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The construction of ultra‐long room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) gels has always been a serious challenge because the dispersing medium would significantly deteriorate their rigidity, resulting in triplet excitons consumption by non‐radiative transitions. In this paper, eutectogel with ultra‐long RTP emission is successfully constructed by rebuilding the damaged rigid system with solvent exchange. Specifically, the formation of cyclic borate via the B─O click reaction between 1,3,5‐tris(4‐phenylboronic acid)benzene (TPPB) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix is demonstrated to be favorable for RTP emission, with the resulting films possessing an afterglow duration of 26 s and a lifetime of up to 2.92 s. Based on this, deep eutectic solvents (DES)‐based RTP gel is successfully prepared by cyclic freezing‐thawing and solvent exchange of aqueous solution of TPPB functionalized PVA obtained by click reaction. The obtained gel exhibited an afterglow of up to 8 s and RTP lifetime of 902 ms under ambient conditions. Further analyses showed that the introduction of DES reconstructed interactions between polymer chains damaged by water and enhanced the rigidity of the system, thus promoting RTP emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the long-term influence of overburden load and water infiltration, coal undergoes creep damage, and the disturbance caused by mining activities can lead to sudden instability, triggering geological disasters such as mine flooding. Therefore, this study prepared four types of coal samples with different saturations under creep damage conditions and conventional coal samples. A comparative study was conducted using uniaxial compression tests to examine the deterioration characteristics of physical and mechanical parameters, failure modes, and energy evolution patterns in these two types of coal samples. Additionally, a microscopic deterioration model of coal samples under the combined influence of water and creep damage was constructed to elucidate the mechanism of creep damage on the deterioration of mechanical properties in water-containing coal samples. The research findings indicate that coal samples affected by creep damage and conventional coal samples exhibit significant consistency in mechanical parameters and energy evolution patterns. Specifically, an increase in saturation is positively correlated with peak stress, elastic modulus, and dissipated energy. Conversely, peak strain, total input energy, and elastic strain energy are negatively correlated with rising saturation levels. Under the same saturation conditions, the change in mechanical parameters and energy characteristics is more pronounced in creep-damaged coal samples. Furthermore, the stress-strain curves of both coal sample types exhibit prolonged compaction stages, shortened elastic stages, and more significant yield stages. Under equivalent saturation levels, the stress-strain trends in creep-damaged coal samples show more substantial variations. Upon loading and failure, the conventional coal sample transitions from single inclined plane shear failure to tension-shear mixed failure as the saturation increases. Conversely, the creep-damaged coal sample shifts from "X"-type conjugate shear failure and tension-shear mixed failure to tension failure, signifying a tendency toward more complex failure modes. In cases where the coal sample has a water saturation of 41%, the deterioration of its mechanical parameters is primarily attributed to creep damage. However, when the water saturation reaches 41–100%, water plays a dominant role in the deterioration of the coal sample's mechanical parameters. After experiencing creep damage, the internal micro-cracks of the coal sample are extensively developed, which is also the primary factor contributing to the deterioration of the coal sample's mechanical properties and an increased proportion of dissipated energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the actual situation of water pressure stabilization during underground and tunnel water inrush disasters, the team independently developed a stable water pressure test system and conducted fracture and failure tests on fissured rock masses under the coupling effect of 1MPa stable water pressure and stress and without water pressure. Combined with data collected by acoustic emission instruments, the mechanical characteristics of fracture and failure, crack propagation mechanism, and acoustic emission response mechanism of fissured rock masses under the coupling effect of stable hydraulic pressure and stress were studied. The results showed that throughout the entire experimental process, the hydraulic pressure remained continuously stable, with a decrease of only 0.14%; The variation pattern of peak strength of fissured rock mass with increasing crack inclination angle under stable hydraulic pressure changes from a decrease and then an increase in the absence of hydraulic pressure to an increasing trend; The crack propagation length of low angle fissured rock mass is generally higher than that of high angle fissured specimens. The longer propagation path increases the range and effect of hydraulic pressure, and the initial crack propagation length of fissured rock mass under hydraulic pressure is also significantly longer than that of specimens without hydraulic pressure; During the loading process, both the acoustic emission ringing count and damage variable can be divided into four stages. From the cumulative total number of acoustic emission ringing counts, it can be seen that during the loading process, the total number of acoustic emission ringing in fissured rock masses subjected to hydraulic pressure is significantly lower than that of specimens without hydraulic pressure, and the trend is also relatively stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of microwave heating technology can significantly enhance the water evaporation rate of emulsified asphalt mixtures post paving. To improve the microwave absorption and curing performance of these mixtures, SiC-Fe3O4 composite material (SF) was incorporated. This addition aims to enhance the microwave absorption efficiency and accelerate the curing process of emulsified asphalt mixtures under microwave heating. This study begins with an analysis of the microwave absorption principles pertinent to emulsified asphalt mixtures. Subsequently, the microwave heating temperature fields of ordinary emulsified asphalt mixture (EAM), SiC emulsified asphalt mixture (S-EAM), Fe3O4 emulsified asphalt mixture (F-EAM), and SiC-Fe3O4 emulsified asphalt mixture (SF-EAM) were simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element software (COMSOL 6.2). The early strength variations in SF-EAM under different microwave heating durations were then examined through adhesion tests, leading to the proposal of a microwave heat curing process for SF-EAM. Finally, the wear resistance, water damage resistance, rutting resistance, and skid resistance of SF-EAM post-microwave curing were evaluated through wet wheel wear tests, wheel track deformation tests, and road friction coefficient tests. The results indicate that the optimal microwave heating time is 90 s, with the microwave absorption performance of the materials ranked as follows: EAM, S-EAM, F-EAM, and SF-EAM, from lowest to highest. The road performance of SF-EAM complies with specification requirements, and its wear resistance, water damage resistance, and rutting resistance are notably improved after microwave heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is an effective measure to prevent water damage in coal mines in order to construct drainage boreholes in water-filled aquifers of a working face roof. The hydrogeological parameters of the roof water-filled aquifer and the parameters of the drainage borehole are closely related to the underground drainage effect. Taking the 3085 working face of the Donghuantuo Mine in Kailuan as an example, the influence degree of hydrogeological parameters and hydrophobic borehole parameters on the amount of drainage water was analyzed using the generalized gray correlation degree. Based on Visual Modflow, the 3D groundwater visualization model was established and the dredging borehole was generalized into the pumping borehole. By changing the main influencing factors, the design optimization of the advanced hydrophobic borehole was