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9 results on '"WATER SUPPLY DEMAND"'

1. Water strategies and management: current paths to sustainable water use

Author

Xuemei Han, Muhammad Waseem Boota, Shan-e-hyder Soomro, Sher Ali, Sufi Ghullam Hyder Soomro, Nishan-E-hyder Soomro, Mairaj Hyder Alias Aamir Soomro, Abdul Razzaque Soomro, Sahar Batool, Yanqin Bai, Xiaotao Shi, Jiali Guo, Yinghai Li, Caihong Hu, and Muhammad Tayyab

Subjects
Water management, Economic development, Sustainability, Future challenges, Water supply demand, Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes, TD201-500
Abstract

Abstract Freshwater is unquestionably the most crucial resource essential for the sustenance and advancement of humankind. This invaluable entity surpasses all societal, economic, and environmental domains, consequently rendering it a ubiquitous good. Globally, it has been estimated that the industrial sector employs approximately 20% of the available freshwater. The principal aim within the industrial domain is to maximize production efficiency, rather than prioritizing the enhancement of water conservation and efficiency. Research suggests that a favorable association exists between the monetary investments made in technological improvements for industrial water treatment and reuse and a profitable return on investment that is sustained over a prolonged duration. This could plausibly explain the dearth of willingness exhibited by some corporations in dedicating resources to this vital issue. The objective of this study is to explicate the notion of sustainability concerning water management that can be operationalized in the context of Pakistan, while delving into the latest advancements in the sphere of sustainable management practices. This research endeavor shall serve as an instructive source for executives, entrepreneurs, and vested parties in various industrial domains to propel their endeavors toward sustainable practices while simultaneously achieving optimization and surpassing the benchmarks set by national regulations and international establishments. This investigation has illuminated the imperative of executing an all-encompassing water management strategy that incorporates the ecological, financial, and societal dimensions as the essential constituents of viability in industrial water utilization. This work ought to possess a worldwide scope, bearing in mind the ubiquitous character of industrial practices in the epoch of globalization.

Published
2024
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2. Water strategies and management: current paths to sustainable water use.

Author

Han, Xuemei, Boota, Muhammad Waseem, Soomro, Shan-e-hyder, Ali, Sher, Soomro, Sufi Ghullam Hyder, Soomro, Nishan-E-hyder, Soomro, Mairaj Hyder Alias Aamir, Soomro, Abdul Razzaque, Batool, Sahar, Bai, Yanqin, Shi, Xiaotao, Guo, Jiali, Li, Yinghai, Hu, Caihong, and Tayyab, Muhammad

Subjects
WATER management, SUSTAINABILITY, WATER use, WATER reuse, WATER supply
Abstract

Freshwater is unquestionably the most crucial resource essential for the sustenance and advancement of humankind. This invaluable entity surpasses all societal, economic, and environmental domains, consequently rendering it a ubiquitous good. Globally, it has been estimated that the industrial sector employs approximately 20% of the available freshwater. The principal aim within the industrial domain is to maximize production efficiency, rather than prioritizing the enhancement of water conservation and efficiency. Research suggests that a favorable association exists between the monetary investments made in technological improvements for industrial water treatment and reuse and a profitable return on investment that is sustained over a prolonged duration. This could plausibly explain the dearth of willingness exhibited by some corporations in dedicating resources to this vital issue. The objective of this study is to explicate the notion of sustainability concerning water management that can be operationalized in the context of Pakistan, while delving into the latest advancements in the sphere of sustainable management practices. This research endeavor shall serve as an instructive source for executives, entrepreneurs, and vested parties in various industrial domains to propel their endeavors toward sustainable practices while simultaneously achieving optimization and surpassing the benchmarks set by national regulations and international establishments. This investigation has illuminated the imperative of executing an all-encompassing water management strategy that incorporates the ecological, financial, and societal dimensions as the essential constituents of viability in industrial water utilization. This work ought to possess a worldwide scope, bearing in mind the ubiquitous character of industrial practices in the epoch of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Verification of Calculation Method Using Monte Carlo Method for Water Supply Demands of Office Building.

