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In this study, mini review is introduced on the features of the red microalgae (RMA) and its biotechnological potential in different applications. Since it has unique extremophilic features, Galdieria Sulphuraria (GS) is considered to be a perfect microorganism candidate for various biotechnological applications in water treatment systems. Special interest has been oriented towards the applications of GS in water treatment systems, such as nutrients, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and heavy metals (HMs) removal from wastewater. Also, different future prospects have been suggested in terms of the new and innovative applications of GS in water treatment based on the gaps in the literature, including phycoremediation of HMs, bio-resin production, bio-substrate for nanoparticles, and pharmaceuticals removal from wastewater. Finally, the challenges and limitations of employing GS in biotechnological applications have been reviewed, which revealed that using GS has a great potential in largescale outdoor cultivation without becoming contaminated with other microorganisms.

Summary Pure (single) cultures of microorganisms and mixed microbial communities (microbiomes) have been important for centuries in providing renewable energy, clean water and food products to human society and will continue to play a crucial role to pursue the Sustainable Development Goals. To use microorganisms effectively, microbial engineered processes require adequate control. Microbial communities are shaped by manageable deterministic processes, but also by stochastic processes, which can promote unforeseeable variations and adaptations. Here, we highlight the impact of stochasticity in single culture and microbiome engineering. First, we discuss the concepts and mechanisms of stochasticity in relation to microbial ecology of single cultures and microbiomes. Second, we discuss the consequences of stochasticity in relation to process performance and human health, which are reflected in key disadvantages and important opportunities. Third, we propose a suitable decision tool to deal with stochasticity in which monitoring of stochasticity and setting the boundaries of stochasticity by regulators are central aspects. Stochasticity may give rise to some risks, such as the presence of pathogens in microbiomes. We argue here that by taking the necessary precautions and through clever monitoring and interpretation, these risks can be mitigated., In this review paper, we highlight the impact of stochasticity in single culture and microbiome engineering. Stochasticity may give rise to some risks, such as the presence of pathogens in microbiomes. We argue here that by taking the necessary precautions and through clever monitoring and interpretation, these risks can be mitigated.

Untreated hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) was discharged into the Tone River in the central area of Japan, and the risk management plan in the watershed area has been strengthened because HMT is the precursor of formaldehyde (FA) regulated by Japanese water supply law. The release of HMT could occur not only in steady but also in unsteady environmental conditions. In this context, no quantitative environmental risk assessments have dealt with the combined events of FA precursor outflow and natural disasters, such as a massive tsunami attack. In this study, we estimated the time course changes of HMT concentrations at the near water treatment plant (WTP) intakes due to tsunami run-up in the river after HMT discharge from facilities along the river during a massive tsunami attack, then potential ecological and health impacts were estimated. This method has a strong analytical ability to reveal the relationship between wave source and inland water run-up in consideration of 3D density flow. For ecological risk, the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) was employed. We found that HMT concentration would not reach a level of concern even after the accident. For potential health risk in terms of the possible maximum inlet concentration of HMT at the WTP, the FA formation amount was 5.3 × 10−2 mg/L, which was below the water quality standard.

The paper presents possible applications of pressure-driven membrane processes for treatment of swimming pool water and purification of waste streams – washings. Newly identified swimming pool water quality issues are presented that require a modernization of existing technologies. The studies used polymer membranes with the same particle distribution range (50000 Da), but made of different membrane-forming materials: polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polyether sulfone (PES) for purification of washings. The ultrafiltration process allowed obtaining a high turbidity reduction rate in washings (over 95%), and also a significant reduction of total organic carbon. The effectiveness of the PES membrane was reduced after the process commencement, whereas the separation capacity of the PVDF membrane increased during the studied filtration process. While setting the operational process parameters consideration should be given also to the resistance of used membranes to chlorine present in the swimming pool water. A prolonged exposure of the polyether sulfone membrane to chloride may have caused its gradual damage and degradation of its separation properties.