discussed. The results showed that the aquifer thickness had a great influence on the amount of water discharged, and the influence degree of the sharp angle between the formation and the direction of drilling, the depth of the final hole, the azimuth angle of drilling, the dip angle of drilling, the elevation of the final hole and the elevation of the borehole on the amount of water discharged decreased successively. Based on the simulation calculation, it could be observed that the hydrophobic borehole should be placed in a position with a larger accumulated thickness of the aquifer to have a better effect of hydrophobic depressurization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the macroscopic structure control theory, The slate with a significant bedding plane is a composite rock mass composed of rock blocks containing microscopic defects, joint surface closure elements, and shear deformation elements. Considering the coupling damage effect of water erosion and triaxial compressive load on bedding structure plane, the transversely isotropic damage constitutive model of slate under triaxial compressive load is derived with the dip angle of bedding and confining pressure as the variable. Firstly, based on the statistical theory of continuous damage mechanics and the maximum tensile strain criterion, the transversely isotropic deformation constitutive model of rock block with micro-defects is given; Secondly, based on the phenomenological theory of closed deformation and shear-slip deformation mechanism of layered structural plane under the coupling action of water erosion and triaxial compression load, the calculation formula of axial deformation of layered structural plane under the coupling action is given; Finally, to verify the accuracy of the established constitutive model, triaxial compression tests are carried out to study the influence of dip angle and confining pressure on the macroscopic mechanical properties and mechanism of slate. The results show that: the established triaxial compression damage constitutive model of bedding slate can accurately describe the stress–strain relationship of bedding slate after water environment erosion. With the increase of bedding dip angle, the strength and deformation capacity of the bedding slate first decreases and then increases, showing a U-shaped distribution as a whole. There are three main types of failure: tension shear composite failure, shear slip failure, and splitting tension failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chang 6 sandstone reservoir in the Ordos Basin of China is a typically shallow low-permeability tight sandstone oil reservoir, characterized by shallow burial, low temperature, and low formation pressure. Traditional water-based guanidine gum fracturing fluid shows incomplete degradation under such low temperature (30 °C) and low formation pressure (2.6–3.0 MPa), leading to suboptimal reservoir performance. The paper employs NaNO2 and NH4Cl to generate heat and increase pressure in a novel self-generated heat fracturing fluid system, based on the chemical reaction mechanism. The experimental evaluation indicates that the system combines the merits of water-based and foam fracturing fluids, and the sand-carrying performance is nearly 1.5 times that of the conventional guanidine gum fracturing fluid. The flowback rate of this fracturing fluid is elevated by approximately 10.56% in contrast to guanidine gum fluid, and the formation damage rate is decreased from 21.68% to 12.10%. The fluid infiltrates the formation and heats up automatically, facilitating a quicker and more comprehensive breakdown, with the temperature rise exceeding 30 °C. The breakdown time is confined within 1–4 h, and the viscosity remains beneath 5 mPa s. The increase in formation energy induced by N2 in the near-wellbore area can also play a role in minimizing formation damage and enhancing reservoir productivity. By effectively controlling the impact of cold formation damage and the water lock phenomenon, this innovative method not only boosts the overall value of the formation but also optimizes production efficiency. Moreover, it offers a sustainable solution for maximizing recovery from complex oil and gas reservoir, thus contributing to the long-term feasibility of hydrocarbon resources. This comprehensive technical progress highlights its potential as a revolutionary strategy for reservoir development and management in various geological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The air–water interface of the planet's water bodies, such as ponds, lakes, and streams, presents an uncertain ecological niche with predatory threats from above and below. As Microvelia americana move across the water surface in small ponds, they face potential injury from attacks by birds, fish, and underwater invertebrates. Thus, our study investigates the effects of losing individual or pairs of tarsi on M. americana 's ability to walk on water. Removal of both hind tarsi causes M. americana to rock their bodies (yaw) while running across the water surface at |$\pm 19^{\circ }$|⁠ , compared to |$\pm 7^{\circ }$| in nonablated specimens. This increase in yaw, resulting from the removal of hind tarsi, indicates that M. americana use their hind legs as "rudders" to regulate yaw, originating from the contralateral middle legs' strokes on the water's surface through an alternating tripod gait. Ablation of the ipsilateral middle and hind tarsi disrupts directionality, making M. americana turn in the direction of their intact limbs. This loss of directionality does not occur with the removal of contralateral middle and hind tarsi. However, M. americana lose their ability to use the alternating tripod gait to walk on water on the day of contralateral ablation. Remarkably, by the next day, M. americana adapt and regain the ability to walk on water using the alternating tripod gait. Our findings elucidate the specialized leg dynamics within the alternating tripod gait of M. americana , and their adaptability to tarsal loss. This research could guide the development and design strategies of small, adaptive, and resilient micro-robots that can adapt to controller malfunction or actuator damage for walking on water and terrestrial surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the issue of poor water injection development effectiveness caused by strong water sensitivity damage in the conglomerate reservoirs of the Xinjiang Oilfield, this paper carries out experimental research on CO2 displacement and CO2 huff-n-puff to improve oil recovery in reservoirs under the conditions of reservoirs (86 °C, 44 MPa) by using a high-temperature and high-pressure large physical modeling repulsion device based on the artificial large-scale physical modeling of conglomerate oil reservoirs in the Xinjiang oilfield. The results showed that at any displacement rate, CO2 displacement exhibits the trend where oil production initially increases and then decreases. The higher the gas injection rate, the higher the initial oil well production, and the shorter the time it takes for CO2 to break through to the bottom of the well. After a breakthrough, production declines more rapidly. The oil recovery rate varies with different gas injection rates, initially increasing and then decreasing as the injection rate changes. The highest oil recovery rate was observed at an injection rate of 1.5 mL/min (equivalent to 38 t/d in the field). The efficiency of CO2 displacement with multiple injection-production cycles is low; on the same scale of gas injection, single-cycle injection and production were more effective than multiple-cycle injection and production. CO2 huff-n-puff can improve oil recovery, with a higher CO2 injection pressure and a longer shut-in time leading to greater oil recovery. As the shut-in time increases, the efficiency of CO2 oil exchange also improves. The strong supply capacity of the large physical model results in a tendency for the oil production curves of multiple huff-n-puff cycles to converge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water damage is a pervasive issue in the UK, with adverse effects on property structures and indoor air quality. This paper provides a comprehensive review of water damage restoration, structural drying and remediation techniques tailored to UK properties. It discusses the causes of water damage, including flooding, leaks and dampness, and explores the principles and methods of effective