Author

Guang-Zheng Wu, Kyosuke Sakaue, and Saburo Murakawa

Subjects
WATER consumption, OFFICE buildings, MONTE Carlo method, WATER supply, WATER conservation
Abstract

In Japan, there are four methods of calculating water supply demands for office buildings based on SHASE-S 206 and two methods based on the design standard of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). However, these methods were found to produce overestimated values when applied to recent sanitary fixtures with advanced water saving features. To cope with this problem, Murakawa's Simulation for Water Consumption (MSWC), which utilizes the Monte Carlo method to calculate water usage dynamically has been developed. In this study, we evaluated the validity of MSWC on water consumption of an office building. Actual water consumption data were collected from a six story office building. Water consumption estimates calculated by the six conventional methods and MSWC were compared with the actual measurement values. Though the calculations based on the conventional methods significantly deviated from the actual measurement values, those made by MSWC closely resembled them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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5. Application of fuzzy optimization method based on weight trend coefficient in assessment of water supply.

Author

LI Xue-sen, WANG Ben-de, LING Xian-zhang, and ZHOU Hui-cheng

Subjects
WATER supply, MATHEMATICAL optimization, FUZZY sets, MATHEMATICAL models, DECISION making, ENGINEERING
Abstract

In order to select a reasonable water supply scheme, a fuzzy pattern recognition model is proposed for evaluation and optimal selection of water supply decision schemes in inter-basin diversion system based on the existing fuzzy optimization model, adopting weight trend coefficient as evaluating indicator for the organic combination between subjective weight and objective developing trend of system and considering the amended subjective weight on the basis of this coefficient. The application of this model and its corresponding optimal method in engineering proves its feasibility. The new model takes the will of decision-makers as well as the objective development trend of the matter into account, and can be used to select the optimal scheme which agrees with the water resources development trend and real-time amendment weight trend coefficient according to the future development trend of water resources and water supply demand. In addition, this model effectively improves the active appraisal system for water supply schemes which only considers the subjective weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009

6. Verification of Calculation Method Using Monte Carlo Method for Water Supply Demands of Office Building

Author

Saburo Murakawa, Guang-Zheng Wu, and Kyosuke Sakaue

Subjects
water supply demand, calculating method, office building, Monte Carlo method, Engineering, business.industry, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Geography, Planning and Development, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Environmental engineering, Water supply, 02 engineering and technology, Aquatic Science, Biochemistry, Civil engineering, Water consumption, 020801 environmental engineering, 021105 building & construction, Christian ministry, Design standard, Water saving, business, Water Science and Technology
Abstract

In Japan, there are four methods of calculating water supply demands for office buildings based on SHASE-S 206 and two methods based on the design standard of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT). However, these methods were found to produce overestimated values when applied to recent sanitary fixtures with advanced water saving features. To cope with this problem, Murakawa’s Simulation for Water Consumption (MSWC), which utilizes the Monte Carlo method to calculate water usage dynamically has been developed. In this study, we evaluated the validity of MSWC on water consumption of an office building. Actual water consumption data were collected from a six story office building. Water consumption estimates calculated by the six conventional methods and MSWC were compared with the actual measurement values. Though the calculations based on the conventional methods significantly deviated from the actual measurement values, those made by MSWC closely resembled them.

Published
2017
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7. Water Security for Central Kosovo : The Kosovo-Ibër River Basin and Ibër Lepenc Water System