YÖK Tez No: 586343 Şubat 2004 tarihinde, IMO Gemi Balast Suyu ve Sedimanlarının Kontrolü ve Yönetimi Hakkında Uluslararası Sözleşme'yi kabul etti. Bu sözleşmenin "D" kısmında tahliye edilecek balast suyunun standartları belirtilmiştir. D1 maddesi "Balast değişim standardı" anlamına gelirken, D2 maddesi "Balast suyu performans standardı" anlamına gelmektedir. IMO bu sözleşmede gemilerin D1 ve D2 standartlarına uyum süreci için bir zaman planı belirtmesine rağmen, sözleşmenin yürürlüğe girmesi ertelendiği için bu zaman planı MEPC 71 numaralı toplantıda güncellenmiştir. Gemilerin D2 standardına uyum sağlaması için onaylı bir balast suyu ıslah sistemine sahip olmaları gerekir. Balast suyu ıslahı için birçok yöntem ve üretici bulunmaktadır. Uygun yöntem ve üretici seçimi gemilerin sefer bölgesi, tonajı, seferlerin uzunluğu, cihazların maliyeti, senelik giderleri gibi faktörlere dayanmaktadır. Sistemlerin IMO G8 ve G9 kılavuzlarına göre test edilip onay almış olmaları gerekir. Fakat, IMO onayına sahip bir ıslah sistemini kullanarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin karasularında balast suyu tahliyesi yapılmasına maalesef izin verilmemektedir. Geminin balast suyu ıslah sistemi Amerika Birleşik Devleri Sahil Güvenliği'nin kendi özel test prosedürünü geçmiş ve bu kurumun sertifikasına sahip olmalıdır. Yukarıdaki bilgiler ışığında, bu çalışma farklı tonajlara ve sefer bölgelerine sahip gemileri olan firmaların balast suyu ıslah sistemlerinin seçimlerini karşılaştırmaktadır. Bu amaç için kriterleri belirten bir anket hazırlanmış ve kriterlerin önem dereceleri firma yetkilileri ile görüşüp öğrenilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sonrasında AHP metodu kullanılarak farklı tonaja sahip firmalar için (6000 DWT altı ve üstü) en iyi BWTS yöntemi bulunmuştur. In February 2004, IMO adopted International Convention on the Control and Management of Ballast Water and Sediments of Ships - BWM Convention to regulate the environment from the ballast water of the ships. In D Section of this convention, discharged ballast water standards have been defined. While D1 standards means "Ballast water Exchange Standards", D2 means "Ballast water performance standards". Although, IMO issued a deadline for conformity of D1 and D2 standards for vessels in convention, due to delayed entry in force date of convention, this time line has been updated in MPEC 71. There are a wide variety of treatment options and manufacturers. The choice of appropriate methods and manufacturers will depend upon several factors, including vessel sailing area, vessel tonnage, the length of voyages, costs of systems, OPEX etc. Moreover, systems shall have a type/approval certificate which must be issued according to IMO G8 and G9 guidelines. However, an IMO approved BWTS is not enough to discharge ballast water in U.S. waters. USCG has its own specific test and approval procedures for BWTS. In the light of above information, this research is to compare owners who has different size of vessel BWTS choice depending on trade area, vessel size. For this purpose, a decision making questionnaire has been prepared and filled by companies which have different size of vessels to determine importance weight of criterias used for BWTS selection. After that, by using AHP method, best BWTS method has been determined for owners who have different size of vessels (6000 DWT more and less than 6000 DWT).

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas emitted during biological treatment of residual waters and can contribute significantly to the carbon footprint of the overall treatment, potentially offsetting energy-positive strategies. N2O production is mediated by three known biological pathways and through abiotic reactions, driven by biologically generated substances such as hydroxylamine and nitrite. The contributions of these different mechanism are determined by the environmental conditions and the resident microbial community. The newly discovered phenotypic diversity among aerobic ammonia oxidizers and the modularity of denitrifying pathway determines N2O emissions. Isotopic methods can be used to quantify N2O production pathways in water treatment systems, and mechanistic models can already predict N2O emissions, but limitations on their accuracy and precision still exist.