restoration and remediation. Special attention is given to the unique challenges and considerations faced by property owners, contractors and restoration professionals in the UK context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of moisture on the adhesion strength at the asphalt and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) interface plays an important role in the durability performance of asphalt pavements. In this study, a universal testing machine was used to analyse the effect of moisture on the asphalt adhesion rate at the interface. Scanning electron microscopy was utilised to observe the changes in the micro-morphology of the interface before and after the effect of moisture. The effect of moisture on the interface between asphalt and recycled aggregate was investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to explore the microscopic mechanism. The results showed that the residual rate of asphalt on the surface of concrete specimens decreased from 80.2% to 34.7% after 72 h of water bath curing. The micro-morphology at the asphalt–RCA interface changed significantly before and after the action of water. Interfacial water affects the concentration distribution of asphalt components at the interface mainly by changing the nanostructure within the asphalt binder. This leads to worse adhesion properties at the asphalt–RCA interface. This study provides deeper insights into understanding water damage at the asphalt–RCA interface and provides ideas for improving the durability of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the performance of asphalt mixtures modified with North American rock asphalt and desulfurized rubber particles at varying rubber-to-asphalt ratios ranging from 18% to 36% by weight. A comprehensive set of laboratory tests, including high-temperature rutting tests, low-temperature bending tests, indirect tensile tests, and freeze–thaw splitting tests, were conducted to evaluate the modified mixtures. The results indicate that both wet and dry blending methods produce mixtures that meet technical requirements, with the optimal asphalt-to-aggregate ratio determined to be 7.1%. At a rubber-to-asphalt ratio of 18%, the wet blending method slightly improves high-temperature rutting resistance compared to the dry method. However, an increase in rubber content generally enhances rutting resistance regardless of the blending technique. The wet blending method excels in low-temperature crack resistance, possibly due to better rubber dispersion, while an increase in rubber content diminishes crack resistance due to a thinning asphalt film. In terms of fatigue performance, the dry blending method results in significantly longer fatigue life, with a 27% rubber-to-asphalt ratio exhibiting optimal balance. The dry method consistently outperforms the wet method in water stability, and the resistance to water damage increases with rubber content. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into optimizing rubber-to-asphalt ratios and blending methods for various application needs, showcasing the benefits of rock asphalt and desulfurized rubber particles in asphalt modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a plasticizer, vegetable oil can improve the compatibility between straw fibers and an asphalt matrix and promote the uniform dispersion of fibers, thereby improving the viscoelastic properties of the composite material. This paper selected three vegetable oils: tall oil, rapeseed oil, and palm wax. Through dynamic shear rheology tests, low-temperature bending beam rheology tests, contact angle tests, and infrared spectroscopy tests, the vegetable-oil-reinforced straw fiber modification was analyzed from different points of view. The research results show that palm wax significantly improves the high-temperature rheological properties of straw-fiber-modified asphalt but has a negative impact on low-temperature properties. Tall oil can most significantly improve the low-temperature rheological properties of straw-fiber-modified asphalt. Rapeseed oil has the most obvious effect in improving the adhesion and water damage resistance of straw-fiber-modified asphalt. In addition, the research shows that all three vegetable oils exist in the modified asphalt in adsorbed form, and no new compounds are generated. These research results provide theoretical guidance value for the application of straw-fiber-modified asphalt pavement in different environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of high-pressure water injection technology in gas-bearing coal seams is an important method for effectively addressing coalbed methane issues. To explore the mechanisms and influencing factors of water injection and permeability enhancement, a model was established based on the theories of unstable seepage and elastic damage in coal and rock mass. Additionally, a mechanical model of elastic damage-based beams was established, taking into account rheological damage, and the mechanical property variation of the surrounding rock in the working face was analyzed. The study included numerical simulations and verification with practical examples. The results suggested that high-pressure water injection could cause damage to the coal body and deformation of the roof, resulting in changes in ground stress, which was a significant contributor to the increase in coal seam permeability. The study showed positive correlations between rheological effects, injection time, injection flow rate, coal seam depth, and the influence range of water injection. Case studies indicated that the long-term influence range of water injection was approximately 60 m, which aligned with field results. The paper introduces a mechanical model for calculating variations in ground stress. This model can help assess the impact of water injection and permeability enhancement, providing valuable insights for related engineering projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there are few research studies on the durability of microsurfacing. To further improve the service quality and durability of microsurfacing, five kinds of polymer‐modified emulsified asphalt were used to prepare microsurfacing mixture. Based on the mixing time, wet track abrasion test, and load wheel test, the composition rationality of the microsurfacing mixture was verified. The influence of different polymer‐modified emulsified asphalt on the water damage resistance, deformation resistance, and skid resistance of the microsurfacing was analyzed. The destructive effects of complex climatic conditions on the microsurfacing were simulated by means of damp heat aging, freeze‐thaw cycle, and xenon lamp light aging treatment. Taking the wear resistance and pull‐off properties after aging treatment and the change rate of various properties before and after treatment as evaluation indexes, the bonding durability of the microsurfacing was comprehensively evaluated by the ideal point method of entropy weight. The results show that the water damage resistance, abrasion resistance, and deformation resistance of the microsurfacing have a high correlation with the mechanical strength and adhesion performance of the modified emulsified asphalt binder. Xenon lamp aging has a significant impact on the bonding performance of the microsurfacing. Waterborne epoxy resin can effectively improve the bonding performance and bonding durability of the microsurfacing. Waterborne polyurethane can improve the freeze‐thaw resistance and xenon lamp aging resistance of the microsurfacing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the issue of insufficient durability of traditional modified emulsified asphalt in the application of cold mix and cold paving anti-skid wear layers, this study utilizes cationic waterborne polyurethane (PU+) for composite modification to enhance adhesion and performance across a range of temperatures. Initially, composite-modified emulsified asphalt samples were prepared with varying dosages of PU+ according to a gradient method. Routine performance tests were conducted on the evaporated residues for analysis. Advanced rheological tests, including temperature sweep (TS), frequency sweep (FS), linear amplitude sweep (LAS), and multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests, were performed using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). Surface free energy (SFE) tests were conducted with a fully automated surface tension meter (STM). A comprehensive