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Soil water balance calculation is one of the methods used to estimate the dynamics of soil water content during plant growth. This study aims to describe rainfall conditions and analyze soil water balance as well as determine the growing season and composition of food crop combination patterns based on the available growing season in East Seram Island. This research uses rainfall data for 30 years of observation period 1992-2021 from Geser Meteorological Station (Data analysis with the following stages: (i) rainfall analysis (ii) calculation of average rainfall (iii) determination of rainfall with a 75% chance (iv) calculation of soil water balance using the Thornthwaite and Mather method (v) determination of the growing season and cropping pattern. The results showed that the average rainfall in East Seram was 2,194 mm/year with a water deficit (D) occurring in October and November, then the rainfall had a 75% chance of being exceeded at 1,439 mm/year with a water deficit of 228 mm/year which lasted for eight months, namely August - March. The growing season under normal rainfall conditions was available throughout the year, while under high rainfall conditions, a 75% chance of the growing season was available for five months, namely May and October. The cropping patterns and crop combinations used were monoculture, polyculture, and intercropping with combinations of cassava, maize, sweet potato, groundnut, mung bean, cassava-corn, cassava-peanuts/green beans, maize-peanuts, cassava-corn-peanuts/green beans, cassava-corn-horticultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrological models serve as valuable instruments for assessing the impact of climate change on water resources and agriculture as well as for developing adaptation measures. In Yemen, climate change and variability are imposing a significant impact on the most important sectors such as agriculture and economy. The current study evaluates the influence of future climate on hydrology and water balance components in Yemen's highlands using a semi-distributed physical-based hydrologic model Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and employing high-resolution climate projections. The SWAT was calibrated and verified using observed streamflow data from 1982 to 2000 in three large catchments. Ground data from 24 stations and statistically downscaled future climate data for the period 2010–2100 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 are used. SWAT performance was assessed using multiple statistical methods, which revealed the commendable performance of SWAT during the calibration (average NSE = 0.80) and validation (NSE = 0.72) periods. The outcome indicates an increase in future seasonal and annual rainfall, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature in the 2020s and the 2080s under both RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios. This projected increase in the rainfall and the local temperature will result in increased averages of surface runoff, evapotranspiration, soil water, and groundwater recharge in the representative three catchments up to 6.5%, 21.1%, 7.6%, and 6.4%, respectively. Although, the projected increase in the water balance components will benefit the agriculture and water sector, specific adaptation measures will be crucial to mitigate potential flood impacts arising from the increased precipitations as well as to minimize the consequences of the increased temperature. Likewise, demand for supplementary irrigation is expected to increase to offset the higher evapotranspiration rates in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global climate during the Holocene was relatively stable compared to the late Pleistocene. However, evidence from lacustrine records in South America suggests that tropical latitudes experienced significant water balance variability during the Holocene, rather than quiescence. For example, a tight coupling between insolation and carbonate δ18O records from central Andean lakes (e.g., Lakes Junín, Pumacocha) suggest water balance is tied directly to South American summer monsoon (SASM) strength. However, lake carbonate δ18O records also incorporate information about temperature and evaporation. To overcome this ambiguity, clumped and triple oxygen isotope records can provide independent constraints on temperature and evaporation. Here, we use clumped and triple oxygen isotopes to develop Holocene temperature and evaporation records from three central Andean lakes, Lakes Junín, Pumacocha, and Mehcocha, to build a more complete picture of regional water balance (P–E). We find that Holocene water temperatures at all three lakes were stable and slightly warmer than during the latest Pleistocene. These results are consistent with global data assimilations and records from the foothills and Amazon basin. In contrast, evaporation was highly variable and tracks SASM intensity. The hydrologic response of each lake to SASM depends greatly on the physical characteristics of the lake basin, but they all record peak evaporation in the early to mid‐Holocene (11,700 to 4,200 years BP) when regional insolation was relatively low and the SASM was weak. These results corroborate other central Andean records and suggest synchronous, widespread water stress tracks insolation‐paced variability in SASM strength. Key Points: Lake carbonate Δ′17O and Δ47 constrain lake temperature and water balance histories in ways that δ18O records alone cannot resolveCarbonate Δ′17O records from three Andean lakes indicate that lake hydrology