Author

World Bank

Subjects
PUMPING, HYDROMETRIC STATIONS, ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES, BULK WATER, BOREHOLES, CONVEYING, WATER TRANSFER, POLLUTION CONTROL, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES, POPULATION WITHOUT ACCESS, SIPHONS, ZINC, USE OF WATER, MUNICIPAL WATER, WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, PUMPING STATION, DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION, ADMINISTRATIVE CAPACITY, WATER POLLUTION, MUNICIPALITIES, WATER SUPPLY SERVICE, WATER COMPANIES, CATCHMENTS, EVAPORATION, WATER DEMAND, WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, GAS, COASTAL WATER, GROUNDWATER DATA, WASTE WATER TREATMENT, SEDIMENTS, FARMERS, LAKES, WATER FLOWS, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, WATER USES, WELLS, WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT, RIVER BEDS, AQUIFER, PIPES, IRRIGATION SYSTEMS, RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT, HYDROLOGY, LEAKAGE, CATCHMENT, QUALITY OF WATER, SURFACE WATER, QUANTITY OF WATER, WATER LEVELS, WATER DIRECTORATE, WATER RIGHTS, WATER SHORTAGE, VALVES, RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN, RAIN, WATER BODY, WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, DRINKING WATER, WATER ALLOCATION, EXPORT, CULVERTS, SEWAGE SYSTEM, WATER LEVEL, THERMAL POWER, MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY, INTERNATIONAL WATER, WATER SECTOR, WATER USERS, DOMESTIC WATER, WATER SHORTAGES, WASTEWATER TREATMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DOMESTIC WATER USE, WASTEWATER SYSTEM, QUALITY WATER, WATER DEPARTMENT, SHALLOW WELLS, CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT, CATCHMENT AREAS, RUNOFF, DROUGHT, GROUND WATERS, INDUSTRIAL GROWTH, SAFE WATER, RIPARIAN, GROUND WATER, WATER CRISIS, SECONDARY RESERVOIR, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, STORAGE CAPACITY, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, WATER COMPANY, INDUSTRIAL WATER, INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT, WATER SYSTEMS, HOUSEHOLDS, PUBLIC HEALTH, RIVER BASIN DISTRICT, TAP WATER, INVESTMENT COSTS, POLLUTION OF GROUNDWATER, WASTEWATER, WATER LOSSES, PRIVATE COMPANIES, URBAN WATER, CATCHMENT AREA, WATER CONVEYANCE, PRESSURE, RIPARIAN COUNTRIES, PUMPING SYSTEMS, WATER SERVICE, PIPED WATER, DAMS, TARIFF POLICY, HYDROGRAPHY, GROUNDWATER PROTECTION, SURFACE WATER BODIES, WATER USE, ALLOCATION OF WATER, RESERVOIRS, PUMPS, RIVERS, POINT SOURCES, DRAINAGE, CANALS, SEPTIC TANKS, CLIMATE CHANGES, RIVER BASINS, SAFE WATER SUPPLY, MINERALS, AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION, WASTE WATER, WATER PRODUCTION, CHANNEL, WATER SOURCES, LAND USE, RAINFALL, BULK WATER SUPPLY, POPULATION GROWTH, SPRINGS, CONSTRUCTION, TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS, WATER AVAILABILITY, WATER RESOURCE, TOWNS, GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION, URBAN WASTE WATER, LAND COVER, SOLID WASTE, PIPELINES, DEBRIS, COVERING, AFFLUENT, POLLUTION, SANITATION, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, TOXIC SUBSTANCES, PERMEABILITY, INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY, SUSTAINABLE WATER, DECISION MAKING, TOWN, WATER SYSTEM, CLEAN WATER, INDUSTRIAL AREAS, POPULATION DENSITIES, WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY, DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, INVESTMENT PROJECT, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, WATER RESERVOIRS, PIPE, DEMAND FOR WATER, SECURE WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION FACILITIES, WATER CONSERVATION, SUPPLY OF WATER, IRRIGATION SCHEME, RIVER BASIN, HYDROGEOLOGY, WATER NEEDS, WATER SUPPLY DEMAND, SANITATION SERVICES, REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY COMPANY, HYDROLOGICAL UNIT, WATER BODIES, RIVER FLOW, SEA, WATER CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS, TRANSPIRATION, SMALL ENTERPRISES, ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES, RAW WATER, GROUNDWATER BODIES, GROUNDWATER POLLUTION, POWER GENERATION, WATER SUPPLY COMPANIES, SUSTAINABLE USE, IRRIGATION WATER, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, WATERCOURSES, INDUSTRIAL USERS, FORESTRY, CHANNELS, WATER QUALITY, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, WATER STRATEGY, SOILS, DRIP IRRIGATION, CAPACITY BUILDING, INTERNATIONAL WATERS, WATER RESOURCES, ECOSYSTEM, DISTRIBUTION OF WATER, BROOKS, COOLING WATER
Abstract

