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As an uninterrupted water supply is crucial for water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) practices, a water shortage exacerbates the propagation of communicable and often life-threatening diseases. Melaka, a water-stressed state in Malaysia, had to impose a two-month water rationing exercise amid the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020. Taking advantage of these concurrent occurrences, this study thus examines the impact of water rationing on the state's residents' WASH practices during that time. In particular, it seeks to examine whether there has been any shift in their WASH performance during the periods of pandemic and rationing. It also analyzes the effect of external water collection activity during rationing on the residents' social-distancing performance. This study collects its data from 120 respondents; the data are tested using non-parametric tests and frequency analyses. The results demonstrate that most of the respondents had a significant negative perception of how the rationing affected their WASH practices during the pandemic. Yet even with the ongoing rationing, their WASH levels of performance had recorded significant growth. They also viewed external water collection activities as detrimental to their social distancing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Water withdrawal and changes in hydrologic fluxes have lowered the level of Urmia Lake in Iran, adversely impacting its ecosystem. The continued lowering of the Urmia Lake water level would put Iran's most important aquatic ecosystem in danger of extinction. Therefore, there is an urgent need for management of water withdrawals and for reduction of water use in upstream dams and rivers to halt its continuing decline and allow storage recovery. The Urmia Lake basin was herein modelled with system dynamics (SD) to assess the effects of modifying reservoir operation and water use management on the sustainability of Urmia Lake storage. The model performance was evaluated with the root mean square error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (R2). The results show that SD with RMSE = 18.0 (106 m3) and R2 = 0.952 is accurate in simulating Urmia Lake storage. Evaluation of the impacts of several scenarios of agricultural water use on lake storage indicates that reductions in the agricultural sector appear inevitable to restore the water balance of Urmia Lake. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The research aims to study the optimal allocation of irrigation water that is used to irrigate various agricultural crops at the level of Iraq. In order to achieve the goal of the research, two economic models were formulated according to the linear programming technique. The first model aimed to minimize the water needs of the prevailing crop combination during the average period (2017-2020), while the second model aimed to maximize the total profit margin of the water unit for the crop combination that minimizes the water needs during the same period. The first model was estimated with two proposed plans. The first proposed plan included non-imposing legislative restrictions related to the allocation of certain areas for basic agricultural crops that bias the food security requirements of the population, as well as crops that were recently banned from import by the Iraqi government, while the proposed second plan included the imposition and addition of restrictions of legislative areas that did not appear in the table of the optimal solution for the first plan. Results indicated that there is a surplus of water resource for the proposed economic plans according to the two estimated models, its quantity amounted to about 363.361, 9.178 million m3 for each plan, respectively, compared to the total amount of irrigation water needed for the current cropping combination, which was estimated at about 4.736726 billion m3 during the average mentioned period. Results of the analysis of the two estimated models also showed a preference for the results of plans with legislative restrictions as a result of the expansion in the cultivation of most basic and important crops and vegetables for local consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water rationing contributes to inequalities in the water supply. Household storage tanks complicate the performance and the hydraulic modelling of these systems. Rationing is often not based on insights into system performance and fails to achieve equity and the operators struggle to explain the rationing tactics to the stakeholders. Understanding the behaviour of water networks rationed regularly is essential to resolve the supply inequalities. We present a contextual analytical framework for understanding and managing water rationing based on the duration of supply (cycle time), rationing fraction (duration of non-supply) and domestic storage to analyse the equity and performance in the water network. The framework was tested using a model of a distribution network in Kakkapalliya, Sri Lanka, under different rationing schemes. The results show that large household tanks create inequities, which can be reduced through a trade-off by increasing the cycle-time of the rationing with a minor reduction in performance. Very small or non-existent domestic storage also negatively impacts the performance and equity of stressed water networks. Resolution of supply inequalities can be achieved through the trade-off between equity and performance is possible through the operation of the water network and by the regulation of domestic storage in water rationing regimes. HIGHLIGHTS Combine the complexity of domestic water storages with intermittent water supply to identify the impacts on supply performance and equity.; Larger domestic storages create inequity at shorter rationing cycle times.; Longer cycle times can mitigate inequity at a small cost on supply performance.; In stressed networks, small (∼daily demand volume) domestic storage can improve performance and equity as opposed to no storage.;