Dünya ölçeğinde su kaynakları değerlendirildiğinde toplam suyun yaklaşık %96'sı denizler ve okyanuslar gibi tuzlu sulardan oluşmaktadır. Geriye kalan tatlı su kaynaklarınınsa % 68'inden fazlası buz ve buzulların içinde, % 30'u ise yer altındadır. Yüzeysel tatlı su ise toplam suyun yaklaşık % 1'ini oluşturmaktadır.Su sıkıntısının temel sebepleri arasında; ekonomik gelişmeler ve nüfusta meydana gelen hızlı değişikliklere bağlı olarak su ihtiyacının artması, yağışlarda meydana gelen değişiklikler, su kaynaklarının kirlenmesi gibi faktörler gösterilmektedir.Yeraltı suları, yüzeysel sularla mukayese edildiğinde daha temiz ve kirlenme riski daha düşük su kaynaklarıdır. Ancak tarımsal faaliyetler neticesinde kullanılan kimyasalların topraktan geçerek yeraltı sularına ulaşması, yağışların topraktan süzülmesi sürecinde toprakta veya kayaç yapılarındaki minerallerin çözünerek suya karışması yeraltı sularının kirlenmesinde büyük etkenlerdendir.Türkiye'de özellikle bor ve arsenik yeraltı sularında yaygın olarak bulunan ve çok küçük konsantrasyonlarda dahi çevre ve insan sağlığına ciddi tehdit oluşturan kirleticilerdir. Yeraltı sularında bulunan bor ve arseniğin giderilmesinde membran prosesler, iyon değiştirme, elektrodiyaliz, koagülasyon gibi birçok teknik kullanılmaktadır. Ancak bu proseslerin arıtımda etkili olmamaları, maliyetlerinin yüksek olması ve kimyasal olarak toksik ikincil atık oluşturmaları gibi dezavantajları bulunmaktadır. Bu sebeple yeraltı sularından bor ve arseniğin arıtılmasına yönelik; etkili ve ekonomik arıtma yöntemlerine ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır.Kapasitif deiyonizasyon prosesi özellikle 5.000 μS/cm iletkenliğin altında bulunan ve acı su olarak tanımlanan sulardan iyonların giderilmesinde etkili ve ekonomik bir yöntemdir. Kapasitif deiyonizasyon prosesi ile arsenik giderimine yönelik sınırlı sayıda çalışma mevcuttur fakat bor ile alakalı nitelikli bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır.Yapılan bu doktora tezinde öncelikle, temin edilen membran kapasitif deiyonizasyon (MCDI) cihazının kapasitans değerleri, optimum voltaj ve akım değerleri, işletme süresi gibi değişkenler belirlenmiştir. Bulunan optimum kapasitans değeri 55 – 65 pF aralığında, maksimum işletme süresi 1500 saniye, optimum potansiyel 1,5 V'dur. 55 – 65 pF kapasitans değeri için 100 – 10.000 μS/cm aralığında farklı konsantrasyonlar için farklı akımlar ile çalışılmıştır. Desorpsiyon için su geri kazanımının maksimum düzeyde kalması için akım olarak 60 A seçilmiş ve desorpsiyon süreleri bu değere göre belirlenmiştir. Tespit edilen optimum şartlar kullanılarak sentetik numunelerden bor ve arsenik giderimine yönelik çalışmalar yürütülmüştür.50 – 2.000 μS/cm aralığında arsenik içeren çözeltilerle yapılan çalışmalarda arsenik %91 - %99 aralığında arıtılmıştır. Arsenik için içme sularında izin verilen maksimum değer 10 μg/L'dir. Ankara Etimesgut'tan temin edilen ve 66 μg/L arsenik içeren yeraltı suyu, MCDI ile %88 oranında arıtılarak izin verilen değerlere indirilmiştir.Tuzsuzlaştırma prosesleri ile bor gideriminde pH önemli bir faktördür. Bu sebeple bor giderimi için öncelikle pH optimizasyonu yapılmıştır. MCDI ile bor gideriminde pH 10,5 değerinin optimum değer olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bor için içme sularında izin verilen maksimum değer 1 mg/L'dir. 10 – 100 mg/L aralığında bor içeren sentetik numunelerle yapılan çalışmalarda bor konsantrasyonunun giderim verimine bariz bir etkisi olmadığı görülmüştür. Tek ve çift değerlikli iyonların bor giderimine etkilerinin tespitine yönelik çalışmada tek değerlikli iyonların bor giderim verimini düşürdüğü görülmüştür. Balıkesir Bigadiç'ten temin edilen ve 4,32 mg/L bor içeren yeraltı suyu ile yapılan çalışmalarda borun MCDI ile %93 oranında arıtıldığı tespit edilmiştir.Son olarak MCDI ile yeraltı sularının arıtılmasında oluşan maliyet analizi yapılmıştır. Membran prosesler ve elektrosorpsiyon metodları ile yapılan mukayesede MCDI prosesinin 5.000 μS/cm altında iletkenliklerde daha ekonomik olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 0 - 5.000 μS/cm aralığında