorketamine have pharmacological activity. The elimination of ketamine is primarily by the kidneys, though unchanged ketamine accounts for only a small percentage in the urine. The half-life of ketamine in humans is between 1.5 and 5 h. Acute adverse effects following recreational use are diverse and can include impaired consciousness, dizziness, irrational behaviour, hallucinations, abdominal pain and vomiting. Chronic use can result in impaired verbal information processing, cystitis and cholangiopathy. The diagnosis of acute ketamine intoxication is typically made on the basis of the patient's history, clinical features, such as vomiting, sialorrhea, or laryngospasm, along with neuropsychiatric features. Chronic effects of ketamine toxicity can result in cholangiopathy and cystitis, which can be confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and cystoscopy, respectively. Treatment of acute clinical toxicity is predominantly supportive with empiric management of specific adverse effects. Benzodiazepines are recommended as initial treatment to reduce agitation, excess neuromuscular activity and blood pressure. Management of cystitis is multidisciplinary and multi-tiered, following a stepwise approach of pharmacotherapy and surgery. Management of cholangiopathy may require pain management and, where necessary, biliary stenting to alleviate obstructions. Chronic effects of ketamine toxicity are typically reversible, with management focusing on abstinence. Ketamine is a dissociative drug employed predominantly in emergency medicine; it has also become popular as a recreational drug. Its recreational use can result in acute neuropsychiatric effects, whereas chronic use can result in cystitis and cholangiopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]