Due to the scarcity of water in the State of Kuwait and to insurance food security, attention has been oriented to agricultural investment to reduce the gap between food consumption and the process of importing it. Therefore, the State of Kuwait has tended to use unconventional water resources such as the treatment of sewage water and reduce the cost of treating salt water and turning it into fresh water. The most important results were to identify the water rating of the most important crops in cubic meters, whose root length reaches 0.6, 1.6, 1.8 m, in addition to identifying the climate conditions in the State of Kuwait, as it is clear from them that they are harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The issue of water resources using which make the best using stayed one of the most important issue which Egyptian society suffer from on the two levels individual and national . The research depended for a achieving his goals on the discriptive and statistical method which representative on linear programmar method and the researcher depended on the data which be published by research associations such as the central agency for the general mobilization and statistics and ministry of agriculture and reclaimation the lands. The research showed that the limitations of crops combination are (the agricultural land – the water resources) and the constraints which be used in linear programmar model are (crops area- feddan return net) and by the looking for the actual crops combination we can observe that it consist of (42 crops divided into (17 winter crops – 13 summer crops- 6 nile crops- 6 fruits) and from the research results showed that the gross water amount was (46271.5) million m3 and the water amount for the winter crops was (14870.7) million m3 and the water amount for the summer crops was (23552.6) million m3 whereas the nile crops was (1041) million m3 and the fruits was (6807.2) million m3 and which related to the crops area the results showed that the gross area was (13678254.7) feddan and the winter crops was (6613977.2) feddan whereas the summer crops was (5325536.7) feddan and the nile crops was (392740.8) and which related to the fruits was (1246000) feddan

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract In water scarcity situations, water rationing is a management measure taken in order to ensure equitable access to water. The current study presents some factors that contribute to a situation of water injustice in Campina Grande, a city located in the Brazilian semiarid region, which has been facing a new drought cycle since 2012. The water supply conditions in the households and the users' perceptions about the impacts on their water use routines were monitored for 6 months. Two variables were considered: household income and water shortage risk. Among the main conclusions, the following stand out: (1) the higher the household income is, the higher the water storage capacity and the lower the impacts on the household routines; (2) the poorest sections of the population tend to naturalize the restrictive impacts of the water rationing since they have experienced and lived in a permanent state of water saving.

The issue of water resources using which make the best using stayed one of the most important issue which Egyptian society suffer from on the two levels individual and national . The research depended for a achieving his goals on the discriptive and statistical method which representative on linear programmar method and the researcher depended on the data which be published by research associations such as the central agency for the general mobilization and statistics and ministry of agriculture and reclaimation the lands. The research showed that the limitations of crops combination are (the agricultural land - the water resources) and the constraints which be used in linear programmar model are (crops areafeddan return net) and by the looking for the actual crops combination we can observe that it consist of (42 crops divided into (17 winter crops - 13 summer crops- 6 nile crops- 6 fruits) and from the research results showed that the gross water amount was (46271.5) million m3 and the water amount for the winter crops was (14870.7) million m3 and the water amount for the summer crops was (23552.6) million m3 whereas the nile crops was (1041) million m3 and the fruits was (6807.2) million m3 and which related to the crops area the results showed that the gross area was (13678254.7) feddan and the winter crops was (6613977.2) feddan whereas the summer crops was (5325536.7) feddan and the nile crops was (392740.8) and which related to the fruits was (1246000) feddan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural uses vary from year to year and season for another, this depends on many factors which have direct influence or directly in determining the quantities used it. The total annual discharge of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and their tributaries and crop