iletkenliği olan suların arıtılmasında MCDI enerji sarfiyatı 0,04 – 2,08 kWsa/m3 aralığındadır. The water resources of the world scale are approximately 96% of total water which is composed of salty water such as seas and oceans. More than 68% of the remaining freshwater resources are in ice and glaciers, and 30% are underground. Surface freshwater accounts for approximately 1% of total water.Among the main causes of water shortage are; economic developments and fast-paced increased water demand depending on the changes, changes in the waterfall, water factors such as contamination of resources. Ground waters are cleaner when compared to surface water and more susceptible to contamination low water sources. However, the chemicals used for agricultural activities reaching underground waters through the soil, in the process of draining the rain from the soil or rocks minerals dissolved in the water are great factors for the groundwater pollution. Especially boron and arsenic, commonly found in Turkey, are groundwater contaminants which are serious threats to the environment and human health even in very small concentrations.In the removal of boron and arsenic from ground water,many techniques are used such as membrane processes, ion exchange, electrodialysis, coagulation. However, these processes have disadvantages such as not being effective in purification, high cost and chemically toxic secondary wastes. For this reason, for the purification of the boron and arsenic from underground waters; effective and economical treatment methods are needed. The capacitive deionization is an effective and economical method for removing ions from the water when the conductivity is below 5,000 μS / cm, which is defined as brackish water. There is a limited number of studies on arsenic removal by capacitive deionization process but there is no eligible study related to boron.In this doctoral dissertation, firstly, the obtained membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) process capacitance values of the device, optimum voltage and current values, operating time variables were determined. The optimum capacitance value found is in the range 55 - 65 pF, the maximum operating time is 1500 seconds, the optimum potential is 1.5 V. For 55 - 65 pF capacitance value, it was studied with different currents for different concentrations in the range of 100 - 10,000 μS / cm. To maintain maximum water recovery for desorption, 60 A was chosen as a current and the desorption times were determined according to this value. Using determined optimum conditions studies that aim to remove boron and arsenic from synthetic samples have been carried out.Arsenic was refined in the range of 91% - 99% in the studies performed with solutions containing arsenic in the range of 50 - 2.000 μS / cm. The maximum allowable value for drinking water for arsenic is 10 μg / L. Groundwater containing 66,023 μg/L arsenic obtained from Ankara Etimesgut The MCDI was purified by 88% and reduced to the permissible values. pH is an important factor in the removal of boron by decontamination processes. For this reason, pH optimizations were made.Value for removal of boron by MCDI has been determined 10.5 as optimum value . The maximum allowable value for drinking water for boron is 1 mg / L. In the 10-100 mg / L boron-containing synthetic samples studies,boron concentration is not an obvious effect on the removal efficiency. In studying the effects of single and divalent ions on the removal of boron, monovalent ions have been found to reduce the efficiency of boron removal. It was determined that the work carried out with groundwater obtained from Balıkesir Bigadiç containing 4.32 mg / L boron was purified 93% of boron with MCDI.However, cost analysis was carried out for the treatment of groundwater. It has been found that the MCDI process is more economical at conductivities below 5.000 μS / cm in comparison with membrane processes and electrosorption methods. The energy consumption of MCDI varies between 0.04 - 2.08 kWsa/m3 in the purification of water which has conductivity between 0 and 5.000 μS/cm. 109