evaluation of the high-temperature rheological properties, fatigue properties, adhesion properties, and water damage resistance of the modified emulsified asphalt residues was carried out. Chemical changes before and after modification were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the distribution of polymers in the evaporated residue was observed using fluorescence microscopy (FM). The results demonstrated that cationic waterborne polyurethane significantly enhanced the fatigue and adhesion properties of SBS-modified emulsified asphalt, but it also weakened the water damage resistance of asphalt. MSCR tests revealed that the addition of cationic waterborne polyurethane might reduce the elastic recovery performance of modified asphalt, thereby weakening its resistance to rutting. Among the samples, the modified asphalt with a PU+ content of 6% exhibited good high-temperature shear resistance and elastic recovery performance, demonstrating the best anti-rutting performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban cover-collapse sinkholes pose a significant global challenge due to their destructive impacts. Previous studies have identified groundwater fluctuations, subsurface soil conditions, pipeline leakage, precipitation, and subterranean construction activities as key contributors to these phenomena. However, unique geological settings across different urban environments lead to variations in the primary factors influencing sinkhole formation. This study focuses on Shanghai, a city notable for its extensive urbanization and rich historical context, to explore the dynamics of sinkholes within urbanized areas worldwide. We employ spatial analysis and statistical methods to examine data on sinkholes recorded in the past two decades in Shanghai, correlating these events with the city's shallow sand layer, ground elevation, and proximity to surface water. Our goal is to identify the dominant factors governing sinkhole occurrence in Shanghai and to lay the groundwork for their effective scientific management and prevention. Key findings indicate that most sinkholes in the area are associated with a thin shallow sand layer, low to moderate ground elevations, and the absence of nearby rivers. Additionally, many sinkholes correlate with subterranean voids within the confined aquifer beneath the cohesive soil layer. The lack of historical river channels, obscured by urban development, also indirectly contributes to sinkhole formation. We recommend enhancing urban river management and drainage systems to mitigate potential damage from water accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification mechanism and thermal stability of warm mix modified asphalt were analyzed by FTIR and TG-DSC tests respectively. The anti-aging performance of warm mix modified asphalt was evaluated by RTFO test and the formula of warm mixing agent was optimized; the high and low temperature performance of optimized warm mix modified asphalt was evaluated using DSR test, BBR test, and force ductility test, and compared with Sasobit and Evotherm M1 warm mix modified asphalt; the cooling amplitude of warm mixing agent and the road performance of warm mix asphalt mixture were studied through mixture experiments. The results indicate that the modification mechanism of warm mix modified asphalt is physical blending, and the thermal stability of warm mix modified asphalt can be guaranteed; the anti-aging ability of the warm mixing agent has been improved after the optimization of the formula; after adding wax-plastic warm mixing agent to SBS modified asphalt, the creep stiffness decreased by 37.8% at -18 °C, and the creep rate increased by 9.9% at - 18 °C, and the low-temperature rheological properties were improved; the cooling amplitude of wax-plastic warm mixing agent is about 23 °C, which is better than the cooling amplitude of 3% Sasobit and 0.5% Evotherm M1. The high-temperature performance of wax-plastic warm mix modified asphalt mixture fully meets the requirements of low-temperature areas, and the low-temperature crack resistance and water damage resistance are significantly improved. Sasobit warm mixing agent can improve high-temperature rutting resistance, but it is not conducive to the low-temperature performance and water stability. Evotherm Ml warm mixing agent has little effect on the road performance of the mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a threat to food security and agricultural sustainability in arid and semi-arid countries. Using wasted silica nanoparticles could minimize water scarcity. A controlled study investigated wheat plant physiological and morphological growth under tap-water irrigation (80–100, 60–80, and 40–60% field capacity). The benefits of S1: 0%, S2: 5%, and S3: 10% nanoparticle silica soil additions were studied. Our research reveals that water stress damages the physiological and functional growth of wheat plants. Plant height decreased by 8.9%, grain yield by 5.4%, and biological yield by 19.2%. These effects were observed when plants were irrigated to 40–60% field capacity vs. control. In plants under substantial water stress (40–60% of field capacity), chlorophyll a (8.04 mg g−1), b (1.5 mg g−1), total chlorophyll (9.55 mg g−1), carotenoids (2.44 mg g−1), and relative water content (54%), Electrolyte leakage (59%), total soluble sugar (1.79 mg g−1 fw), and proline (80.3 mol g−1) were highest. Plants cultivated with silica nanoparticles exhibit better morphological and physiological growth than controls. The largest effect came from maximum silica nanoparticle loading. Silica nanoparticles may increase drought-stressed plant growth and production. This study investigates the impact of silica nanoparticles on the development of wheat plants experiencing water stress. Silica nanoparticles are essential for stimulating biochemical defenses against water stress, although research is limited. In stressed wheat plants, silica nanoparticles as a soil supplement increased biological and grain yield. Wheat grown under drought conditions will benefit from this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the long-term water stability of hydraulic asphalt concrete, the bending test, splitting test, and uniaxial compression test of asphalt concrete immersed at 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, and 80°C for different durations were conducted, and attenuation models for the bending strain, splitting tensile strength, and compressive strength of asphalt concrete under long-term immersion conditions were established based on the time–temperature equivalence principle. The results show that, at different temperatures, the bending strain, splitting tensile strength, and compressive strength of asphalt concrete decreased with the increase of water immersion time. The bending strain, splitting tensile strength, and compressive strength stabilized under long-term immersion at 80°C. The water stability of asphalt concrete during immersion can be analyzed quantitatively using the attenuation models and water stability coefficient. The water stability of hydraulic asphalt concrete tends to be constant under long-term immersion conditions. The sensitivity of the asphalt concrete performance indicators for water damage is in the order bending strain > splitting tensile strength > compressive strength. The long-term water stability of hydraulic asphalt concrete should be comprehensively analyzed by calculating the water stability coefficient using compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and bending strain. The research results can provide new ideas for the quantitative analysis of long-term water stability of hydraulic asphalt concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water damage affects both residents and buildings. Issues include moisture, climate impact and repair costs that amount to immense resources. Because of these, immense resources research is important to undertake to reduce and limit the extent and effects of water damage. This study aimed to compile and review the literature on water damage in buildings. Literature distribution, the status, consequences, effects, and strategies and methods for prevention of water damage were assessed by compiling and reviewing literature using quantitative and qualitative methods. Two scientific databases were searched to identify the relevant literature. Key findings of this study are that research conducted on water damage is embedded in the study