Kosovo is a small and young state that gained an interim United Nations (UN)-administered status in the wake of the Dayton peace accord only in 1999; it declared independence in 2008. Compared to neighboring countries, it is still lacking in its basic infrastructure and its administrative and technical skills. In addition, with the onset of the War in Yugoslavia in 1992 most investment and normal maintenance came to a standstill. Much of the publicly owned infrastructure fell into disrepair or was vandalized, but private investments led to a construction boom which, however, is leading to many environmental problems. The government is committed to reconstruction and to the development of a peaceful state. It also intends to align with EU policies. Thus, the study has the specific objectives to: (i) assist the government to improve its river basin planning and management by providing (for demonstration purposes) a replicable tool and simulation model for integrated river basin planning and management; and (ii) support the government in its identification of priority measures of structural and non-structural nature to help strengthen the water resources sector performance. The source(s) for the financing of the identified projects will need to be identified further by the Government as the World Bank has not committed to involvement in the sector.

Published
2012

8. Mongolia : Groundwater Assessment of the Southern Gobi Region

Author

World Bank

Subjects
PUMPING, WATER CONSUMPTION, BOREHOLES, WELL DRILLING, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES, ZINC, MINING WATER DEMAND, RURAL WATER SUPPLY, INDUSTRIAL WATER USE, INTERNAL DRAINAGE, WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, DAILY WATER CONSUMPTION, DRILLING RIGS, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS, ARID REGIONS, EVAPORATION, MOTORIZED PUMPS, SEWERAGE NETWORK, WATER TREATMENT, FRESH GROUNDWATER, WASTE WATER TREATMENT, SEDIMENTS, LAKES, WATER POINTS, DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY, HARDNESS, LOW PERMEABILITY, GROUNDWATER USERS, PIPELINE, WATER USES, WELLS, CONSERVATION, RIVER BEDS, AQUIFER, SURFACE WATER RESOURCES, CALCIUM, NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT, HYDROLOGY, PROSPECTING, WATER EXTRACTION, BROAD RANGE, WATER USE SECTORS, GLACIERS, SURFACE WATER, QUANTITY OF WATER, WATER LEVELS, NATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN, AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES, GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT, AQUATIC LIFE, RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT PLAN, WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT, DRINKING WATER, URBAN GROWTH, WATER FEES, WATER ALLOCATION, WATER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES, WATER LEVEL, ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, SNOW, WASHING, CROP PRODUCTION, WARM SEASON, WATER SECTOR, SEEPAGE, WATER USERS, DOMESTIC WATER, GROUNDWATER, CLIMATE CHANGE, COPPER, HOUSE CONNECTIONS, RAINWATER, SHALLOW WELLS, SALINITY, GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT, DROUGHT, ROTARY PUMPS, IRON, CUT OFF, DISSOLVED SOLIDS, ENERGY RESOURCES, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, SOIL PROFILE, INDUSTRIAL WATER, GROUNDWATER RECHARGE, CHLORIDE, FARMING, PUBLIC HEALTH, DOWNSTREAM USERS, SEWERAGE AUTHORITY, PERMITS, URBAN WATER, CUBIC METERS, METEOROLOGY, DOMESTIC USES, WATER CONVEYANCE, AVAILABILITY OF WATER, PRESSURE, CREEKS, GROUNDWATER SOURCES, WATER PRICING, PIPED WATER, SURFACE WATERS, URBAN WATER SUPPLY, GROUNDWATER TABLE, HEATING, NATURAL SPRINGS, FRESHWATER, WATER SUPPLY, GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION, PONDS, MINE WATER, ACCESS TO WATER, GROUNDWATER RESERVES, SURFACE WATER SYSTEM, POPULATION DENSITY, PAYMENT FOR WATER, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, RESERVOIRS, SERVICE FEE, PUMPS, RIVERS, DEEP WELLS, GROUNDWATER SAMPLING, PH, CANALS, RIVER BASINS, MINERALS, LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION, WATER LAW, SPRING, WASTE WATER, LOGGING, PROGRAMS, AGRICULTURAL WATER USE, GROUNDWATER STORAGE, LAND USE, PERMEABLE ROCK, CONSTRUCTION, ANNUAL RAINFALL, FOSSIL WATER, WATER AVAILABILITY, WATER RESOURCE, TOWNS, GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION, ANIMAL FEED, AVAILABLE WATER, WATER AUTHORITY, ACCEPTABLE QUALITY, DEWATERING, FRESH WATER, ANNUAL PRECIPITATION, PIPELINES, COVERING, POLLUTION, SANITATION, CLAY, INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY, SILT, DECISION MAKING, TOWN, WATER SERVICES, AGRICULTURAL WATER, AQUIFERS, DEMAND ESTIMATES, SAND, DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, SURFACE WATER SUPPLY, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, ADEQUATE WATER, RIVER BASIN, CLIMATE VARIABILITY, HYDROGEOLOGY, GROUNDWATER USE, IRRIGATION, CONJUNCTIVE USE, WATER SUPPLY DEMAND, SANITATION SERVICES, DISCHARGE, WETLANDS, SEA, DOMESTIC WATER CONSUMPTION, URBAN CENTERS, SOIL MOISTURE, GROUNDWATER QUALITY, MINING OPERATIONS, RAW WATER, SURFACE WATER QUALITY, MAINTENANCE COSTS, INDUSTRIAL SECTOR, RIVER WATER, LIVESTOCK WATERING, RURAL WATER, POWER GENERATION, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES, DEMAND MANAGEMENT, WATER REQUIREMENTS, FUTURE WATER NEEDS, HEAVY METALS, VEGETATION COVER, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT, WATER TREATMENT PLANT, ICE, MINING WATER, GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS, POROSITY, WATER QUALITY, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, NATURAL RESOURCES, GRAVEL, HIGH LEVELS, POPULATION CENTERS, CAPACITY BUILDING, LITERS PER CAPITA PER DAY
Abstract