and regional water balance track insolation across the HoloceneLow Δ′17O for reconstructed lake water indicates that greater evaporative conditions correspond to weakened early and mid‐Holocene South American summer monsoon [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to evaluate the possibility of applying the HBV model for assessing the flow of the Ile Alatau Mountain Range rivers. The main part of the corresponding water resources forms on the northern slopes of the Ile Alatau making them a significant water balance and water supply factor for the major cities of Almaty, Kaskelen, Talgar, and Yesik. The article includes a brief description of the HBV model, as well as hydrometeorologicaland topographical inputs, and continues with the description of the flow simulation outputs for the rivers with the catchment area varying between 71-601 km. For the periods of 2000-2016, the model parameters were calibrated using the GAP optimization algorithm. The model's performance was evaluated based on several criteria: Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Percent bias (PBIAS), and Root Mean Standard Deviation Ratio (RSR). The selection of optimal parameters allowed obtaining the following model efficiency values: 0.80-0.93 (as per NSE), -0.78 to -15.33% (as per PBIAS), and 0.27-0.80 (as per RSR). The calculated model efficiencies point to the sufficient correlation between the dynamics of the observed and simulated runoffs during the calibration period. The study likewise included the assessment of the HBV model applicability as a forecasting technique based on the ratio. The outcomes of that exercise confirmed the facility of using the model for predicting the runoff of the Kaskelen, Talgar, Ulken Almaty, and Kishi Almaty Rivers. Due to the fact that the observation data were available only for 2020, the HBV model parameters of all the studied rivers, except the Talgar River, underwent validation for the periods of 2017-2020. The calibrated and validated parameters of the obtained Ile Alatau Mountain River Model can be recommended for runoff modeling based on the HBV-light model as well as for runoff forecasting, namely for short- and medium-term water flow forecasts, with the exception of the Turgen, Prokhodnaya and Uzyn Kargaly River Basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluates the variability of water balance using different indices for the period 1961-2018 in Cotnari and surroundings, in the middle part of the Moldavian Plateau (MP), Romania. With the aid of statistical analysis and remote sensing, we discovered that the Cotnari's SPEI (Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index) variability is characterized by severe values that alternate between significant excess and significant deficits. According to SPEI, between 57.2 and 61.4% of the months were near normal in terms of water balance. There were between 19.3 and 25.1% months with water excess and between 17.1 and 20.8% with water deficit. The links between NDVI and SPEI become stronger as SPEI reaches extreme values (above 1.5 units or below -1.5 units). The water balance indicates a decrease in available water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an in-depth overview of the guard cell signaling network and its role in regulating stomatal aperture in plants via computational algebra. Stomatal pores in plant leaves allow for gas exchange but also result in water loss through transpiration, making the regulation of stomatal aperture critical for plant water balance, photosynthesis, and stress response. The guard cell signaling network is a complex regulatory network that controls the opening and closing of stomatal pores in plants. It consists of a variety of signaling pathways, including those involving calcium, nitric oxide, and second messengers such as Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). The article discusses the interactions between these pathways and the mechanisms by which guard cells respond to environmental cues such as light, CO2 levels, and humidity. Overall, this article provides valuable insights into the regulatory structure of the guard cell signaling network and its potential applications in optimizing plant traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research was to calculate water footprint in growing the basic field crops and establish the volumes of additional water accumulation to provide the hydro-functioning of the Sluch river basin in the territory of Ukraine under conditions of climate change. The research was based on the data of climate change analysis in 1901-2022, decoding of the actual satellite imagery of the spacecraft Sentinel 2 and statistical data on crop rotation structure in the agro-landscapes of the water catchment area in the research region. The volumes of water footprint were calculated for the vegetation periods of the basic field winter and spring crops in 2018-2021: 2018-2019 - a semi-wet year grows into a dry year; 2019-2020 - a dry year grows into a semi-wet year; 2020-2021 - a semi-wet year grows into a wet year. Spatio-temporal regularities of the formation of water footprint and the ratio of green and blue water use in growing different agricultural crops were determined. The total volume of water footprint in growing the field crops of a certain crop rotation equaled: in 2018-2019 - 1991 mln m³, 2019-2020 - 2440 mln m³, 2020-2021 - 2363 mln m³. The total volume of precipitation in the vegetation period within the river water catchment area was: in 2018-2019 - 3760 mln m3, 2019-2020 - 4423 mln m³, 2020-2021-4839 mln m³. The total