composition, one of the most important factors affecting the use of irrigation water in Iraq agriculture, as well as other factors such as cropland area, soil type and climatic conditions, therefore, the research aims to study some indicators of economic efficiency to use irrigation water in production some of the major agricultural crops in Iraq such as wheat, barley, rice, maize, and summer harvest, through economic analysis structure of production costs and revenues for these crops and water unit productivity, and the ratio of total revenue to irrigation costs per crop. The study was based on the use of secondary data through published and unpublished data by Iraq Government agencies such as the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Irrigation, the Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation, and the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development, and some scientific thesis. The study was based on analysis of the results using descriptive and quantitative analysis method represented in the arithmetic mean, the scarcity of river water, and indicators of production and economic efficiency of irrigation water use in the production of study crops and the results showed that the amount of water used to irrigate these crops reached about (12326) million m3 accounting for ( 61%) of the total water used in the irrigation of the crop structure in Iraq for the year 20 15and (20 161) million m3 . Wheat came first In terms of cultivated area, which amounted to about (3797.2) thousand dunums, and the amount ofwater amounted to (8138.4) million m3 , barley came second In terms of cultivated area of (941) thousand dunums with a quantity of water amounted to (1836.4) million m3 , The rice crop ranked first in terms of total costs among the study crops at a value of about (300.8) thousand dinars/dunum, and summer harvest ranked second with a value of about (256.4) thousand dinars/dunum, the summer harvest came first in terms of total revenue and net return with a value of about (1378.3), (1122) thousand dinars, respectively, followed by a rice crop with total revenues and net return of about (1120), (819.13) thousand dinars/dunum, respectively. The productivity ofthe water unit for the studied crops (wheat, barley, rice, maize, summer harvest) has reached about (0.315, 0.180, 0.220, 0.160, 0.664) tons/1000 m3 , While the ratio of total revenue to irrigation costs for these crops were (11.8%, 4.7%, 10.2%, 11.2% and 27.6%), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ambiente & Sociedade is the property of Nepam Unicamp and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: One of the distinctive characteristics of the water supply system of Greater Amman, the capital of Jordan, is that it has been based on a regime of rationing since 1987, with households receiving water once a week for various durations. This reflects the fact that while Amman''s recent growth has been phenomenal, Jordan is one of the ten most water-scarce nations on earth. Amman is highly polarised socio-economically, and by means of household surveys conducted in both high- and low-income divisions of the city, the aim has been to provide detailed empirical evidence concerning the storage and use if water, the strategies used by households to manage water and overall satisfactions with water supply issues, looking specifically at issues of social equity. The analysis demonstrates the social costs of water rationing and consequent household management to be high, as well as emphasising that issues of water quality are of central importance to all consumers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

South Africa's unallocated water resources have dwindled to precariously low levels. Furthermore, it is generally recognised by the authorities and specialists alike that it is likely that water demand will outstrip water supply within the next decade. Macro-economically and strategically speaking, the question therefore is how to make best use of the country's available water resources? We ask this question since South Africa is a country classified as having chronic water shortages, a condition exacerbated by climate change and the presence of invasive alien plant species. In this paper we address the question of sectoral water allocation by applying a macro-economic comparative static Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model using an integrated database comprising South Africa's Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) and sectoral water use balances. We refer to AsgiSA, the South African Government's Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa, and conclude that introducing the proposed programmes in a business-as-usual and water-intensive manner will strengthen the current growth in the demand for water. This will bring forward, or accelerate, the need for introducing water rationing among sectors. The importance of this conclusion cannot be emphasised enough. Water is essential, and recognised in as much in the preamble to the National Water Act of 1998, with regards to livelihoods, health and from a socio-economic development perspective since there are no substitutes for it. While water rationing is imminent, the reality thereof has not yet led to a rethink of macro-economic policies. This delayed effect can create a degree of comfort and ill-founded complacency leading to non-action, whereas there is an urgent need for proactive measures towards water conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]