We present a detection scheme for attacks on a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) in which we leverage the connectivity of a multistage process to detect attacks downstream from the point of attack. Our methods form a control theoretic approach to CPS security by characterizing a real water treatment facility with a mathematical model; obtaining a residual (error) signal from sensor measurements and sensor measurement estimates; and finally using Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) and Bad-Data detection methods to detect the presence of a sensor attack. In particular, the attacks are designed so that they do not raise alarms on the detectors in the same stage where the attack takes place, requiring detection to take place on a separate part of the system. Proposed scheme is implemented on a real world water treatment facility. Extensive experiments are carried out and results show the significance of the proposed scheme.

El municipio de la Calera ha presentado un crecimiento importante en años recientes, tanto en área desarrollada como en población, posiblemente asociado a la cercanía a Bogotá y a la oferta de suelo disponible para viviendas en patrones de baja densidad. La urbanización presentada en suelo catalogado como rural ha ocasionado impactos negativos sobre los recursos naturales, en especial sobre el recurso agua, pues aún no existe cobertura total de servicios públicos como acueducto, saneamiento y alcantarillado. Ante esta ausencia es frecuente que la población realice conexiones desde y hacia los cuerpos hídricos para el suministro de agua y así mismo para la descarga de las aguas residuales generadas. El río Teusacá, localizado en el municipio de La Calera antes de llegar al Embalse de San Rafael, es una de las fuentes que abastece el Embalse y por tanto a la ciudad de Bogotá y actualmente presenta conexiones de descarga de aguas residuales, razón por la cual su calidad ha disminuido, esto debido al aumento de urbanizaciones en el área de influencia de la cuenca alta. La falta de información y la desarticulación de las entidades territoriales tanto del municipio como de la ciudad de Bogotá han ocasionado que los planes de ordenamiento territorial y las políticas públicas no consideren adecuadamente el manejo de esta problemática en la cuenca alta del río Teusacá y contribuya a la expansión urbana en zonas con restricciones (Carreño, 2012). El objetivo de este trabajo es proponer lineamientos de gestión para el manejo del recurso hídrico de la cuenca alta del río Teusacá localizada en el municipio de la Calera hasta el Embalse de San Rafael, teniendo en cuenta la incidencia de los procesos de urbanización presentes en el área rural del municipio. Este estudio se realizará mediante un enfoque documental y de campo para identificar, a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias, la problemática y determinar la propuesta de gestión. El alcance de esta investigación es dar una herramienta para futuras investigaciones en el tema, teniendo en cuenta que la información existente es muy limitada. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se pretende proponer lineamientos de gestión que servirán de consulta a los gestores y entidades públicas en la toma de decisiones a mediano y largo plazo para la toma de decisiones. Adicionalmente el municipio de La Calera podría verse beneficiado pues a partir de los resultados obtenidos, será posible realizar propuestas de gestión en conjunto con las entidades territoriales para determinar la ubicación de las urbanizaciones y las exigencias necesarias para las viviendas existentes con el fin de proteger la cuenca del río Teusacá. The town of La Calera has presented significant growth ¡n recent years, possibly associated with the proximity to Bogotá and the supply of land available for housing In low density landlords. The urbanizaron presented in rural land has caused negabve impacts on natural resources, espedally in the water resource, due to the lack of publlc Services such as aqueduct, sanitabon and sewerage. Faced with this absence, the populatíon frequently makes connections to and from the water bodies for the supply of water and for the discharge of wastewater generated. The Teusacá River, before reaching the San Rafael dam, is one of the sources that supplies the dam and therefore the City of Bogotá, and currently has wastewater discharge connections, whlch Is why It's quality has decreased, because of the increase of urbanizations in the area of influence of the upper basin. The lack of Information and the disarticulation of the territorial entibes of both the town and the city of Bogotá have caused that territorial plannlng plans and publlc pollcles are not considering the management of this problem in the upper basin and contribute to urban expansión in areas with restricbons (Carreño, 2012). The objecbve of this paper is to propose management guidelines for the management of the water resource of the upper Teusacá River basin up to the San Rafael dam, taking into account the ¡ncidence of the urbanizabon processes present. Magíster en Gestión Ambiental Maestría

Tez (doktora) - Anadolu Üniversitesi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Maliye Anabilim Dalı, Kayıt no: 434653, Su, canlılar için yaşam kaynağıdır ve ikame edilemez. Su hem içmek ve temel yaşamsal ihtiyaçları karşılamak hem de tarımsal ve ekonomik üretim yapmak için gereklidir. Kent merkezlerinde yoğunlaşan nüfus, evsel kullanım sonucu ortaya çıkan atık suyun canlı yaşamını tehdit etmesine neden olmuştur. Kentsel atık su yönetimi kamu kesiminin kontrolündedir. Bunun nedeni; atık su arıtma hizmetinin doğal tekel olması, sağlık, ekosistem ve üretici faaliyet üzerindeki dışsallığı, kamusallık özelliği, su ve sanitasyonun insan hakkı olması, ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınmanın merkezinde olmasıdır. Atık su tesisi yatırım, işletme bakım maliyetleri kamu kaynakları ve kurum geliri tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Çalışmanın teması, Türkiye'de büyükşehir belediyelerinde 1986'da genel nitelik kazanan İSKİ modelli kanalizasyon idareleri kapsamındaki kentsel atık su arıtma yönetiminin kurumsal ve yasal yapısını sahip olduğu ekonomik araçlar ile ortaya koyarak, yönetimlerin etkin hizmet sunumuna öneri getirmektir. Çalışmanın yöntemi teorik kısımların genel literatür taraması, güncel verilerin grafik analizi ile incelenmesi ve büyükşehir belediyelerine ait belirli yöntemle arıtma yapan atık su tesislerinin etkinliğinin veri zarflama tekniği ile analizidir. Bu çerçevede, kamu kaynakları ile finanse edilen atık su arıtma tesislerinin etkin yönetim bileşenlerine ulaşarak iyi yönetim örnekleri sunulmuştur. Atık suya yeni yaklaşım onu bir sorun olarak görmek yerine su ve enerji kaynağına dönüştürmektir.