volume of additional accumulation of green (rain) water in the vegetation period in the agro-landscapes of the river basin equaled: in 2018-2019 - 1769 mln m³, or 47.0% of precipitation in the vegetation period (Pv); 2019-2020 - 1983 mln m³, or 44.8% of Pv; 2020-2021 - 2476 mln m³, or 51.2% of Pv. The proposed research scheme and the obtained results are important for adjusting and substantiating water- and resource-saving agrotechnologies and crop rotations depending on climate change, for determining water balance stability of the river basin in accordance with the indicators of additional accumulation of green water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continual increase of impervious surfaces in rapidly developing areas poses the risk of altering its natural hydrological cycle and the water balance. To counteract these issues, low impact development (LID) technologies have been adopted in urban areas as they could mimic predeveloped conditions in built-up regions. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of LID controls on the hydrological balance of a highly impervious catchment using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Four different scenarios were defined: a pre-development scenario and three other post-development scenarios based on the historical stage of development in the site and their corresponding increase in impervious area cover. Three LID controls were used in the simulation, namely the infiltration trenches, rooftop disconnection, and permeable pavements. Simulations have shown that the infiltration decreases, and the runoff increases over time across the four development scenarios. The combination of the rooftop disconnection and infiltration trench on the site was effective, increasing infiltration by up to 13 % and decreasing the runoff by 46 %. The application of permeable pavements in the site also showed the same trend in an increase in infiltration by up to 64 % and a decrease in runoff by up to 90 % while allowing more capacity for stormwater storage. This research showed that LID structures can improve the water balance of the developing site, and this could contribute to the development of LID policies in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new method (CWBM) is proposed for calculating the water balance of the territory and water resources of rivers. CWBM was developed on the basis of reliable scientific sources (satellite images, GIS-technologies, modern scientific approaches, advanced hydrological models). The following scientific innovations were achieved for the first time in the new method: 1. Considering the soil-water-air environment (SWA) as a single mechanism, the influence of complex flow-forming factors has been studied. 2. It was possible to obtain quantitative expression of the impact of each factor on water resources separately and together. 3. In the research process, time-space restrictions and dependence on observational data have been eliminated. 4. By carrying out 3-stage studies (past, present, future), it is possible to receive prompt and adequate responses to any changes and perform multi-scenario forecasting. 5. In any river basins with different physical-geographical conditions, it is possible to estimate both the total runoff separately and as a sum of the surface runoff and base flow. Comparison of the actual and calculated with CWBM method flow for 113 river basins of Azerbaijan shows that the error between them was up to 10% for 92 and 10-15% for 21 rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to unveil the hydrological system and water balance of the ungauged crater lakes with major focus on the Emakati Lake which occupy 46% of the Empakaai Crater associated to the East African Rift Valley and form part of the Northern Crater Highlands. Water samples for analysis of NO3 -, Cland stable isotopes (2H and 18O) were collected from the Emakat lake, springs of the inner, outer and the foot of the Empakaai Crater rims. A combination of satellite data such as digital elevation model (DEM), Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), net shortwave solar radiation, surface temperature, and the computation methods such as Curve Number (CN) Model, DeBruin–Keijman (D-K) Model enabled the computation of water balance components such as Lake level changes, precipitation, runoff and evaporation. Results show that, evaporation (1694.57 mm) surpasses rainfall (878.68 mm) of the Empakaai Crater results of higher enrichments of δ18O and δ²H in the lake ranging between 3.28⁰/₀₀ to 3.96⁰/₀₀ and 31.99 to 33.93⁰/₀₀ compared to springs which range between -5.18 to -4.05⁰/₀₀ and -26.62 to -19.48⁰/₀₀ respectively. Springs plots to the left and above of both the GMWL and TMWL, implying that they receive direct recharge from rainfall. The water balance in the area shows that, groundwater flow plays a major role on the lakes hydrological system as it contributes about 22,004,361.12 m 3 /year as the groundwater inflow to Emakat Lake which is about 56% of the lake’s total inflow and about 22,734,274.00 m 3 /year as groundwater outflow which is about 63% of total lake outflow. This imply that, the lake depends less on the weather condition and hence ensuring the sustainability of the ecosystem of the Empakaai crater and the downstream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazon basin, the world's largest river basin, is a key global climate regulator. Due to the lack of an extensive network of gauging stations, this basin remains poorly monitored, hindering the management of its water resources. Due to the vast extension