The report looks critically at the water resources and the current and projected future water demands in the Southern Gobi Region (SGR) using the widely dispersed data and information that are currently available. An important conclusion of the report is that almost all the significant sources of groundwater in the SGR are 'fossil' or 'non-renewable', meaning that they are finite resources which cannot be replenished. Not only will that, but pumping water out of these fosil aquifers tend to cause a drop in the groundwater levels above them. The report proposes practical steps by which water resources development and management could be managed to best serve economic and infrastructure development while giving attention to environmental protection and service to communities in the SGR. The report also highlights the urgent need for more data. A more detailed picture of the distribution and quantity of the groundwater would give planners first, a better idea of both the limits to the growth of the SGR; and, second, of the future water demands, its spatial distribution, quality requirements, and the possibilities to increase water use efficiency and water re-use. Thus there is a need to bring all information and data together to form the basis for rational planning.

Published
2010

9. Building Water Utilities with Local Private Entrepreneurs : The Example of the Mirep Program in Cambodia 2000-2010

Author

Mahe, Jean Pierre

Subjects
COMPETITIVE BIDDING, LOCAL WATER, RIVERS, PUMPING, WATER CONSUMPTION, COMMUNITY WELL, DRAINAGE, BOREHOLES, WATER REGULATION, RAINWATER COLLECTION, ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER, ABUNDANCE OF WATER, ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER, USE OF WATER, PROGRAMS, ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY, WATER SOURCES, PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY, BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY, RURAL WATER SUPPLY, RAINFALL, COMMUNITY WATER, SMALL TOWN WATER SUPPLY, CONSTRUCTION, EFFLUENT, SMALL RURAL TOWNS, DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS, WATER SUPPLY SERVICE, LOCAL PRIVATE SECTOR, PERFORMANCE INDICATORS, CATCHMENTS, SERVICE PROVIDERS, WATER TARIFF, WATER POLICY, WATER INFRASTRUCTURE, WATER TREATMENT, WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES, WATER TARIFFS, COMMUNITY SYSTEMS, FARMERS, WATER POINTS, HARDNESS, POND WATER, CUBIC METER, SERVICE DELIVERY, NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY, WELLS, PUBLIC WATER, COVERING, PIPES, INDIVIDUAL CONNECTIONS, QUALITY STANDARDS, WATERS, CONCESSION CONTRACTS, INVESTMENT COST, POLLUTION, QUALITY OF WATER, SANITATION, PUBLIC UTILITIES, SURFACE WATER, POLITICS OF WATER, SANITATION SECTOR, SERVICE PROVIDER, TUBE WELLS, SANITATION UTILITIES, PATHOGENS, WATER COLLECTION, WATER SERVICES, WATER SYSTEM, RAIN, WATER SUPPLIES, DRINKING WATER, HUMAN WASTE, MANAGEMENT OF WATER, PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY, WATER FEES, RURAL VILLAGES, POTABLE WATER SUPPLY, PUBLIC WATER UTILITY, COST RECOVERY, WASHING, TURBIDITY, WATER SUPPLY SERVICES, WELL WATER, DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, WATER SECTOR, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM, SEEPAGE, TARIFF REGULATION, PIPE, PRIVATE PARTICIPATION, OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS, DOMESTIC WATER, GROUNDWATER, INVESTMENT PLANNING, RESPONSIBILITY FOR WATER, ENGINEERING, DOMESTIC WATER USE, WATER STORAGE, LOCAL