The problem of handling of nuclear power plants radioactive waste has a significant impact on the development of the nuclear industry. An effective strategy for radioactive nuclear waste should include all of the components and processing steps since waste formation to final disposal, taking into account emergence of new technologies, changes in the regulatory authority requirements, the duration of the time intervals separating the initial and the final stage of the treatment process [1]. After unloading from the reactor core spent fuel assemblies are placed in spent fuel pools for removing of residual heat and radioactivity decrease. After one year of conditioning radioactivity is reduced by about 10 times, after 5 years radioactivity is reduced by 35 times. After 3-5 years the spent fuel assemblies can be transported to a centralized storage facility or sent for processing. However, the maintaining of necessary conditions for temporary storage is an important task that is carried out by special water treatment systems of the spent fuel pool [2]. This article considers the water purification system of the spent fuel pool of the Beloyarskaya nuclear power plant, which is the flagship of Russian nuclear power industry. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.

This note has been prepared as part of the work program on multi-dimensional poverty in the Kyrgyz Republic to raise awareness of poverty dimensions, which in turn should help accelerate the development of water supply and sanitation services, and necessary reforms in the Kyrgyz Republic. The note analyzes the quality and reliability of the Integrated Households Survey (KIHS) data to measure access to water supply and sanitation services. The household survey was conducted by the National Statistics Committee (NSC) of the Kyrgyz Republic. It is representative at the national, rural/urban, and oblast levels. Using survey data we analyze the consumption of water supply and sanitation services at the household level with a focus on access, quality, and expenditures.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biológica (área de especialização em Tecnologia do Ambiente), A crescente preocupação mundial com os gastos excessivos da utilização de água, bem como os custos associados à captação, tratamento e distribuição deste recurso às populações levam às entidades gestoras dos sistemas de tratamento e abastecimento de água implementar medidas de minimização de perdas de água, que ocorrem nos seus sistemas de tratamento. Na empresa Águas do Noroeste S.A. estão em curso medidas que pretendem a minimização das perdas de água nas estações de tratamento de água de Andorinhas, Queimadela e Rabagão. No subsistema de abastecimento das Andorinhas as perdas de água, no período em estudo, representam cerca de 90 000 m3. Os gastos energéticos associados a estas perdas de água representam 20 % da totalidade despendida. No subsistema de Queimadela, pelo período em estudo, foram verificadas perdas de água na ordem dos 88 000 m3. Da totalidade do valor gasto em energia, cerca de 6,7 % foram aplicados em perdas de água. No subsistema do Rabagão, pelo período em estudo, verificaram-se perdas superiores a 464 000 m3, estando este subsistema ainda em fase de arranque. Os gastos energéticos aplicados em perdas de água correspondem a 57 % do valor energético total. A aplicação de softwares informáticos como o EPANET 2.0 permite uma melhor gestão e perceção da ocorrência de perdas de água nas redes de distribuição, permitindo uma atuação mais rápida e eficaz na correção destas falhas., The increase of the international concern about water losses, as well as the higher costs associated with the collection, treatment and adduction of water to the population, has leaded the water treatment/distribution management entities into the implementation of measures for reduction of water losses that has been occurring in their own distribution systems. In Águas do Noroeste S.A. there are ongoing several actions in order to lower the water losses in water treatment stations of Andorinhas, Queimadela and Rabagão. In the subsystem of Andorinhas the water losses, in the study period, represent 90 000 m3. The energy costs spent in water losses were about 20 % of the main value spent in energy. In Queimadela subsystem the water losses were lost 88 000 m3 of water. From the main value of energy spending, there were 6,7 % who were applied in water losses. In the subsystem of Rabagão, in the research period, the water losses were 464 000 m3, approximately. Circa 57 % of the total amount spent on energy was applied in water losses. This subsystem is still in the beginning period. The application of software’s like EPANET 2.0 allows a better control and perception of the water losses occurrence in the distribution system, allowing faster and more efficient actions in the corrections of those fails.

This fact sheet provides information about drinking water treatment systems. This fact sheet discusses different types of water treatment systems available to homeowners. It includes a table with water contaminants or problems, possible causes of the problem, and solutions.