of the Amazon basin, hydrological modeling is the only viable approach to monitor its current status. Here, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), a process-based and time-continuous eco-hydrological model, to simulate streamflow and hydrologic water balance in an Amazonian watershed where only a few gauging stations (the Jari River Basin) are available. SWAT inputs consisted of reanalysis data based on orbital remote sensing. The calibration and validation of the SWAT model indicated a good agreement according to Nash-Sutcliffe (NS, 0.85 and 0.89), Standard Deviation Ratio (RSR, 0.39 and 0.33), and Percent Bias (PBIAS, −9.5 and −0.6) values. Overall, the model satisfactorily simulated water flow and balance characteristics, such as evapotranspiration, surface runoff, and groundwater. The SWAT model is suitable for tropical river basin management and scenario simulations of environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a huge challenge for farmers worldwide to successfully increase the organic matter content of their soils and improve their water balance at the same time. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to develop and test organic-based nutrient composite materials that can be successfully used by farmers to increase soil organic matter content, improve water management parameters and implement water-efficient technologies. The study was performed in the orchard of the Institute of Horticultural Science of the University of Debrecen in Hungary (Debrecen-Pallag). The experiment was set up in a ten-year-old apple (Malus domestica 'Pinova') orchard. In the trial, fermented poultry manure and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) were used at different doses to study their effects on soil properties and fruit quality. Applied composite materials increased the nitrate and organic nitrogen content of the soil. Treatments did not affect the sugar content of the fruits but significantly and positively affected the individual fruit weight and the titratable acidity of the fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Sumatra is one of low-lying provinces in Indonesia with a vast area of peatland that is prone to peat fires and floods. Understanding climate patterns in South Sumatra is very important to anticipate the impacts of extreme weathers. This study identified the climate trends and patterns based on the daily data of temperature, rainfall and evapotranspiration obtained from 1975 to 2021 (46 years). Here, the trend and its significance were detected based on the linear regression and Mann-Kendall test approaches. Characteristics of wet/dry season (start, peak, end) were identified annually based on the 6 th polynomial equation using rainfall and evapotranspiration data. The results show an increased trend of annual average temperature (0.04oC per year), rainfall (6.83 mm per year), and evapotranspiration (0.77 mm per year). Other findings reveal that the cyclic season in South Sumatra is wet season (starts from 1±30 to 163±79 Julian day), followed by dry season (from 172±152 to 273±90 Julian day), then wet season (until 244±90 Julian day). The mean excess of annual rainfall was 708 mm (593 mm and 114, respectively, for wet and dry season). Further, we found that South Sumatra experienced extreme dry season (8 times) with the longest in 2019 that lasted for 167 days in a row. As a precaution, extreme wet spells may occur in November-December, and March, whereas extreme dry seasons can be found in July-September each year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field lysimetric experiments were conducted on Potato crop grown in a humid sub-tropical agro-climate during 2014–2017 cropping seasons. Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) methods based on limited climatic data were evaluated with the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith (P-M) method. The performance of temperature-based and radiation-based methods was reliable, but evaporation-based methods performed poorly. The best methods in each category viz. Hargreaves-Samani, FAO-24 Radiation, and Snyder along with FAO-56 P-M were considered to estimate the empirical crop evapotranspiration (ETc) using the crop coefficient approach. The empirical ETc was compared with the field ETc obtained through water balance approach. A root water uptake-based numerical model was utilized to simulate the soil moisture dynamics in the crop root zone, wherein ETc is an important input parameter. The model simulated soil moisture was compared with the field observed values. Results indicate that FAO-56 P-M and Hargreaves-Samani-based simulated values presented close agreement with field observed values. FAO-24 Radiation and Snyder-based simulations underestimated and overestimated the field observed soil moisture, respectively. The field soil moisture depletion of 30% corresponds to simulated depletion of 15% (Snyder), 25% (Hargreaves-Samani), 28% (FAO-56 P-M) and 40% (FAO-24 Radiation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cauê Aquifer is an important water supplier to the third largest urban agglomeration in Brazil. The Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte is in the Iron Quadrangle, site of intense iron ore mining, requiring large volumes of water and mine dewatering. In this context, we evaluate the regional impact on groundwater level between 2000 and 2019 based on a conceptual hydrogeological flow model on the eastern limb of the Moeda Syncline. This study includes the definition of boundary conditions and aquifer units, the calculation of hydrodynamic