of building defects and building pathology, and more specific research on water damage is needed depending on different rooms and buildings, the effect of moisture and sustainability. Informed and guided decisions, management and organizational structures have been internationally suggested as a part of the solution to reducing the amount and effect of defects and could have the possibility to reduce the amount and effect of water damage. However, there is a gap in research on water damage consequences, occurrence and costs in Nordic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The construction of ultra-wide working face is helpful to promote the safe and efficient mining of coal resources. However,due to the limitation of roadway space and construction conditions,the detection depth of conventional mine geophysics is limited,and the geological information inside the ultrawide working face and within a certain range of roof and floor cannot be accurately obtained. In order to improve the detection accuracy of the water rich area on the bottom plate of the ultrawide working face and provide a basis for the processing and interpretation of measured data,based on the summary and analysis of current mine geophysical detection technology,the three-dimensional(3D) DC resistivity method that can be applied to the detection of the ultrawide working face,combined with the occurrence characteristics of limestone water on the bottom plate of the working face 21106 in a coal mine in Yongcheng,Henan,was systematically studied using a combination of theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and measured data to study the data characteristics and resolution ability of 3D observation and 2D observation modes. The research results show that:Compared with the traditional two-dimensional observation mode of the same side transmitter-receiver,the three-dimensional observation mode of the opposite side transmitter-receiver is more sensitive to the low resistance body on the floor of the mining face. The data obtained by the three-dimensional observation mode of the opposite side transmitterreceiver are calculated by the conventional apparent resistivity formula,the obtained apparent resistivity is sometimes opposite to the actual electrical property,so it is necessary to use the three-dimensional inversion method for data processing. Finally,the 3D model data observed during the 21106 work in a coal mine in Yongcheng,Henan Province was subjected to 3D inversion processing,and the reliability of the 3D inversion results was verified through underground drilling data. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the two-dimensional observation and three-dimensional observation data interpretation of the pole-pole device conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main bearing structure of the reservoir in the goaf of the mine,the damage instability mechanism under the influence of multi-field coupling of water immersion directly restricts the long-term safe and stable operation of the reservoir in the goaf. In this paper,nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR ) was used to study the T2 spectrum,pore throat,porosity change and nuclear magnetic image evolution of coal samples under different times of cyclic immersion under'unilateral' immersion conditions. With the increase of cyclic immersion times,the number of pores,pore throat ratio and porosity of coal samples maintained an increasing trend,which increased by 67. 18 %,3. 48 % and 3. 49 % respectively. The nuclear magnetic resonance imaging further obtained the permeability and pore change law of water molecules in different times of unilateral cyclic immersion of coal samples:the water molecules in unilateral cyclic immersion of coal samples gradually flow from the immersion side to the internal of coal samples,and finally expand to the whole coal samples,further resulting in an increase in porosity. With the increase of cyclic soaking times,the uniaxial compressive strength and residual strength of coal samples decreased gradually. The average peak strength of coal samples decreased from 15. 74 MPa to 11. 76 MPa,9. 65 MPa and 8. 41 MPa,respectively. The average uniaxial compressive strength of coal samples decreased by 46. 56 % compared with that of initial coal samples. The average residual strength decreased from 5. 55 MPa to 3. 08,2. 44 and 0 MPa,respectively. Long-term cyclic immersion has a significant softening effect on coal samples. Based on the experimental results,the evolution law of internal pores and the morphological characteristics of uniaxial compression failure of coal samples under the increasing number of unilateral cyclic immersion were analyzed,and the mechanism of water immersion damage and failure of coal samples was revealed. The experimental results provide a scientific basis for the stability control of reservoir spatial structure in goaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoplastics (NPs) cause serious contamination of drinking water and potential damage to human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NPs with different particle sizes and concentrations on the reproductive function of male mice. In this study, free drinking water exposure was used to expose male BALB/C mice to PS-NPs (20 nm, 200 nm, and 1000 nm) at 0.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, and 5 mg/L for 4 months. The male reproductive function of the mice was assessed after NPs exposure, and fecal and blood samples were collected for macrogenomics and metabolomics. The results showed that PS-NPs resulted in mice with reduced testicular organ coefficients, decreased sperm quality, altered testicular tissue structure, disturbed sex hormone levels, and abnormal levels of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress. Furthermore, this study found that NP exposure affected the alteration of gut communities and metabolic pathways related to male reproduction, such as Clostridium and glutathione metabolism. Importantly, we found an effect of NP particle size on reproductive function. In the future, more attention should be paid to the smaller particle sizes of NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reservoir water sensitivity damage means that the contact between the external fluid and reservoir rock lead to the hydration, expansion, dispersion, and migration of clay minerals, thereby reducing the formation permeability and causing damage to the reservoir. In this study, the transformation of smectite to illite (S-I) is promoted by endogenous microorganisms to achieve anti-swelling of the clay minerals and reduce the water sensitivity damage of the reservoir. The microbial community reducing Fe(III) was enriched from the samples of Karamay Oilfield, Xinjiang, and microbial community diversity was analyzed by the 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Fe(II) ion concentration in the interaction medium was monitored, and the maximum iron reduction rates reached 60.2%. The structural changes of smectite before and after microbial treatment were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The result demonstrated that the reduction of Fe(III) was accompanied by the transformation of S-I. There may be some endogenous microorganisms that transform S-I in low permeability reservoirs. This study is of great significance for oilfields to realize clay mineral anti-swelling and eliminate reservoir water sensitivity damage by endogenous microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is one of the key problems that must be faced and solved in underground engineering. Under special conditions, large-scale water damage accidents will occur. Therefore, it is of great engineering significance to study the stability of the surrounding rock of water-inrush roadways. In this paper, a laboratory model test is used to simulate the actual project. First, similar material and the similarity ratio of the test are determined, and the relationship between the ratio of the similar material and its physical parameters is analyzed through an orthogonal test, the multiple linear regression equation of the two is established, and the optimal ratio of the model similar material is determined. Then, the model test of tunnel water inrush is carried out. Through the orthogonal test, the influence of roadway depth, water-inrush height and water-inrush time on the stability of surrounding rock during and after tunnel water inrush is analyzed, and