The goal of conducting validation is to demonstrate that a process, when operated within established limits, produces a product of consistent and specified quality with a high degree of assurance. Validation of water treatment systems is necessary to obtain water with all desired quality attributes. This also provides a framework to establish a total control over the process which monitors safety, efficacy and ultimately, the process outcomes. The present overview is an attempt to discuss various aspects of validation including different approaches, components of water treatment systems, equipment qualifications, phases of performance testing, documentation and post-validation monitoring. Keywords: Validation; Water treatment systems; Quality attributes; Pharmaceutical products

There are many motivations for choosing renewable energy technologies to provide the necessary energy to power water treatment systems for reuse and desalination. These range from the lack of an existing electricity grid, particularly in remote areas, to securing future energy and water supplies, to purely financial incentives. While many renewable energy technologies exist the two dominant ones used for powering desalination systems are PV modules and wind turbines. While wave power devices are a less mature technology, there are definitely synergies for desalination if these systems can be demonstrated to last 20 years in the harsh marine environment. Wind energy exhibits the lowest cost of electricity produced, while solar electricity is the highest. However, PV modules have a definite advantage as they contain no moving parts, thus enabling them to operate well in harsh conditions for over 20 years.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2008, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2008, Bu çalışmada, sentetik olarak hazırlanmış potasyum magnezyum ve fosfor içeren su numunesi ile K-struvit çöktürmesinin uygulanabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda pH nın, stokiyometrinin ve sıcaklığın çöktürme prosesine etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla deneyler yürütülmüştür. Ayrıca bu deneyler sonucunda elde edilen katıların analizleri yapılarak oluşan kristallerin yapısı belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalara ek olarak K-struvit çöktürmesinin uygulanabilirliğini incelemek stokiyometrik fazlası amacıyla amonyağı giderilmiş insan idrarını temsilen sentetik olarak hazırlanmış numuneler kullanılarak çöktürme gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yürütülen deneyler sonucunda % 100 fosfat ve magnezyum dozlamalarıyla gerçekleştirilen deneylerde pH 10 un çöktürme için optimum pH olduğu, hem potasyumun hem de magnezyum ve fosfatın etkin bir şekilde ortamdan uzaklaştırılabildiği sonucuna varılmıştır., In this study, applicability of K-struvite precipitation has been investigated by means of synthetically prepared water sample includes potassium, magnesium and phosphate. For achieving this goal, experiments have been conducted for analyzing effects of pH, stoichiometry and temperature on k-struvite precipitation. Furthermore, the solids obtained from experiments have been analyzed and structures of derived crystals are tried to determine. In addition to experimental studies, in order to analyze applicability of K-struvite, precipitation has been carried out with representative synthetically prepared human urine which its ammonium and extra stoichiometry were removed. As a consequence of carried out experiments, pH 10 is determined as optimum pH for dosing 100% phosphate and magnesium., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.

Bu tez çalışmasında, üç aylık periyotlarla yaklaşık bir yıl boyunca Türkiye'nin 22 ilinde bulunan 24 diyaliz kliniğinin 3'er noktasından alınan su numunelerinin kimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizleri yapılmış, sonuçlar izlenmiş ve ilgili standartlar doğrultusunda bu sonuçlar değerlendirilmiştir. Birinci nokta olarak ters ozmoz su arıtma sistemine giren şehir şebeke suyu (ham su) giriş noktası, ikinci nokta olarak ters ozmoz su sistemi çıkış noktası ve üçüncü nokta olarak geri dönüş hattı seçilmiş ve alınan numunelerin analizleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde ham suyun özelliğinin şehirden şehire farklılık gösterdiği ve bunun da su arıtma sistemi çıkışından elde edilen ters ozmoz suyun kalitesini etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Mevsimsel şartların, jeolojik koşulların ve ham su kaynaklarının içme sularının kalitesine etki ettiği saptanmış ve ters ozmoz su analizleri yapılarak giriş suyu ile çıkış suyu karşılaştırılmış ve bu sayede su arıtma sistemlerinin performansları da değerlendirilmiştir. Su sistemi hatlarında herhangi bir kirlenme olup olmadığını anlamak amacıyla geri dönüş hattından alınan numunelerin analizleri yapılmış ve herhangi bir bulaşma olmadığına dair bulgular elde edilmiştir. In this research, water samples were taken from 3 points of reverse osmosis water treatment systems of 24 clinics located in 22 cities of Turkey by 3 months intervals during nearly 1 year, chemical and microbiological analysis of these water samples were made, the results were monitored and evaluated according to the related standards. The entry point of municipal water which enters the system was selected as the first point, the exit point of reverse osmosis water treatment system was selected as the second point, and the loop was selected as the third point of analysis. The water samples which were taken from these points were analysed. After the results had been evaluated, it was observed that the characteristics of raw water differ from a city to another and these differences influenced the quality of the reverse osmosis water which was taken from the reverse osmosis water treatment system. It was also observed that the seasonal effects, the geological circumstances and the raw water resources influenced the drinking water quality. Reverse osmosis water analysis were made so the entering water and the exit water were compared and also the performances of the water treatment systems were evaluated. 178