ENTREPRENEURS, MANGANESE, RAINWATER, MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SERVICES, SHALLOW WELLS, OPERATIONAL COSTS, LOW INCOME CUSTOMERS, WATER NEEDS, IRRIGATION, SALINITY, DUG WELLS, WATER SUPPLY DEMAND, WATER SALES, SMALL RURAL VILLAGES, IRON, OPERATION OF WATER SUPPLY, PUBLIC COMPANY, ALUMINUM, DRINKING WATER QUALITY, FINANCIAL VIABILITY, MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY, REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, WATER SUPPLIERS, ACCESS TO SERVICES, DRILLED WELLS, COLIFORM BACTERIA, LARGER TOWNS, WATER SYSTEMS, HOUSEHOLDS, PUBLIC HEALTH, INVESTMENT COSTS, POTABLE WATER, RIVER WATER, METERING, LOCAL SERVICES, SERVICE PROVISION, OPERATIONAL ASPECTS, URBAN WATER, RURAL WATER, METEOROLOGY, HOME WATER SUPPLY, PRESSURE, WATER SERVICE, WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, PIPED WATER, PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN WATER, SMALL TOWN WATER, WATER PRESSURE, URBAN WATER SUPPLY, MARSH, WATER LOSS, WATER UTILITIES, COMMUNITY WELLS, WATER QUALITY, WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS, WATER SUPPLY, TARIFF SETTING, WATER USE, PRIVATE OPERATORS, PROFIT MARGIN, SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE, PONDS, ACCESS TO WATER, COLLECTION SYSTEMS, LEAK DETECTION, POPULATION DENSITY, SMALL TOWN, WATER RESOURCES, URBAN AREAS, SMALL TOWNS, LAUNDRY, LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS
Abstract

The involvement of the rural private sector in water supply in Cambodia is unique to the country. The presence of this private sector allows other entities to respond to new demands from people living in the larger villages for household water supply, which the State is not yet able to address. These entrepreneurs operate on a merchant basis, lacking an institutional structure which is still being created. Their business is most often based on pushcart delivering water barrels at the house of villagers or more recently on small piped networks usually distributing raw surface water. Service is rough; the water quality is uncertain, but the users are satisfied with this service, because for them, it constitutes another alternative to the already considerable choice of water supplies available-ponds, wells, boreholes, and rivers. Their demands focus more on a practical objective (a supply in the household) than on a sanitary one, even if surveys show that villagers have a good understanding of health risks associated with water. Through the implementation of 14 small scale water supply systems, the goal was to enhance a qualitative improvement of the water service in some Cambodian small towns through the transformation of rough and informal merchant services to a basic water service supplying drinking water to an extended population under a formal institutional arrangement. The MIREP (Mini Reseaux d'Eau Potable - Small Scale Piped Water Supply System) program, launched in 2001 to transform these very basic initiatives into basic services, began as a pilot project supporting one entrepreneur in the implementation of a small piped water system. In order to move forward, the MIREP program made a choice, in particular linked to its proximity to the Ministry of rural development, to assist the nascent involvement of communes in decentralization, to strengthen provincial power through the process of decentralization, and to respect the cultural heritage of those who devised and financed the project.

Published
2010

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