the numerical simulation is used to verify and extend the conclusion. The test results show that the sensitivity of each factor to roadway stability is as follows: water-inrush height > water-inrush time > roadway depth. In the test within 24 h after water inrush (7 days in actual engineering), the sensitivity of each factor to roadway stability is also water-inrush height > water-inrush time > roadway depth. This conclusion can provide an important basis for the rescue work after tunnel water inrush and enrich the relevant test simulation after tunnel water inrush. Practical Applications: In this paper, a laboratory modeling test is used to emulate the actual project where groundwater exists. Similar materials used in the model test and their optimal ratios are determined by similarity ratios and multiple linear regression equations. The effects of roadway depth, water-inrush height, and water-inrush time on the stability of the tunnel's surrounding rock are investigated by orthogonal tests, and finally the results are verified by numerical simulation. The test results show that the sensitivity of each factor to the stability of the roadbed is as follows: water-inrush height > water-inrush time > roadway depth. In the test within 24 h after water influx (7 days in the actual project), the sensitivity of each factor to the stability of the tunnel is also water-inrush height > water-inrush time > roadway depth. This conclusion can provide an important basis for the rescue work after the tunnel water influx and can provide suggestions for the early reinforcement support of the project in the presence of groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of restoring water supply after service is interrupted is critical for determining the durations and spatial distribution of outages and thus the impacts that households, businesses, and others ultimately experience. Nevertheless, the restoration period is difficult to predict because it involves complex, dynamic interactions among the system hydraulics, operator restoration actions, and consumer adaptations to service interruptions. In this paper, we introduce a new computer model called Restoration of Water after an Event Tool (REWET) that (1) allows detailed representations of both the hydraulic operations of the system and the restoration process, (2) is flexible enough to apply to any system or disruptive event, enable varying levels of complexity, and allow deterministic or probabilistic analysis, and (3) is available as free, easy-to-use, open-source code. It uses pressure-demand driven hydraulic analysis and allows detailed discrete event simulation representation of the restoration process. We present case study applications of REWET for the Los Angeles water system and for a small, simple network to illustrate the tool's functionality, flexibility, and key features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different filler types on the properties of asphalt mortar before and after water saturation was studied by laboratory tests. Under both dry and water-saturated circumstances, four alternative fillers, limestone powder, hydrated lime, PO42.5 cement, and brake pad powder, are used, evaluated, and compared. The study methodology included characterizing the micromorphology, while X-ray diffraction imaging analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the chemical composition of the asphalt mortar following water saturation. To quantify the effects of moisture on the bonding mechanisms, surface energy concepts were employed to compute the surface free energy parameters of the asphalt mortar made with different filler materials. Dynamic shear rheometry was employed in the investigation to describe the rheological characteristics of the asphalt mortar as a function of filler under different water saturation conditions. The bonding strength of the asphalt mortars with various fillers was then quantitatively measured using pullout tests to account for the coupling effects of moisture and temperature. The findings of the laboratory tests generally showed that the asphalt mortar's effectiveness declined following moisture conditioning and saturation in water. However, hydrated lime, brake pad powder, and cement showed promise in strengthening the bonding of fillers and asphalt, with hydrated lime being superior. Likewise, the asphalt mortar's ability to tolerate moisture and resist water damage was also generally improved by hydrated lime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface coatings such as hydrophobic and transparent coatings were applied to cement concrete surfaces using Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings, which have nanometer-sized particles. The degree of contact between the liquid and the coated surface reveals the surface’s ability to repel water, commonly referred to as hydrophobicity. By depositing silicon coating on the surface, we successfully achieved superhydrophobicity on cement concrete, providing excellent resistance against water damage. We are striving to replicate the natural superhydrophobic properties found in nature to create artificial surfaces with similar characteristics. In this study, we experimented to develop and evaluate superhydrophobic coatings on cement concrete. The application of PDMS on the cement concrete yielded fascinating results, with the typical contact angle of the coated layer measuring 178 degrees. We utilized ImageJ software to analyze the results. This innovative approach holds great promise for enhancing water repellency in the field of construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the damage properties of red sandstone under combined action of temperature, water and stress, the uniaxial compression test was carried out for red sandstone after immersing in water for 0.5 h, 1 h and 3 h at 25 ℃, 55 ℃, 85 ℃ and 95 ℃, the mechanical properties, characteristic stress points, acoustic emission RA-AF parameters and failure forms of red sandstone were analyzed, the damage constitutive equation was established, and the damage properties of red sandstone were studied. The results showed: (1) temperature could significantly improve the saturated water content percentage of red sandstone. With the increase of temperature, the saturated water content percentage showed a trend of increase first and then decrease, and was the largest at 55 ℃; with the increase of temperature, the mechanical parameters (peak intensity, elasticity modulus, and stress at start point of expansion) decreased first and then increased, and was the smallest at 55 ℃; (2) the ratio of crack initiation stress to peak stress (σci/σf) initially increases and then decreases with rising temperatures for the same soaking duration. Conversely, it initially decreases and then increases with extended soaking time at the same temperature. The RA-AF acoustic emission signals predominantly occur in the tensile region at each stage account for a relatively large proportion, with the proportion of signals in the shear region significantly increasing as soaking time extends, corresponding well with the observed damage patterns. (3) By considering the damage due to temperature and water as Initial damage to red sandstone and the damage due to stress as load-induced damage, a damage variable based on the Weibull distribution function was established. The comprehensive damage constitutive equation derived from this can be applied to water-saturated red sandstone below 100 ℃. The findings provide theoretical reference for practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely accepted in the oil and gas industry that high-ionic-strength water (HISW) can improve oil and gas recovery in unconventional shale reservoirs by limiting shale hydration. Despite numerous supporting studies, there is a lack of a systematic analysis exploring the effect of HISW on shale permeability evolution, particularly considering varying chemical compositions. In this work, we investigated the impact of different concentrations of NaCl and CaCl2 on shale permeability through sequential HISW imbibition experiments, beginning with the highest NaCl and lowest CaCl2 concentrations. After maintaining the highest effective stress for an extended period, significant permeability reduction and potential fracture generation were observed, as indicated by periodic fluctuations in differential pressure. These effects were further intensified by displacements with HISW solutions. Advanced