Bu çalışma, 24-26 Eylül 2002 tarihleri arasında İstanbul[Türkiye]’de düzenlenen 5. International Conference on Small Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems'de bildiri olarak sunulmuştur. Within the context of this study, two lab-scale aquatic plant reactors consisting of duckweed (Lemna minor) ponds, were investigated for the removal of nitrogen forms during the secondary treatment of domestic wastewater. TKN, NH3-N and NO3-N parameters have been measured in both reactors for hydraulic retention times ranging from 3.3 days to 23 days and at various distances from the inlet of reactors. The results were evaluated for hydraulic retention times, hydraulic loading rates and mass loading rates. It was concluded that hydraulic and mass loading parameters were more meaningful than hydraulic retention time. Optimum nitrogen removal values of hydraulic loading rate and mass loading rate were found to be 1.2 cm/day and 90-160 mg TKN/m(2)-day, respectively. At the higher and lower loading rates, nitrogen removal efficiency was lower than those at optimum conditions. Effluent TKN concentration was around 2.5 to 3.0 mg/l while NH3-N concentration was almost zero at these loading conditions. On the other hand, effluent NO3-N concentrations changed between 7 mg/l to 11 mg/l. When investigating the longitudinal profile, values were reduced rapidly along the reactors. It was concluded that most of the nitrogen conversion occurred at the beginning of the reactor.

6.ÖZET: Bu çalışmada, îzmir ve çevresinde bulunan deniz balıklan yavru üretim tesislerinin su arıtma mekanizasyonu araştırılmıştır. İşletmelerde uygulanan arıtma modelleri karşılıklı olarak incelenmiş, yurt dışındaki deniz balıklan üretim tesislerinin su arıtma yöntemleri baz alınarak ideal bir antma sistemi hakkında incelemelerde bulunulmuştur. Su ürünleri üretim çalışmalarının başarılı ve net sonuçlanabilmesi, o çalışmalarda kullanılan temel materyallerin niteliklerine bağlıdır. Her canlıda olduğu gibi deniz balıklarının yaşattılabilamesi ve uzun süreli yetiştiricilik kapsamına alınabilmesi için kullanılacak suyun miktarının yeterli olamsı ve istenen kaliteye sahip olması gerekir. Doğal deniz suyu her zaman istenen kaliteye sahip olması gerekir. Doğal deniz suyu her zaman istenen yapıda olmayabilir, özellikle larva üretimi gibi hassas bir uygulamda larva tanklarına verilcek suyun dikkatli bir şekilde antılmaaı gereklidir. Denizden filtre havuzuna kadar gelen su, kum filtresi, ısıtma-soğutma, ultraviyole ünitelerinde bir dizi işlemden geçirilerek arıtılmış bir şekilde larva tanklarına verilebilir. Suyun mikro organizmalardan ve isttenmeyen maddelerden anndınlıp kullanım dahiline alınmasında en önemli nitelik, önceden çok teknik bir planlama yapılması ve dizayn aşamasında teknolojik ve mekanik organizasyonun kullanılmasıdır. Çalışmada mevcut bulunan deniz balıklan, yavru üretim tesislerinin su arıtmada kullandıklan mekanizasyon ve yöntemlerin tahlilleri ve eleştirileri yapılmış olup belirtilen bilgilerle birlikte işletmelere teknik bakımdan yararlı olmak amaçlanmıştır. SUMMARY: Jh this study, the water cleaning mechanisation of the marine fish larvae production establishment was researched on Izmir surrounding the applying cleaning (purification) models is inuestigated mutually, water cleaning methods of sea fishes production establishment to take the base and for a perfect water cleaning establishment is investigated. For a perfect and clear results of aquaculture studies, it is depend on the materials that is using basic material characteristic. As the all livings, to keep a live of sea fishes and to take long periodic raising contain, the water must be sufficient and must be demand quality. The natural sea water cant be required structure all time. Especially, like larvae production on an oversensitive practice, the water will give the larvae tanks, should required carefully cleaning. The water coming from the sea, to the filter pod, the units where are sand filter, heating-coaling system, ultra-viole periodicly processed and than the water gives tank as cleaned water. The most important characteristic about the water cleaning from the microorganisms and undesired planning and on design degree, technologic and mechanic is using. The fishes which are present in this study. The methods and mechanisation of young production establishment to use for water cleaning, their analysis and criticisms have done, with this information, the administration mat is on the project and comitteer degree for technic using was purposed. 48 50