parameters, water balance, renewable reserve, and flow analysis. The Cauê, Gandarela, and Moeda aquifers are considered aquifer units, among which the Cauê Aquifer showed the highest hydraulic conductivity (9.45x10-7 m/s on average) as well as the highest recharge rate, with 38.67% rainfall. The average volume pumped was estimated at 41 million m³/year, equivalent to about 150% of the renewable reserve of the Cauê Aquifer, calculated at 27 million m³/year. Underground flow in the area tends southward, and the Cauê Aquifer acts as a water divide, which is less evident in the center of the area, where the greatest impact on groundwater level lowering occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountain snow and ice greatly influence the hydrological cycle of alpine regions by regulating both the quantity of and seasonal variations in water availability downstream. This study considers the combined impacts of climate and glacier changes due to recession on the hydrology and water balance of two high-elevation basins in the Canadian Rockies. A distributed, physically based, uncalibrated glacier hydrology model developed in the Cold Regions Hydrological Modelling platform (CRHM) was used to simulate the glacier mass balance and basin hydrology of the Peyto and Athabasca glacier basins in Alberta, Canada. Bias-corrected reanalysis data were used to drive the model. The model calculates the water balance of glacierized basins, influenced by the surface energy and mass balance, and considers the redistribution of snow by wind and avalanches. It was set up using hydrological response units based on elevation bands, surface slope, and aspect, as well as changing land cover. Aerial photos, satellite images and digital elevation models (DEMs) were assimilated to represent the changing configurations of glacier area and the exposure of ice and firn. Observations of glacier mass balance, snow, and glacier ice surface elevation changes at glacier and alpine tundra meteorological stations and streamflow discharge at the glacier outlets were used to evaluate the model performance. Basin hydrology was simulated over two periods, 1965–1975 and 2008–2018, using the observed glacier configurations for those time periods. Both basins have undergone continuous glacier loss over the last 3 to 5 decades, leading to a 6 %–31 % reduction in glacierized area, a 78 %–109 % increase in ice exposure, and changes to the elevation and slope of the glacier surfaces. Air temperatures are increasing, mainly due to increasing winter maximum and summer minimum daily temperatures. Annual precipitation has increased by less than 11 %, but rainfall ratios have increased by 29 %–44 %. The results show that changes in both climate and glacier configuration have influenced the melt rates and runoff and a shift of peak flows in the Peyto Glacier basin from August to July. Glacier melt contributions increased/decreased from 27 %–61 % to 43 %–59 % of the annual discharges. Recent discharges were 3 %–19 % higher than in the 1960s and 1970s. The results suggest that increased exposure of glacier ice and lower surface elevation due to glacier thinning were less influential than climate warming in increasing streamflow. Streamflow from these glaciers continues to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land clearing for cropping and grazing has increased runoff and sediment yield in Central Queensland. The Brigalow Catchment Study (BCS), was established to determine the effect of land clearing on water balance, soils, and productivity, and consisted of three catchments: brigalow forest, cropping, and grazing. Factors responsible for changes in and models for predicting sediment yield have not been assessed. Objectives of this study are to identify climatic, hydrological, and ground cover factors responsible for the increased sediment yield and to assess suitable models for sediment yield prediction. Runoff and sediment yield data from 1988 to 2018 were used to assess the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the Modified USLE (MUSLE) to predict the sediment yield in brigalow catchments. Common events among the three catchments and events for all catchment pairs were assessed. The sediment yield was approximately 44% higher for cropping and 4% higher for grazing than that from the forested catchment. The runoff amount (Q) and peak runoff rate ([Q.sub.p]) were major variables that could explain most of the increased sediment yield over time. A comparison for each catchment pair showed that sediment yield was 801 kg [ha.sup.-1] or 37% higher for cropping and 28 kg [ha.sup.-1] or 2% higher for grazing than for the forested catchment. Regression analysis for three different treatments (seven common events) and for different storm events (15 for forested, 40 for cropping, and 20 for grazing) showed that Q and [Q.sub.p] were best correlated with sediment yield in comparison with variations in ground cover. The high coefficient of determination ([R.sup.2] > 0.60) provided support for using the MUSLE model, based on both Q and [Q.sub.p], instead of the RUSLE, and Q and [Q.sub.p] were the most important factors for improving sediment yield predictions from BCS catchments. Keywords: brigalow clearing, ground cover treatment, peak runoff rate, RUSLE and MUSLE, runoff, sediment yield, small dry catchments, storm events., Introduction Broad-scale clearing of native vegetation for agricultural systems, including grazing, has strongly affected hydrological processes and sediment yield in Australia and around the world (Siriwardena et al. 2006; Thornton [...]