post-experimental analyses using micro-CT scans and SEM-EDS analysis revealed microstructural changes within the sample. Our findings offer initial insight into how HISW-shale interactions influence shale permeability, using innovative approaches to simulate reservoir conditions. The findings indicate that discrepancies in the chemical composition between injected solutions and shale may lead to shale disintegration during hydraulic fracturing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the improvement effect of rice straw fiber on asphalt mixes, a surface response experimental design method was used to study and the optimal blending method of rice straw fiber asphalt mixture was obtained. The fiber asphalt mixes were prepared according to the optimized scheme and analyzed by rutting test, direct tensile test, water immersion Marshall test, freeze–thaw splitting test, and four-point bending fatigue test for related road performance. The results showed that the optimal solution for the fiber ratio of rice straw fiber asphalt mixture was that the fiber length was 9 mm, the fiber content was 4%, and the oil-to-stone ratio was 5.16%. Rice straw fiber can improve the high-temperature performance and water damage resistance of the asphalt mixture. The stability of the mixing material, the stability of the residual stability and the frozen split intensity of the mixing material were 130.6%, 114.1%, and 116.9% of the matrix asphalt mixture, respectively. At the same time, the fiber can enhance the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixes and extend the fatigue life of asphalt mixes. However, when the fiber and dosage were too large, it would weaken the effect of improving the high- and low-temperature performance and water stability of asphalt mixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The installation of a surface conductor in deepwater jet drilling is crucial for offshore oil and gas development. This study investigates the interaction between the surface conductor and subsea soil during injection drilling. A simplified model using ABAQUS finite element software analyzes the damage effect of the water jet on the soil and simulates the mechanism of soil body damage under different parameters. The mechanical behavior of the soil and conductor during installation is examined, and the load-bearing characteristics of the soil are analyzed. Sensitivity analysis of factors such as injection displacement and bit extension reveals their significant influence on conductor installation. The findings provide insights into the drilling process and contribute to ensuring the stability of the wellhead in deepwater drilling operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of rough fissure seepage and grouting diffusion, slurry consolidation and filling, as well as the seepage reduction law is of great significance for the detection of grouting effect and water damage prevention and control in fissured rock bodies. To this end, a new technology combining three-dimensional scanning and 3D printing was used to batch prepare a visualization test model based on the morphology of real rock fissures, and carry out visualization tests of seepage in rough single fissure, grouting with different water-cement ratios, and seepage after grouting and consolidation filling of fissures. The test results show that: Rough single fissure seepage in the seepage path and seepage law are non-linear characteristics, for the laminar and turbulent flow of the composite flow form; in the equal flow conditions, the water-cement ratio of small slurry has a pre-diffusion of slow in the middle and late fast, the total time instead of the characteristics of the less; slurries with different water-cement ratios fill and consolidate extremely unevenly in the cracks, and the cross-sectional void ratio gradually decreases from the entrance to the end, while the overall filling rate can be increased by up to 20% in slurries with small water-cement ratios; the seepage coefficient of the fissure before and after slurry filling decreased by a factor of 100–1000, and the seepage flow was along the connected gap network and conformed to the nonlinear characteristics of Forchheimer's equation, and with the decrease of water-cement ratio, the coefficients of the nonlinear term and the coefficients of the linear term increased and decreased, respectively, and the ratio of both of them could reach a maximum value of 102. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a review of mix design, construction temperature determination, performance and life-cycle assessment (LCA) of WMA mixtures. The mix design of WMA mixtures using almost the same design protocols as the HMA mixtures. The techniques used for determining WMA mixtures' construction temperatures include the analogy, phase angle, compaction energy index (CEI) and traffic densification index (TDI), and 4% air void methods. The use of Sasobit is advisable for the road prone to rutting. For the road prone to water damage, the use of foaming technologyis not suitable and Rediset is recommended. For the road prone to fatigue failure, the use of Water-based processes is not recommended, while Evotherm and Rediset are advisable. From an environmental point of view, water-based processes are recommended for the production of WMA mixtures, followed by organic additives and chemical additives, whereas the use of water-bearing additives is not recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Botanical Research is the property of Bulletin of Botanical Research Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study utilized molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the adhesion process between wood tar-rejuvenated asphalt and acid/alkaline aggregate. Initially, various indicators including the contact area, cohesion coefficient, and interaction energy were employed to assess the adhesion effect under dry conditions. This revealed the action mechanism of the wood tar-rejuvenator in enhancing the adhesion performance between aged asphalt and aggregate. Subsequently, an asphalt–water–aggregate interface model was developed to simulate the water damage process of the asphalt mixture. This aimed to unveil the damage mechanism of water intrusion on the adhesion performance of the asphalt–aggregate interface and evaluate the water damage resistance of wood tar-rejuvenated asphalt through adhesion energy, stripping work, and the energy ratio. The findings indicate that wood tar-rejuvenated asphalt exhibits favorable adhesion properties with both acid and alkaline aggregates. The addition of wood tar-rejuvenated asphalt increased the interaction energy between aged asphalt and acid and alkali aggregates by 67.75 kJ/mol and 97.3 kJ/mol, respectively. The addition of a wood tar rejuvenator enhances the interaction energy between aged asphalt and aggregate, thereby increasing mutual attraction and enlarging the contact area. The adhesion between asphalt and aggregates hinges on the interaction between asphaltene and aggregates, and the wood tar rejuvenator reduces the diffusion ability of asphaltene in the attractive state of the aggregate, resulting in stable aggregation. Moisture intrusion increased the aggregation distance between asphaltene and aggregate by 14.1% and decreased the degree of aggregation by 24.0%, thereby reducing the interaction energy. The extent of damage caused by water intrusion is linked to the aggregation distance, with greater distances leading to deeper damage. Under wet conditions, the interaction energy of wood tar-rejuvenated asphalt increased by 78.2% in the acidic aggregate system and 98.1% in the basic aggregate system compared with aged asphalt. Meanwhile, wood tar-based rejuvenated asphalt improves the adhesion between aged asphalt and aggregate and reduces the stripping function of asphalt affected by water replacement, which results in the ER value of wood tar-rejuvenated asphalt being higher than that of the original asphalt by 0.12 and 0.22 in the acidic and alkaline environments, respectively, thus showing excellent resistance to water damage. This study provides new criteria for the selection of rejuvenators for waste asphalt, which will help in the future selection of superior rejuvenators for aged asphalt and reduce the possibility of choosing the wrong rejuvenator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to test the water stability of foam asphalt mixture under various immersion conditions. For this purpose, experiments were conducted on warm mixed foamed asphalt and traditional hot mixed asphalt. To evaluate its water stability, Marshall tests, immersion Marshall tests, vacuum saturation Marshall tests, and freeze-thaw splitting tests were conducted. Based on surface energy theory, the water damage mechanism of asphalt mixtures was analyzed. The research results indicate that due to the adverse effects of water erosion and pressure, the water stability of the two mixtures gradually decreases. Although the failure load value of warm mixed foamed asphalt mixture is slightly lower than that of hot mixed asphalt mixture, its water stability parameters still meet the specified requirements. Therefore, warm mix foam asphalt mixture shows satisfactory water stability under different soaking conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Coal Science & Technology (0253-2336) is the property of Coal Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monitoring erosion is an important part of understanding the causes of this geotechnical and geological phenomenon. In order to monitor them, it is necessary to develop equipment that is sophisticated enough to resist the sun and water without damage, that is self-mechanized, and that can support the amount of data collected. This article introduces a rain-triggered field erosion monitoring device composed of three main modules: control, capture, and sensing. The control module comprises both hardware and firmware with embedded software. The capture module integrates a camera for recording, while the sensing module includes rain sensors. By filming experimental soil samples under simulated rain events, the device demonstrated satisfactory performance in terms of activation and deactivation programming times, daytime image quality without artificial lighting, and equipment protection. The great differences about this monitoring device are its ease of use, low cost, and the quality it offers. These results suggest its potential effectiveness in capturing the progression of field erosive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the electrochemical and mechanical characteristics of 6061‐T6 aluminum alloy and hard anodized specimens are investigated after tribocorrosion experiments with rotational speed in dry, distilled water, and sulfuric acid solution. The tribocorrosion experiments indicate that the corrosion potential of aluminum alloys and hard anodized specimens decrease with the initiation of friction/wear. In particular, the increase in the wear track width of an aluminum alloy and the exposure of the base material by completely destroying the anodized layers of the hard anodized specimens dramatically decrease the corrosion potential. Compared to the dry conditions, both the width and depth of damage in the distilled water and sulfuric acid solution increase dramatically. However, damage in the distilled water and sulfuric acid solutions do not present a significant difference. The results are attributed to the fact that the presence of fluid has a greater impact on damage degree in a material than corrosion. In particular, the brittleness and porosity of a hard anodized layer facilitates the impingement and penetration of fluid, making it relatively easy to generate and propagate cracks. These cracks accelerate the degradation and damage to the material by synergistic effects of wear and corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Maize production is largely limited by flooding and drought. To mitigate the negative effects of abiotic stress, glycinebetaine is used in this study. However, there are not many research studies that focus on the different roles of glycinebetaine in resisting flooding and drought stresses. The objectives of this study were to reveal the diverse defense mechanisms to flooding and drought that are regulated by foliar glycinebetaine. Drought induced higher antioxidant activities and proline content compared to flooding, while flooding decreased superoxide dismutase as well as guaiacol peroxidase activities and proline content. Antioxidant ability and maize production were further enhanced by glycinebetaine. Glycinebetaine displayed more effects on leaves' physiochemistry under flooding than drought, and it had a greater effect on the sensitive rather than the tolerant variety of maize. Overall, 5.0 mmol/L of glycinebetaine was determined to be the most optimal and effective concentration for mitigating the damage of water stress regarding maize production whilst also having a non-toxic effect. This study provides a potential strategy for mitigating the damage of water stress and for improving maize production. Flooding and drought are the two most devastating natural hazards limiting maize production. Exogenous glycinebetaine (GB), an osmotic adjustment agent, has been extensively used but there is limited research on its role in mitigating the negative effects of different abiotic stresses. This study aims to identify the different roles of GB in regulating the diverse defense regulation of maize against drought and flooding. Hybrids of Yindieyu 9 and Heyu 397 grown in pots in a ventilated greenhouse were subjected to flooding (2–3 cm standing layer) and drought (40–45% field capacity) at the three-leaf stage for 8 d. The effects of different concentrations of foliar GB (0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mM) on the physiochemical attributes and growth of maize were tested. Greater drought than flooding tolerance in both varieties to combat oxidative stress was associated with higher antioxidant activities and proline content. While flooding decreased superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) activities and proline content compared to normal water, they all declined with stress duration, leading to a larger reactive oxygen species compared to drought. It was POD under drought stress and ascorbate peroxidase under flooding stress that played crucial roles in tolerating water stress. Foliar GB further enhanced antioxidant ability and contributed more effects to POD to eliminate more hydrogen peroxide than the superoxide anion, promoting growth, especially for leaves under water stress. Furthermore, exogenous GB made a greater increment in Heyu 397 than Yindieyu 9, as well as flooding compared to drought. Overall, a GB concentration of 5.0 mM, with a non-toxic effect on well-watered maize, was determined to be optimal for the effective mitigation of water-stress damage to the physiochemical characteristics and growth of maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bamboo fiber is a natural fiber that is ecologically beneficial and one of the best materials to replace lignin fiber for roads, which is still difficult to utilize properly in asphalt mixtures owing to its poor adherence, dispersion, and hydrophilicity. Previous research has discovered that alkali treatment, as an effective treatment approach, may effectively lower the hydrophilicity of plant fibers and improve their compatibility with the matrix. As a result, it is vital to investigate the effect of alkali treatment on bamboo fibers used in asphalt mixtures. The composition and microstructure of bamboo fibers treated with alkali were investigated using SEM and FTIR methods, while the adhesion between the bamboo fiber and asphalt before and after alkali treatment was tested using the fiber pull-out test. In addition, the dispersion rate of bamboo fibers in asphalt mixture was determined by developing a connection equation using the Schellenberg binder drainage test. The performance of bamboo fiber asphalt mixtures was then evaluated using rutting tests, beam bending tests, immersion Marshall tests, freeze-thaw splitting tests, and cyclic fatigue testing. The results showed that the alkali treatment successfully eliminated impurities in the outer layer of the bamboo fibers and reduced their hydrophilicity, which enhanced the asphalt-bamboo fiber interactions as well as the asphalt mixture's water damage resistance, specifically manifested as the residual stability of ABM was enhanced by 7.8% and the splitting tensile strength of ABM was raised by 12.2%. Furthermore, the surface polarity of the bamboo fibers was reduced, which weakened the agglomeration phenomenon and increases the dispersion rate of bamboo fibers in the mixture by 9%, efficiently improving the low-temperature cracking resistance and fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]